Coconut Fiber Pyrolysis: Bio-Oil Characterization for Potential Application as an Alternative Energy Source and Production of Bio-Degradable Plastics

The current energy crisis could be alleviated by enhancing energy generation using the abundant biomass waste resources. Agricultural and forest wastes are the leading organic waste streams that can be transformed into useful alternative energy resources. Pyrolysis is one of the technologies for converting biomass into more valuable products, such as bio-oil, bio-char, and syngas. This work investigated the production of bio-oil through batch pyrolysis technology. A fixed bed pyrolyzer was designed and fabricated for bio-oil production. The major components of the system include a fixed bed reactor, a condenser, and a bio-oil collector. The reactor was heated using a cylindrical biomass external heater. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor at a pressure of 1atm and a varying operating temperature of 150˚C, 250˚C, 350˚C to 450˚C for 120 minutes. The mass of 1kg of coconut fiber was used with particle sizes between 2.36 mm - 4.75 mm. The results show that the higher the temperature, the more volume of bio-oil produced, with the highest yield being 39.2%, at 450˚C with a heating rate of 10˚C/min. The Fourier transformation Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analysis was used to analyze the bio-oil components. The obtained bio-oil has a pH of 2.4, a density of 1019.385 kg/m3, and a calorific value of 17.5 MJ/kg. The analysis also showed the presence of high-oxygenated compounds;carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols, and branched oxygenated hydrocarbons as the main compounds present in the bio-oil. The results inferred that the liquid product could be bestowed as an alternative resource for polycarbonate material production.

Testing the Use of Coconut Fiber as a Cushioning Material for Transport Packaging

In spite of being a raw material of virtually unlimited availability due to the massive consumption of the highly popular coconut water, fiber produced from green coconut is much less used than the dried coconut fiber. The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of green (white) coconut fiber as a cushioning material for use in packaging systems. The mechanical performance of both green coconut fibers in their natural state as well as those molded into the shape of cushioning pads were evaluated by shock absorption tests. The results showed that the fibers without agglutination agents exhibited the best performance when submitted to increasing static loads by presenting the greatest capacity to reduce impact acceleration. In addition, green coconut fiber presented behavior similar to that of cellulosic cushioning materials and in certain situations can be considered effective in protecting products that are considered fragile.

Study of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Coconut Spathe Fiber Reinforced Obsolete Polymer Composites

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have gradually gained wide acceptance as engineering material applications due to their unique advantages including their high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance. This study was carried out with composites prepared by hot press molding method using coconut spathe fiber as reinforcing material and HDPE (from HDPE can as obsolete polymer) as polymer matrix. Composites were made at 150°C under 60 kN load by taking diverse weight percentage (wt.%) of fiber from 0 to 20 of its total weight. In this research investigation, different properties of the composites such as bulk density, water absorption, tensile and flexural properties, impact strength and hardness test properties were carried out. The fiber content enhancement increases the bulk density in all composites. The rate of water absorption improves with the improvement of fiber addition with respect to HDPE in all composites. But the water absorption was not increased uniformly with the increase of fiber addition in composites. In all cases, composites absorbed water very rapidly up to 80 hrs and then water absorption is in saturated condition. The mechanical properties like tensile strength (TS), flexural strength (FS), impact strength (IS) and hardness were observed to be comparatively more enhanced for 5% composite, while further increasing of fiber addition, all mechanical properties changes irregularly. The irregular nature of change might be caused due to the over loading of fiber in polymer matrix.

