Genus Codonopsis comprises more than 40 species in China. The roots of these plants have been used as traditional Chinese medicines or folk love herbs. Codonopsis xundianensis Wang ZT et Xu GJ grows in Yunnan Province...Genus Codonopsis comprises more than 40 species in China. The roots of these plants have been used as traditional Chinese medicines or folk love herbs. Codonopsis xundianensis Wang ZT et Xu GJ grows in Yunnan Province and its roots are often used as a tonic. In this paper, we report the isolation and structural elucidation of chrysoeriol (1), tricin (2), wogonin (3) and luteolin (4) from the roots of Codonopsis xundianensis. Compounds 1-3 were found in Codonopsis for the first time.展开更多
A new triterpenoid saponin, named codonolaside (1) was isolated from the root of Codonopsis lanceolata. Its structure was determined by analysis of its spectral and chemical data.
Due to the severe restrictions of natural conditions and ecological environment,high-altitude mountainous areas usually become the " hard bones" in the battle against poverty. Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and ...Due to the severe restrictions of natural conditions and ecological environment,high-altitude mountainous areas usually become the " hard bones" in the battle against poverty. Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County of Yunnan Province,located in the alpine valley of Jinsha River,is a major township with wide and deep poverty,and the incidence of poverty is up to 45. 00%. In recent years,Xueshan Township has insisted on the battle against poverty,made effort to develop the Codonopsis pilosula industry,and successfully developed a road to poverty alleviation through C. pilosula industry,and formed a unique industrial poverty alleviation model by the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty dropped to 0. 74%. Based on field survey and interview,this paper analyzes and summarizes the specific practices,main results,practical experience and promotion and application measures of the poverty alleviation model of C. pilosula planting industry in Xueshan Township,in the hope of providing certain reference for the targeted poverty alleviation in similar areas in Yunnan Province and other provinces of China.展开更多
[Objectives]This study aimed to observe the effects of different processed products of Radix Codonopsis on intestinal flora in rats with spleen deficiency.[Methods]Rat models with spleen deficiency were established by...[Objectives]This study aimed to observe the effects of different processed products of Radix Codonopsis on intestinal flora in rats with spleen deficiency.[Methods]Rat models with spleen deficiency were established by bitter-cold purgation method with Radix et Rhizoma Rhei.Normal group,model group,Radix Codonopsis group,fried Radix Codonopsis group,rice-fried Radix Codonopsis group,honey-fried Radix Codonopsis group and bran-fired Radix Codonopsis group were designed.After subjecting to corresponding treatments,the changes in the quantity of intestinal microorganisms of the rats were detected.[Results]There was no significant change in the quantity of intestinal microorganisms of the rats in the normal group and model group.The rats in the rice-fried Radix Codonopsis group were administered after successful modeling,and the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the intestines of the rats increased,and the quantity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococci reduced.The rats in the Radix Codonopsis group,fried Radix Codonopsis groups,honey-fried Radix Codonopsis group and bran-fried Radix Codonopsis group were administered after successful modeling,and the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the intestines of the rats increased(the increases were smaller than those in the rice-fried Radix Codonopsis group),and the abundance of E.coli and Staphylococci reduced,close to normal levels.[Conclusions]Different processed products of Radix Codonopsis have obvious regulation effect on intestinal flora of rats with spleen deficiency,and the regulation effect of rice-fried Radix Codonopsis on rats with spleen deficiency is better than that of Radix Codonopsis,fried Radix Codonopsis,honey-fried Radix Codonopsis and bran-fried Radix Codonopsis.展开更多
