针对小尺寸列车风管与折角塞门的检测问题,提出一种多尺度特征增强的YOLOv5s检测算法。首先在主干网络Backbone增加了一个大尺寸特征图输出分支,使用C2f(CSP bottleneck with 2 convolution and forward)模块丰富新增特征图的梯度流信息...针对小尺寸列车风管与折角塞门的检测问题,提出一种多尺度特征增强的YOLOv5s检测算法。首先在主干网络Backbone增加了一个大尺寸特征图输出分支,使用C2f(CSP bottleneck with 2 convolution and forward)模块丰富新增特征图的梯度流信息;然后在Neck部分使用自适应空间特征融合增强特征金字塔模型FPN (Feature Pyramid Network)的多尺度特征融合能力,并使用路径聚合模型PAN(Path Aggregation Network)提高目标定位能力;检测头Head拥有4种尺度的特征图,其中新增特征图的尺寸最大,用于增强小尺寸目标的检测能力。实验结果表明,多尺度特征增强的YOLOv5s比原来的YOLOv5s在平均精度mAP(mean Average Precision)上提升了1.5%,优于其他检测器,提升了小尺寸风管和折角塞门的检测能力。展开更多
Background: Phylogeographical patterns and population dynamics are usually interpreted by environmental disturbances and geographic barriers of the past. However, sister species may exhibit disparate patterns of genet...Background: Phylogeographical patterns and population dynamics are usually interpreted by environmental disturbances and geographic barriers of the past. However, sister species may exhibit disparate patterns of genetic structures and population dynamics due to their habitat preference and altitude segregation. In this study, we tested how species-specific altitude habitat affected phylogeographical patterns in two sister snowcock species, Tibetan(Tetraogallus tibetanus) and Himalayan Snowcocks(T. himalayensis).Methods: A panel of seven microsatellite loci and a fragment of Mitochondrial DNA Control Region were used to investigate genetic structures and population dynamics in hope of revealing the underlying evolutionary processes through the identification of possible past demographic events.Results: Our results suggest that T. himalayensis showed a significant phylogeographical signal in mtDNA(FST microsatellite(F the glacial-interglacial cycles in the = 0.66, p < 0.001) and ST Pleistocene and followed demog= 0.11, p < 0.001) data and is stable duringraphic contraction until 0.003 million years(Mys) ago. The phylogeographical signal of T. tibetanus is lower than the level of genetic difference among populations in mtDNA(FST icrosatellite(F= 0.41, p < 0.001) and mST s been experien= 0.09, p < 0.001) data, likely benefiting from stable habitats over a long period of time. T. tibetanus hacing expansion since 0.09 Mys ago. However, an abnormally haplotype H9 from T. himalayensis clustering with T. tibetanus was spotted.Conclusion: Our results indicate that differences in habitat preference and altitude specialities were reflected in the genetic structure patterns and population dynamics of these two species. These dissimilarities in life history traits might have affected the dispersal and survival abilities of these two species differently during environmental fluctuations. The results of this study also enriched our knowledge on population differentiation and connectivity in high altitude mountain ecosystems.展开更多
Semen evaluation is required to predict fertility. In most rural African communities, facilities for microscopic evaluation of semen are not available. Therefore, an indirect method of predicting semen traits of cocks...Semen evaluation is required to predict fertility. In most rural African communities, facilities for microscopic evaluation of semen are not available. Therefore, an indirect method of predicting semen traits of cocks is required by poultry farmers. The objective of this study was to use factor scores derived from factor analysis of body measurements to predict some semen traits of cocks. Correlation matrix was obtained by calculating the correlations between body measurements and semen traits of cocks. Kais-er-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and Bartletts test of sphericity were used to test the appropriateness of factor analysis on the data. The extraction of the factors was done by calculating the eigenvalues of the correlation matrix. Variance maximizing rotation of the transformation matrix was done to facilitate the interpretation of the factor loadings. Two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted which accounted for 76.96% of the variations present in the original variables. The two factors were used to obtain the factor score coefficients. When utilized as independent variables in multiple regression analysis, the two factors explained 53.20% and 40.80% of the variations in sperm motility and sperm concentration respectively. Factor 1 had more impact on sperm motility than factor 2 as it was significantly related to it. Factor 2 was significantly more related to sperm concentration than factor 1. The relationship between body measurements and semen volume, live sperm and abnormal sperm were weak and mostly negative. Therefore, they were not predicted using factor scores.展开更多
