The key principle in the development of Codex standards is to ensure that the decision making process is based on sound science. The approval for the use of food additives and other chemicals in foods should be made ...The key principle in the development of Codex standards is to ensure that the decision making process is based on sound science. The approval for the use of food additives and other chemicals in foods should be made only when adequate scientific data is available. The same principle applies to the development of maximum tolerable (or residue) levels for contaminants in foods. Using the General Standards for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods as an example, the following criteria are considered, when developing recommendations and standards: Toxicological information; Analytical data; Intake data; Fair trade considerations; Technological considerations; and Risk assessment and risk management considerations. The Codex Alimentarius Commission has repeatedly emphasized the use of risk analysis approach, in particular the use of risk assessment in conducting the safety evaluation of food additives, agricultural and veterinary chemicals and environmental and industrial contaminants in foods. In this respect, the well known efforts of the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) provide the much needed information and recommendations for the risk assessment of specific chemicals. The risk assessment approach is also used in the safety evaluation of foods derived from modern biotechnology as well as in the quantitative assessment of microbiological risks in foods.展开更多
对法典方法标准"分析和采样的推荐方法"(CODEX STAN 234-1999)简要介绍,着重分析国际食品法典分析和采样方法委员会对其开展的回审、更新等工作,为中国食品安全国家标准体系中理化检验方法标准工作的开展提供了工作思路和可...对法典方法标准"分析和采样的推荐方法"(CODEX STAN 234-1999)简要介绍,着重分析国际食品法典分析和采样方法委员会对其开展的回审、更新等工作,为中国食品安全国家标准体系中理化检验方法标准工作的开展提供了工作思路和可借鉴的经验。展开更多
Honey harvesting throughout beekeeping is a technology recently introduced in Gabon comparing to the other African countries well known in international honey trade. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the k...Honey harvesting throughout beekeeping is a technology recently introduced in Gabon comparing to the other African countries well known in international honey trade. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of the quality of multi-flower honeys from the savannah-gallery forest complex and primary forest not well documented in Gabon. Physical and chemical parameters of different honeys were analyzed using the official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The results of physico-chemical analysis show variations in pH (3.4 to 3.9), free acidity (37.12 to 76.65 meq∙kg−1), water content (17.49% to 21.21%), electrical conductivity (0.64 to 1.24 mS∙cm−1), density (1.02 to 1.03) and total sugar content (77% to 82%). These variations were significantly different (p < 0.05) between certain honeys, but independent of the type of ecosystem considered. The pH values confirmed the botanical origin of the five honeys. The physico-chemical parameters of the honeys show significant correlations (p < 0.05). Moisture content is negatively correlated with conductivity (r = −0.628), pH (r = −0.631), density (r = −0.552) and total sugar content (r = −0.890). Conductivity is positively correlated with free acidity (r = 0.688) and total sugar content (r = 0.776), and negatively correlated with water content (r = −0.628). All honeys were in line with Codex Alimentarius standards, except for 3 types of honey (M1, M2 and M4) for free acidity and electrical conductivity, showing possible fermentation of these honeys.展开更多
Introduction: Neurocognitive disorders are frequent with aging and are often seen at advancing stages in our context. It is really difficult to evaluate rapidly Nigerien elderly persons according to tools available on...Introduction: Neurocognitive disorders are frequent with aging and are often seen at advancing stages in our context. It is really difficult to evaluate rapidly Nigerien elderly persons according to tools available on cognitive status while there is a great number of uneducated elderly people who suffer from cognitive deficiency. The purpose was to determine neurocognitive disorders prevalence in uneducated groups and Muslim elderly people by using the cognitive disorder examination (Codex) test adopted in the population living at home in Niamey (Niger). Materials and Methods: These are the results of a preliminary prospective study with simple three (3) random sampling concerning elderly people aged 60 and over living at home in whom the codex test adapted to Niamey was administered in uneducated Muslim elderly people for a total duration of four (4) minutes. This screen-adapted test should be completed by the mini-mental test of Senegal which is adapted globally to uneducated people in hospitals. The basic Codex test was developed in France for educated people, so we used this basic test in our educated people in the same study. Results: A total of 198 patients had been collected, of which 51.5% were female with an average age of 68 years with extremes of 60 to 84 years. 40 were educated. Among educated persons, 62.5% had a very low probability of dementia and 5% had a very high probability of dementia in the first step of the Codex. In the second step, 12.5% had a low probability of dementia and 20% had a high probability in the same group, while 51.3% had a very low probability of dementia and 21.3% had a very high probability of dementia in the first step of CODEX in uneducated elderly. In the second step in the same group, 12.6% had a low probability and 14.5% had a high probability of dementia. Conclusion: The adapted codex test of Niamey is simple and could be rapidly used to screen dementia among uneducated elderly Muslim prayers, and then could confirm it by complementary cognitive status test validated in the same population. However, it should be confirmed by using a large sample.展开更多