At present,Tradition Chinese Medicine(TCM)industry in China is in the stage from the empirical development to industrial production.Near infrared(NIR)spectroscopy has been widely used in the quality control of TCM'...At present,Tradition Chinese Medicine(TCM)industry in China is in the stage from the empirical development to industrial production.Near infrared(NIR)spectroscopy has been widely used in the quality control of TCM's modernization with its characteristics incuding rapidness,nondestruction,simplicity,economy,and so on.In this study,as one type of a portable micro NIR spectrometer,Micro NIR 1700 was used to establish the qualitative models for identification of geographical region and authenticity of Radix codonopsis based on discriminant analysis(DA)method.Both of the DA models had better predictive ability with 100%accuracy.In addition,a method for rapid quantitative analysis of polysaccharide in Radix codonopsis was also developed based on Micro NIR 1700 spectrometer with partial last-squares(PLS)algo-rithm.In the PLS calibration model,the NIR.spectra of samples were pretreated with different preprocessing methods and the spectral region was selected with different variable selection methods as well.The performance of the final PLS model was evaluated according to correlation cofficient of calibration(Rc),correlation coefficient of prediction(Rp),root mean squared error of cross validation(RMSECV),and root mean squared of prediction(RMSEP).The values of Re,Rp,RMSECV,and RMSEP were 0.9775,0.9602,2.496,and 2.734 g/mL,respectively.This work demonstrated that micro infrared spectrometer could be more convenient and rapid for quality control of Radix codonopsis,and the presented models would be a u1seful reference for quality control of other simi lar raw materials of TCM.展开更多
[Objectives] To study the effects of Panax ginseng,Codonopsis pilosula and Pseudostellaria heterophylla on the growth and development of SD female rats. [Methods] The rats were randomly divided into control group,P. g...[Objectives] To study the effects of Panax ginseng,Codonopsis pilosula and Pseudostellaria heterophylla on the growth and development of SD female rats. [Methods] The rats were randomly divided into control group,P. ginseng group,C. pilosula group,and P. heterophylla group,intragastrically administered with physiological saline,P. ginseng,C. pilosula,and P. heterophylla for 2 weeks,daily vaginal smear inspection was performed,estradiol( E_2) level before and after intervention was detected,rats were dissected,took out ovary and uterus,and calculated the ovarian index and uterus index. [Results]In 4 groups of rats,there was no significant difference in the time of sexual maturity and ovarian index; compared with the control group,E_2 level of C. pilosula group and P. ginseng group were higher( P < 0. 05);compared with the control group and P. heterophylla group,the ovarian index of P. ginseng group was higher( P < 0. 05); compared with the control group,the body weight of three administration groups increased much more( P < 0. 05). [Conclusions] P. ginseng and C. pilosula may lead to sexual maturity of SD female rats,while P. ginseng,C. pilosula and P. heterophylla can promote increase of body weight of SD female rats.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of Codonopsis Pilosula Polysaccharide(CPPS)on improving of the memory consolidation disorder induced by Cycloheximide and its possible mechanisms in mice.METHODS The mice...OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of Codonopsis Pilosula Polysaccharide(CPPS)on improving of the memory consolidation disorder induced by Cycloheximide and its possible mechanisms in mice.METHODS The mice was divided into five groups,as normal control group,cycloheximid model group,piracetam positive control group,CPPS 300 mg·kg^(-1) group,and CPPS150 mg·kg^(-1) group.The mice respectively were given saline,piracetam,and CPPS for 15 d.The memory consolidation disorder model in mice was established by ip.Cyclohexylamine,and orally administered CPPS(300 mg·kg^(-1) or 150 mg·kg^(-1))every day.Then experimental groups were subjected Morris Water Maze test.Western blotting analysis were used to analysis the expression of Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.RESULTS Morris water maze experiment showed that cyclohexylamine can cause memory consolidation disorder(P<0.01),and giving piracetam and CPPS(300 mg·kg-1)can improve spatial memory impairment in mice(P<0.05,P<0.01).Western blotting experiment results show that compared with normal control group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain in model group mice had significant decreased(P<0.001);Compared with model group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain tissue in piracetam and CPPS groups increased significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001).CONCLUSION Cycloheximide can induce the memory consolidation disorder,and its effect in mice related to Ca MK/CREB signaling pathways.CPPS can improved this memory disorder by influence Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.展开更多