The survival rates, acrosomic integrity rates of frozen semen from Hongshan cock and fertilities of the frozen-thawed spermatozoa in both pellets and straws were studied. The result shows that the average survival rat...The survival rates, acrosomic integrity rates of frozen semen from Hongshan cock and fertilities of the frozen-thawed spermatozoa in both pellets and straws were studied. The result shows that the average survival rate of spermatozoa in straws was 0, 451±0, 056, and 0. 390±0. 040 in pellets, the former was significantly higher than the later （n=20, p〈0, 01）, The average acrosomic integrity rate of the sperms was 0, 613±0. 049 in straws, and 0. 476±0. 057 in pellets. The former was significantly higher than the later （n= 20, p〈0.05）. The fertility rates （%） of sperms in pellets, straws and freshly colleered semen at the third day after artificial insemination （AI） were 85.32±2. 32, 87. 73±1.00 and 90.77±1.68, respectively. The fertility rate,s of the three types of semen at the fourth and fifth days were lower than the third day＇s. Variance analysts shows that the fertilities of the spermatozoa in pellets and straws were significantly lower than freshly collected semen （n=3, p〈0.01）, and the fertilities of the spermatozoa in straws were significantly higher than those in pellets （n= 3, p〈0.01）.展开更多
Cocks Comb (Celosia cristata) is a hot-season annual species which is grown from seeds. A study was carried out in the horticulture laboratory of Gorgan University of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources of Febru...Cocks Comb (Celosia cristata) is a hot-season annual species which is grown from seeds. A study was carried out in the horticulture laboratory of Gorgan University of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources of February 2013 to evaluate the impact of salinity and potassium nitrate on the germination of cockscomb with five salinity levels (0, −2, −4, −6, and −8 bars) and three potassium nitrate levels (0%, 0.2%, and 0.4%) at 25°C on the basis of a Randomized Complete Block Design. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among salinity levels in germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length, and seed vigor at the 1% probability level. Mean comparison for germination percentage revealed that higher salinity reduced seed germination percentage so that it was decreased from 80% in no salinity to 15% in −8 dS⋅m−1. The highest percentage of germination was related to zero percent salt and potassium nitrate 0.2%. Also, the highest radicle length of 2.48 cm was related to no salinity and the lowest one (0.61 cm) to −6 dS salinity. The highest radicle length and seed vigor were also observed in no salinity. Potassium nitrate by itself had no impact on the measured traits. Among interactions between salinity and potassium nitrate, the highest germination percentage was observed under 0 salinity × 0.2% potassium nitrate.展开更多
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of three commercial compounds against ascarids and Capillaria spp. in naturally infected fighting cocks from Mexico. First experiment.- Forty cock...The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of three commercial compounds against ascarids and Capillaria spp. in naturally infected fighting cocks from Mexico. First experiment.- Forty cocks were selected on the basis of eggs per gram (EPG) counts quantified by the McMaster method. On day 0 the birds were divided into four groups of 10 cocks, each subjected to the treatments. Group 1 received a single oral dose of 1 mg of ivermectin, 25 mg of praziquantel and 40 mg of fenbendazole given in tablets according to body weight (b.w). Group 2 was treated with a single oral dose of 1 mg of ivermectin, 25 mg of praziquantel and 40 mg of fenbendazole given in tablets/b.w. but formulated with a different excipient. Group 3 received a single tablet containing 0.2 mg of abamectin and 30 mg of albendazole. Group 4 served as a non-treated control. Fecal analyses were carried out on days 0 (day of treatment), 7, 14, 21 and 28, being collected from the floor where the cocks were individually caged. Efficacy was measured on the percentage of egg reduction from day 0 with respect the EPG counts from the control group. In a second experiment the study was similarly performed using another cock-farm located at approximately 300 km away from the first one. Results indicated an overall efficacy of 100%, 94.0% and 100% for groups 1, 2 and 3 in the first experiment and 100%, 100%, 100% for groups 1, 2 and 3 of the 2nd experiment, respectively. It is concluded that all drugs used exerted high efficacy in fighting cocks naturally infected with helminths.展开更多