外施椰糠及泥炭土对高寒草甸鼠害型秃斑地的改良效果

高寒草甸鼠害型秃斑地是黑土滩型退化草地的起始阶段。为探究外施椰糠及泥炭土对秃斑地改良效果,本研究选取青藏高原东部玛曲县典型鼠害型秃斑地,以未采取治理措施的秃斑地为对照(CK),采取浅翻(SP)、浅翻(SP)+施椰糠(CF)、浅翻(SP)+施椰糠(CF)+施泥炭(PS)3种措施,调查3年内不同措施下秃斑地植物群落特征和土壤理化性状,并采用冗余分析法探讨环境因子对植物群落特征的影响。结果表明,3种处理措施下秃斑地恢复到第3年时:1)SP+CF处理下植物盖度、高度和生物量显著大于CK(P<0.05)。治理措施和年份间的交互作用,对植物盖度、高度、物种数和生物量具有显著影响。2)SP+CF处理与CK相比显著提高了土壤最大持水量、0-10 cm表层土壤N、P、有机质和C/P(P<0.05)。3)偏冗余分析表明,土壤有机质(OM)、土壤毛管持水量(Cc)和总孔隙度(Tp)对植物群落特征的方差解释净效应达显著水平(P<0.05)。综上,3种措施均可恢复秃斑地植被和土壤,其中浅翻与椰糠相结合的处理措施效果最好。

疏水性椰壳纤维的制备及其对油水体系的分离性能

将椰壳纤维经过碱处理、甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)疏水化改性制备了具有孔隙结构的疏水椰壳纤维吸附材料(HCF)。通过SEM、EDS、FT-IR、XRD对HCF的表面形貌及化学结构进行了表征,通过静态水接触角研究了HCF的表面润湿性能。结果表明,HCF的静态水接触角为126°,在不同pH的溶液中水接触角都保持在125°以上。HCF对原油、泵油、葵花籽油、机油、大豆油、四氯化碳等油类及有机溶剂的吸附倍率为8.49~12.88 g/g,在3 min内达到吸附饱和,具有较好的吸附量和较快的吸附速率。在0.09 MPa压力下,HCF可用于水上浮油的连续分离过程,分离通量为57 326.14 L/(m^(2)·h),分离效率为97.02%,具有一定的处理大量油水混合物的能力。HCF经过10次循环后依然保持良好的吸附性能,具有很好的使用稳定性。

阳离子化椰衣纤维吸附剂的制备及其吸附性能

以农业废弃物椰衣纤维为原料,经NaOH、NaClO前处理,再经过与阳离子单体甲基丙烯酸二甲氨乙酯的接枝反应,制备了阳离子化椰衣吸附剂,并探究了其的吸附性能。扫描电镜图显示,阳离子化的椰衣吸附剂表面附着有片状物。能谱分析及红外光谱分析均证明,阳离子单体成功接枝于椰衣纤维表面。吸附实验表明,经NaOH和NaClO前处理的椰衣纤维,能有效促进阳离子单体的接枝反应。与未改性的椰衣相比,阳离子化的椰衣吸附剂对MO的吸附性能提升了88%,在pH=12的溶液中,解吸率达到99%,具有易解吸性能。同时,阳离子化的椰衣吸附剂对食用色素日落黄及诱惑红的吸附能力也得到大幅提升,吸附率从0%提升至86.38%和84.54%;对抗菌药物环丙沙星和红霉素也有一定的吸附能力,吸附率分别为45.33%及57.36%。结果表明,椰衣生物质资源在污水处理、检验检测、净化等领域均具有潜在的应用前景。

Fabrication and Characterization of CTS/Coconut Composite Membranes Crosslinked with Glutaraldehyde for Elimination of Heavy Metal in Aqueous Solution

Chitosan/coconut (CTS/coconut) composite membranes were successfully prepared by the cross-linking reaction with glutaraldehyde and they were applied in eliminating heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The cross-linked membranes were obtained at the ratios of 1/1, 1/1.5 and 1/2 and the coconut fiber was chemically treated by NaOCl/NaOH. The best ratio of CTS/coconut fiber is found to be 1/1.5 which has a relatively high stability with the degree of swelling (DS) and solvent content (SC) of membrane to be 13.33% and 69.88%, respectively. The results also indicate that the CTS membranes showed preferential separation of heavy metals for blend CTS/coconut membranes.