[Objectives]To study the effects of different storage methods and storage time on the quality of Codonopsis pilosula.[Methods]Experiment was performed by setting three different storage methods and times.[Results]When...[Objectives]To study the effects of different storage methods and storage time on the quality of Codonopsis pilosula.[Methods]Experiment was performed by setting three different storage methods and times.[Results]When stored for 12 months,the extract content in the natural storage,conventional sealing,and controlled atmosphere storage was slightly lower than 77.32%before storage,and decreased by 2.82%,3.62%,and 1.71%,respectively.When stored for 18 months,the extract content was 74.14%,73.21%,and 72.08%,decreased by 4.11%,5.31%,and 6.78%,respectively compared with that before storage,all of which met the specified content in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.[Conclusions]The three storage times had significant effects on moisture and extract content of C.pilosula,but had no significant effects on atractylenolide III.With the extension of storage time,the moisture,extract,and content declined,so the storage time theoretically should not exceed 12 months.展开更多
Objective:The mechanism of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)in treating pancreatic cancer(PC)was explored by network pharmacology technology and platform.Methods:The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology datab...Objective:The mechanism of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)in treating pancreatic cancer(PC)was explored by network pharmacology technology and platform.Methods:The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform(TCMSP)was used to collect the effective compounds and potential targets of C.pilosula,and the genes associated with PC were obtained through the GeneCards database,the interaction genes between the effective compound targets of C.pilosula and PC targets were explored by the Venny method.The following mapping the interaction genes into a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network,and the key targets were screened.Finally,the interactive genes were imported into the DAVID database for gene ontology(GO)annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)signal enrichment.Results:Twenty-one effective compounds and 98 downstream target genes of C.pilosula were screened through the TCMSP database.A total of 1,278 PC target genes were obtained through the GeneCards database,and the number of overlap genes between C.pilosula targets and PC related genes was 54,of which 10 were key node genes,namely CASP3,TP53,MDM2,AKT1,ESR1,BCL2L1,MCL1,HSP90AA1,CASP9,and CCND.These interactive genes involved a total of 30 typical GO terms and 20 KEGG signals.Conclusion:C.pilosula may play a role in treating PC through multi-component,multi-target,and multi-signal pathways.展开更多
[Objectives]The paper was to establish in vitro propagation of an excellent germplasm of Codonopsis pilosula"Fengdang".[Methods]The effects of different plant growth regulators on callus induction and rediff...[Objectives]The paper was to establish in vitro propagation of an excellent germplasm of Codonopsis pilosula"Fengdang".[Methods]The effects of different plant growth regulators on callus induction and redifferentiation were tested by using sterile stem explants in vitro that germinated from seeds of superior"Fengdang"plant.[Results]The optimum medium for callus induction was MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+1.0 mg/L 16-BA.The optimal medium for bud differentiation was MS+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L 6-BA,and that for rooting was 1/2 MS+0.2 mg/L NAA+0.2 mg/L IBA.By using the media mentioned above,the rates of callus induction,bud differentiation and rooting reached 91%,100%and 97%,respectively.[Conclusions]The rapid propagation system of regenerated plants in vitro established in this study lays a foundation for the popularization and industrialized seedling of excellent germplasm of"Fengdang".展开更多
[Objectives] This study was conducted to further explore the yield increasing potential of Codonopsis pilosula, and to seek seedlings suitable for efficient production of C. pilosula. [Methods] The effects of C. pilos...[Objectives] This study was conducted to further explore the yield increasing potential of Codonopsis pilosula, and to seek seedlings suitable for efficient production of C. pilosula. [Methods] The effects of C. pilosula seedlings of different sizes on root yield and commercial quality under different cultivation densities were studied. [Results] The fourth-grade seedlings had the least input, the highest yield of 6 948 kg/hm^2, the largest output-to-input ratio at 18.3, the highest root weight proportion of the second-grade product at 58.1%, and the lowest root weight proportion of the first-grade product at 17.6%. Considering the yield, quality and economic benefits comprehensively, the treatment of the fourth-grade seedlings(seedling diameter≤4 mm) is the best choice, and the suitable plant spacing is 8 cm×22 cm. [Conclusions] The study provided a reference basis for the cost saving and efficiency improvement of C. pilosula production.展开更多