文摘针对小尺寸列车风管与折角塞门的检测问题,提出一种多尺度特征增强的YOLOv5s检测算法。首先在主干网络Backbone增加了一个大尺寸特征图输出分支,使用C2f(CSP bottleneck with 2 convolution and forward)模块丰富新增特征图的梯度流信息;然后在Neck部分使用自适应空间特征融合增强特征金字塔模型FPN (Feature Pyramid Network)的多尺度特征融合能力,并使用路径聚合模型PAN(Path Aggregation Network)提高目标定位能力;检测头Head拥有4种尺度的特征图,其中新增特征图的尺寸最大,用于增强小尺寸目标的检测能力。实验结果表明,多尺度特征增强的YOLOv5s比原来的YOLOv5s在平均精度mAP(mean Average Precision)上提升了1.5%,优于其他检测器,提升了小尺寸风管和折角塞门的检测能力。
基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA2010010103)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant No.31372195 and 31772436)the Open Foundation of Research Institute of Qilian Mountains,Lanzhou University.
文摘Background: Phylogeographical patterns and population dynamics are usually interpreted by environmental disturbances and geographic barriers of the past. However, sister species may exhibit disparate patterns of genetic structures and population dynamics due to their habitat preference and altitude segregation. In this study, we tested how species-specific altitude habitat affected phylogeographical patterns in two sister snowcock species, Tibetan(Tetraogallus tibetanus) and Himalayan Snowcocks(T. himalayensis).Methods: A panel of seven microsatellite loci and a fragment of Mitochondrial DNA Control Region were used to investigate genetic structures and population dynamics in hope of revealing the underlying evolutionary processes through the identification of possible past demographic events.Results: Our results suggest that T. himalayensis showed a significant phylogeographical signal in mtDNA(FST microsatellite(F the glacial-interglacial cycles in the = 0.66, p < 0.001) and ST Pleistocene and followed demog= 0.11, p < 0.001) data and is stable duringraphic contraction until 0.003 million years(Mys) ago. The phylogeographical signal of T. tibetanus is lower than the level of genetic difference among populations in mtDNA(FST icrosatellite(F= 0.41, p < 0.001) and mST s been experien= 0.09, p < 0.001) data, likely benefiting from stable habitats over a long period of time. T. tibetanus hacing expansion since 0.09 Mys ago. However, an abnormally haplotype H9 from T. himalayensis clustering with T. tibetanus was spotted.Conclusion: Our results indicate that differences in habitat preference and altitude specialities were reflected in the genetic structure patterns and population dynamics of these two species. These dissimilarities in life history traits might have affected the dispersal and survival abilities of these two species differently during environmental fluctuations. The results of this study also enriched our knowledge on population differentiation and connectivity in high altitude mountain ecosystems.
文摘Semen evaluation is required to predict fertility. In most rural African communities, facilities for microscopic evaluation of semen are not available. Therefore, an indirect method of predicting semen traits of cocks is required by poultry farmers. The objective of this study was to use factor scores derived from factor analysis of body measurements to predict some semen traits of cocks. Correlation matrix was obtained by calculating the correlations between body measurements and semen traits of cocks. Kais-er-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and Bartletts test of sphericity were used to test the appropriateness of factor analysis on the data. The extraction of the factors was done by calculating the eigenvalues of the correlation matrix. Variance maximizing rotation of the transformation matrix was done to facilitate the interpretation of the factor loadings. Two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted which accounted for 76.96% of the variations present in the original variables. The two factors were used to obtain the factor score coefficients. When utilized as independent variables in multiple regression analysis, the two factors explained 53.20% and 40.80% of the variations in sperm motility and sperm concentration respectively. Factor 1 had more impact on sperm motility than factor 2 as it was significantly related to it. Factor 2 was significantly more related to sperm concentration than factor 1. The relationship between body measurements and semen volume, live sperm and abnormal sperm were weak and mostly negative. Therefore, they were not predicted using factor scores.