文摘The key principle in the development of Codex standards is to ensure that the decision making process is based on sound science. The approval for the use of food additives and other chemicals in foods should be made only when adequate scientific data is available. The same principle applies to the development of maximum tolerable (or residue) levels for contaminants in foods. Using the General Standards for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods as an example, the following criteria are considered, when developing recommendations and standards: Toxicological information; Analytical data; Intake data; Fair trade considerations; Technological considerations; and Risk assessment and risk management considerations. The Codex Alimentarius Commission has repeatedly emphasized the use of risk analysis approach, in particular the use of risk assessment in conducting the safety evaluation of food additives, agricultural and veterinary chemicals and environmental and industrial contaminants in foods. In this respect, the well known efforts of the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) provide the much needed information and recommendations for the risk assessment of specific chemicals. The risk assessment approach is also used in the safety evaluation of foods derived from modern biotechnology as well as in the quantitative assessment of microbiological risks in foods.
文摘Honey harvesting throughout beekeeping is a technology recently introduced in Gabon comparing to the other African countries well known in international honey trade. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of the quality of multi-flower honeys from the savannah-gallery forest complex and primary forest not well documented in Gabon. Physical and chemical parameters of different honeys were analyzed using the official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The results of physico-chemical analysis show variations in pH (3.4 to 3.9), free acidity (37.12 to 76.65 meq∙kg−1), water content (17.49% to 21.21%), electrical conductivity (0.64 to 1.24 mS∙cm−1), density (1.02 to 1.03) and total sugar content (77% to 82%). These variations were significantly different (p < 0.05) between certain honeys, but independent of the type of ecosystem considered. The pH values confirmed the botanical origin of the five honeys. The physico-chemical parameters of the honeys show significant correlations (p < 0.05). Moisture content is negatively correlated with conductivity (r = −0.628), pH (r = −0.631), density (r = −0.552) and total sugar content (r = −0.890). Conductivity is positively correlated with free acidity (r = 0.688) and total sugar content (r = 0.776), and negatively correlated with water content (r = −0.628). All honeys were in line with Codex Alimentarius standards, except for 3 types of honey (M1, M2 and M4) for free acidity and electrical conductivity, showing possible fermentation of these honeys.
文摘Introduction: Neurocognitive disorders are frequent with aging and are often seen at advancing stages in our context. It is really difficult to evaluate rapidly Nigerien elderly persons according to tools available on cognitive status while there is a great number of uneducated elderly people who suffer from cognitive deficiency. The purpose was to determine neurocognitive disorders prevalence in uneducated groups and Muslim elderly people by using the cognitive disorder examination (Codex) test adopted in the population living at home in Niamey (Niger). Materials and Methods: These are the results of a preliminary prospective study with simple three (3) random sampling concerning elderly people aged 60 and over living at home in whom the codex test adapted to Niamey was administered in uneducated Muslim elderly people for a total duration of four (4) minutes. This screen-adapted test should be completed by the mini-mental test of Senegal which is adapted globally to uneducated people in hospitals. The basic Codex test was developed in France for educated people, so we used this basic test in our educated people in the same study. Results: A total of 198 patients had been collected, of which 51.5% were female with an average age of 68 years with extremes of 60 to 84 years. 40 were educated. Among educated persons, 62.5% had a very low probability of dementia and 5% had a very high probability of dementia in the first step of the Codex. In the second step, 12.5% had a low probability of dementia and 20% had a high probability in the same group, while 51.3% had a very low probability of dementia and 21.3% had a very high probability of dementia in the first step of CODEX in uneducated elderly. In the second step in the same group, 12.6% had a low probability and 14.5% had a high probability of dementia. Conclusion: The adapted codex test of Niamey is simple and could be rapidly used to screen dementia among uneducated elderly Muslim prayers, and then could confirm it by complementary cognitive status test validated in the same population. However, it should be confirmed by using a large sample.