椰壳纤维增韧水泥基材料纤维长度因素研究

以水泥和砂为基体相,以椰壳纤维为增强相,制备椰壳纤维增韧水泥基复合材料,研究在5 cm和7 cm两组长度下,不同椰壳纤维添加量对椰壳纤维水泥基复合材料表观密度、吸水率、含水率、抗压强度及抗折强度等综合性能的影响。结果表明:在水泥基体中加入椰壳纤维后材料表观密度和抗压强度、抗弯强度都呈现先降低后升高的趋势,吸水率和含水率呈现先升高后降低趋势。实验显示7 cm纤维较5 cm纤维在水泥基体中的表观密度、抗压强度更低,但抗折强度在添加量较多情况下有更高的趋势。

粉煤灰共掺椰壳纤维增韧水泥基材料性能研究

以水泥、粉煤灰和砂为基体、加入椰壳纤维,制备椰壳纤维增韧水泥基复合材料。研究粉煤灰替代率、椰壳纤维长度对椰壳纤维增韧水泥基复合材料密度、吸水率、含水率、抗压强度以及抗折强度的影响。结果表明:随着椰壳纤维长度的增加,粉煤灰部分替代水泥的椰壳纤维增韧水泥基复合材料的抗折强度不断升高,长纤维的加入有明显增韧作用;较低粉煤灰替代率的椰壳纤维增韧水泥基复合材料的整体密度、抗压强度和抗折强度较高。

椰棕吸附染料废水中碱性红46性能研究

研究天然农林废弃物椰棕对废水中碱性红46的吸收效果。分别测试了吸附过程动力学、热力学以及溶液pH值对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,在固液比为2 g/L,温度为318 K的条件下,达到吸附平衡需要40 min,平衡吸附量为26.56 mg/g。吸附平衡时溶液中碱性红46的脱除率超过99%。等温线实验结果显示Langmuir等温线方程能更好拟合实验结果,升高温度对交换速率及容量都有帮助。负的△Gθ显示椰棕吸附碱性红46为代表的偶氮类染料是一个自发的过程。椰棕能够有效吸附废水中的碱性红46,可被用于应急处置突发环境事件所排含染料废水。

外掺料对植被混凝土高羊茅根系生长及抗剪强度的作用

为揭示外掺料对植被混凝土根系生长和固土护坡的作用,以高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)为研究材料,分别添加不同含量的椰纤维与粉煤灰构建植被混凝土,测定高羊茅地下部根系的生长特征及根土复合体的抗剪强度。结果表明,椰纤维掺量和粉煤灰掺量对高羊茅根系生长有显著影响。根系总根长、根系表面积、根平均直径及地下生物量均随椰纤维与粉煤灰掺量的增加呈先增后减的变化趋势,在椰纤维掺量为0.3%、粉煤灰掺量为2%时达到最大值,分别比未添加椰纤维的处理增加了31.39%、30.20%、30.57%、12.80%,分别比未添加粉煤灰的处理增加了42.17%、22.85%、16.48%、29.22%。椰纤维掺量和粉煤灰掺量对植被混凝土基材的抗剪强度也有显著影响,基材的抗剪强度均随着外掺量增加呈先增加后减少的变化,在椰纤维和粉煤灰掺量分别为0.3%和2%时达到最大值。综合评估显示,高羊茅根系在外掺椰纤维0.3%和粉煤灰2%的改良植被混凝土生长最好,植被混凝土的抗剪强度最高。