文摘The survival rates, acrosomic integrity rates of frozen semen from Hongshan cock and fertilities of the frozen-thawed spermatozoa in both pellets and straws were studied. The result shows that the average survival rate of spermatozoa in straws was 0, 451±0, 056, and 0. 390±0. 040 in pellets, the former was significantly higher than the later （n=20, p〈0, 01）, The average acrosomic integrity rate of the sperms was 0, 613±0. 049 in straws, and 0. 476±0. 057 in pellets. The former was significantly higher than the later （n= 20, p〈0.05）. The fertility rates （%） of sperms in pellets, straws and freshly colleered semen at the third day after artificial insemination （AI） were 85.32±2. 32, 87. 73±1.00 and 90.77±1.68, respectively. The fertility rate,s of the three types of semen at the fourth and fifth days were lower than the third day＇s. Variance analysts shows that the fertilities of the spermatozoa in pellets and straws were significantly lower than freshly collected semen （n=3, p〈0.01）, and the fertilities of the spermatozoa in straws were significantly higher than those in pellets （n= 3, p〈0.01）.
文摘Cocks Comb (Celosia cristata) is a hot-season annual species which is grown from seeds. A study was carried out in the horticulture laboratory of Gorgan University of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources of February 2013 to evaluate the impact of salinity and potassium nitrate on the germination of cockscomb with five salinity levels (0, −2, −4, −6, and −8 bars) and three potassium nitrate levels (0%, 0.2%, and 0.4%) at 25°C on the basis of a Randomized Complete Block Design. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among salinity levels in germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length, and seed vigor at the 1% probability level. Mean comparison for germination percentage revealed that higher salinity reduced seed germination percentage so that it was decreased from 80% in no salinity to 15% in −8 dS⋅m−1. The highest percentage of germination was related to zero percent salt and potassium nitrate 0.2%. Also, the highest radicle length of 2.48 cm was related to no salinity and the lowest one (0.61 cm) to −6 dS salinity. The highest radicle length and seed vigor were also observed in no salinity. Potassium nitrate by itself had no impact on the measured traits. Among interactions between salinity and potassium nitrate, the highest germination percentage was observed under 0 salinity × 0.2% potassium nitrate.
文摘The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of three commercial compounds against ascarids and Capillaria spp. in naturally infected fighting cocks from Mexico. First experiment.- Forty cocks were selected on the basis of eggs per gram (EPG) counts quantified by the McMaster method. On day 0 the birds were divided into four groups of 10 cocks, each subjected to the treatments. Group 1 received a single oral dose of 1 mg of ivermectin, 25 mg of praziquantel and 40 mg of fenbendazole given in tablets according to body weight (b.w). Group 2 was treated with a single oral dose of 1 mg of ivermectin, 25 mg of praziquantel and 40 mg of fenbendazole given in tablets/b.w. but formulated with a different excipient. Group 3 received a single tablet containing 0.2 mg of abamectin and 30 mg of albendazole. Group 4 served as a non-treated control. Fecal analyses were carried out on days 0 (day of treatment), 7, 14, 21 and 28, being collected from the floor where the cocks were individually caged. Efficacy was measured on the percentage of egg reduction from day 0 with respect the EPG counts from the control group. In a second experiment the study was similarly performed using another cock-farm located at approximately 300 km away from the first one. Results indicated an overall efficacy of 100%, 94.0% and 100% for groups 1, 2 and 3 in the first experiment and 100%, 100%, 100% for groups 1, 2 and 3 of the 2nd experiment, respectively. It is concluded that all drugs used exerted high efficacy in fighting cocks naturally infected with helminths.
