The Causes and Applications of Code Switching Between Chinese and English in Social Intercourse

This paper examines the phenomenon of code switching between Chinese and English in China.It explores the causes,types,and applications of code switching,as well as the public’s attitudes towards it.The paper distinguishes between pathological and non-pathological code switching,and analyzes the corpus of code switching in Hong Kong.It also discusses how English as a dominant language affects the perception and use of code switching.The paper suggests that code switching is not only a linguistic but also an emotional process,and that speakers and listeners should be aware of their audience group when using code switching.

Psychological motives of code switching

Code switching is an important research topic in a selection of academic fields including sociology, psychology and linguistics. Generally speaking, code switching, a common phenomenon in language contact, permeates bilingual and multilingual society. It refers to circumstances in which a speaker uses two or more than two languages. This paper is intended to present an overall review of studies on code switching, focusing on motive. Code switching combines the social situation with the linguistic situation, in contrast to the different cultures in the speaker＇s cognitive structure. It has social functions that can change the social situation, which in turn sets up a new one. In conversation, code switching also reflects the speaker＇s psychological state and his/her attitude towards a certain language or languages. This paper will focus on the analysis of socio-psychological factors which exert strong influences upon code switching.

Optical Packet Switching Scheme Using Multi-optical-code Labels

Proposed is a novel optical code(OC) label switching scheme in which an optical label is constructed by multiple parallel optical codes.The performances of splitting loss and BER are simulated and analyzed.Simulation results show that the proposed label can be correctly recognized to perform packet switching.Compared with reported schemes using one OC as a label,the splitting loss in our proposal is lowered.

Arsenic effect of English on the Igbo language

Arsenic is a metallic-looking poisonous chemical substance, which is odourless and tasteless. It is used for the manufacture of insecticides and fungicides. Arsenic may be absorbed accidentally through ingestion （food poisoning）, inhalation （toxic air） and permeation of skin. It has been scientifically proved that as little as 20 milligrams of arsenic may be life-threatening. It attacks delicate internal organs of the body, thereby, leading to health disorders and eventual death. On the one hand, this paper is set out to prove that the English language exerts similar killing effects on the Igbo language. On the other hand, the author will suggest ways of salvaging Igbo people＇s mother tongue from such killing effects.

A Joint Rate Control and AMC Algorithm for Adaptive Transmission Systems

The traditional communication system is effectively designed for the worst-case channel state and it can not use the spectral efficiently over the time-varying multipath channel. In order to improve the spectral efficiency and ensure robust and spectrally-efficient transmission over the time-varying multipath channel,a joint rate control and adaptive modulation and coding ( AMC) algorithm for adaptive transmission systems is proposed in this paper. Firstly,the proposed algorithm can formulate a modulation and coding scheme ( MCS) switching table according to the offline simulation results and the target bit error rate ( BER) . Then,the optimal MCS is selected in MCS switching table according to the channel state information ( CSI) and then passes to the transmitter and receiver to implement. So the adaptive system which always uses the optimal MCS to transmit signals uses the spectral efficiently. The simulation results validate the proposed algorithm and show that under the premise of meeting the target BER,the adaptive system performing the proposed algorithm has a higher average spectral efficiency ( ASE) than that of the non-adaptive system.

Stabilization of CSTR w ith Self-tuning Sliding Mode Controller Using T-S Fuzzy Linearization

A self-tuning reaching law based sliding mode control(SMC)theory is proposed to stabilize the nonlinear continuous stirred tank reactor(CSTR).T-S fuzzy logic is used to build a global fuzzy state-space linear model.Combing the traits of SMC and CSTR,three fuzzy rules can meet the requirements of controlled system.The self-tuning switch control law which can drive the state variables to the sliding surface as soon as possible is designed to ensure the robustness of uncertain fuzzy system.Lyapunov equation is applied to proving the stability of the sliding surface.The simulations show that the proposed approach can achieve desired performance with less chattering problem.