椰壳纤维增强改性水泥砌块抗压耐久性试验

研究了在水泥土砌块中引入椰壳纤维,在轴向压缩和弯曲载荷下测试了不同纤维质量分数的椰子纤维增强的水泥土砌块,以检查材料在峰值的承载能力、峰值后残余强度和韧性方面的响应。结果表明,纤维增强水泥土砌块在隔热和机械性能方面具有预期的技术性能,掺入椰壳纤维后提高了水泥土砌块的剩余强度、延性和能量吸收能力。水泥土砌块中添加椰壳纤维可减少碱侵蚀和酸侵蚀。对于冻融和干湿循环,也显示出类似的耐久性改善。

椰子副产物精深加工及高值利用研究进展

椰子副产物(椰壳、椰衣纤维、椰渣等)富含多种化学成分及生物活性物质,可开发为食品加工领域的优质原料,但目前椰子副产物利用率相对较低,严重制约了椰子产业的发展。本文概述了椰子果皮、椰油、椰渣等的化学组成、功能性成分、利用途径及功能性物质提取技术,重点讨论了天然膳食纤维、原生态椰油等功能性配料的制备,以及其他食品配料的稳定载体等的应用情况,总结了椰子副产物加工利用存在的问题和开发前景。

椰衣和椰壳生物质炭的制备及其对溶液中Pb^(2+)的吸附

以椰衣和椰壳作为原材料,在300、500和700℃条件下热解制备生物质炭,表征其物理化学性质;同时,研究所制备的生物质炭对溶液中Pb^(2+)的吸附特征与机制.结果表明:随着热解温度升高,所制备的生物质炭的含氧官能团减少,灰分、pH值、阳离子交换量、比表面积和碱性官能团的含量随之升高.热解温度升高可促进生物质炭对Pb^(2+)的吸附;Langmuir模型可较好地描述所制备的生物质炭对Pb^(2+)的等温吸附;在供试的6种生物质炭中,吸附量最高的是在700℃条件下制备的椰衣生物质炭,且优于大多数已报道的用其他材料制备的生物质炭.拟合发现,所制备的生物质炭的阳离子交换量和灰分含量是影响其吸附Pb^(2+)的重要因子,在初始Pb^(2+)质量浓度为200mg/L条件下,椰衣生物质炭对Pb^(2+)的稳定吸附量为9.83~13.91mg/g,椰壳生物质炭为9.68~25.16mg/g.这表明椰壳生物质炭吸附态Pb^(2+)比椰衣生物质炭吸附态Pb^(2+)更稳定.

竹纤维和椰纤维增强水泥复合材料

本工作采用竹短纤维和椰壳纤维增强水泥，改善水泥基体的韧性和抗裂性，提高了韧度和强度。研究了植物纤维含量、加入乳胶成分和含水量等因素对植物纤维增强水泥复合材料性能的影响，以及植物纤维复合材料的微观破坏。

椰壳纤维的热解动力学分析

将椰壳纤维在NaOH、KOH、ZnCl2和(NH4)2HPO4溶液中进行处理,并采用耐驰STA449C-Jupiter同步热分析仪研究了椰壳纤维在不同升温速率时的热分解反应。通过积分法对椰壳纤维的热解失重曲线进行动力学分析发现,升温速率为5K/min时热解的主反应阶段的活化能最低,低温段和高温段的分别为30.52kJ/mol、56.44kJ/mol,对椰壳纤维的热解反应最有利。采用5%的碱溶液浸泡处理可以有效除去椰壳纤维中的半纤维素、果胶等易降解的成分,改变热解反应过程,从而更有利于制备活性炭纤维。

椰壳纤维长度分布

为了进一步拓展椰壳纤维的开发应用领域,用单根纤维长度测量法测量椰壳纤维的长度,实验表明椰壳纤维的长度范围为8～337 mm;用计算机模拟椰壳纤维的排列分布状况,结果表明椰壳纤维长度排列分布是连续的,并具有天然纤维长度分布的显著特征;采用分组测量分析法研究椰壳纤维的长度根数分布、长度质量分布、长度线密度分布等情况,计算出椰壳纤维的平均线密度为27.89 tex,线密度范围为18.265～70.442 tex。