Inulin-type fructan CP-A,a predominant polysaccharide in Codonopsis pilosula,demonstrates regulatory effects on immune activity and anti-inflammation.The efficacy of CP-A in treating ulcerative colitis(UC)is,however,n...Inulin-type fructan CP-A,a predominant polysaccharide in Codonopsis pilosula,demonstrates regulatory effects on immune activity and anti-inflammation.The efficacy of CP-A in treating ulcerative colitis(UC)is,however,not well-established.This study employed an in vitro lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced colonic epithelial cell model(NCM460)and an in vivo dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis mouse model to explore CP-A’s protective effects against experimental colitis and its underlying mechanisms.We monitored the clinical symptoms in mice using various parameters:body weight,disease activity index(DAI),colon length,spleen weight,and histopathological scores.Additionally,molecular markers were assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR),immunofluorescence(IF),immunohistochemistry(IHC),and Western blotting assays.Results showed that CP-A significantly reduced reactive oxygen species(ROS),tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),and interleukins(IL-6,IL-1β,IL-18)in LPS-induced cells while increasing IL-4 and IL-10 levels and enhancing the expression of Claudin-1,ZO-1,and occludin proteins in NCM460 cells.Correspondingly,in vivo findings revealed that CPA administration markedly improved DAI,reduced colon shortening,and decreased the production of myeloperoxidase(MPO),malondialdehyde(MDA),ROS,IL-1β,IL-18,and NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome-associated genes/proteins in UC mice.CP-A treatment also elevated glutathione(GSH)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels,stimulated autophagy(LC3B,P62,Beclin-1,and ATG5),and reinforced Claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression,thereby aiding in intestinal epithelial barrier repair in colitis mice.Notably,the inhibition of autophagy via chloroquine(CQ)diminished CP-A’s protective impact against colitis in vivo.These findings elucidate that CP-A’s therapeutic effect on experimental colitis possibly involves mitigating intestinal inflammation through autophagymediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation.Consequently,inulin-type fructan CP-A emerges as a promising drug candidate for UC treatment.展开更多
Currently,the mortality rate of malignant tumors ranks second globally,surpassed only by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.The treatment of malignant tumors poses a formidable challenge to both modern medici...Currently,the mortality rate of malignant tumors ranks second globally,surpassed only by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.The treatment of malignant tumors poses a formidable challenge to both modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).To date,TCM has developed a substantial foundational theoretical understanding and accumulated significant clinical experience in combating tumors.According to TCM foundational theories,"Qi deficiency"is a critical symptom associated with cancer,and"fortifying the body's vitality while expelling pathogens"is the cornerstone of TCM's approach to tumor treatment and bodily balance.Codonopsis pilosula(CP),a Qi-invigorating herb,is known to invigorat the spleen,benefit the lungs,nourish the blood,and promote bodily fluids.It is often employed as a substitute for ginseng in clinical settings.Prolonged clinical observations have identified key active constituents of CP,such as Codonopsis polysaccharides,isoimperatorin,saponins,lobetyolin,sesquiterpene lactones,and muscone.These ingredients exhibit various therapeutic properties,including anti-tumor,immunomodulatory,anti-infective,antioxidant,and hematopoiesis-enhancing effects.Additionally,when CP is combined with other TCM herbs like Astragalus and Atractylodes macrocephala,it bolsters the body's vital energy and rejuvenates both Qi and blood.CP can be used in combination with chemotherapy agents to mitigate the adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Moreover,CP demonstrates potential in preventing precancerous lesions.This review summarizes recent research findings on the anti-tumor properties of CP,elucidates the anti-tumor effects and molecular mechanisms of its active components,provides a basis for promoting the utilization of CP resources and its active constituents,and offers insights for the research and development of new anti-tumor drugs.展开更多
Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring bioactive compounds that are widely distributed in various food sources and Traditional Chinese Medicine.This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underly...Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring bioactive compounds that are widely distributed in various food sources and Traditional Chinese Medicine.This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of alkaloid extract from Codonopsis Radix(ACR)in ameliorating hepatic lipid accumulation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)induced by a high-fat diet(HFD).The results revealed that ACR treatment effectively mitigated the abnormal weight gain and hepatic injury associated with HFD.Furthermore,ACR ameliorated the dysregulated lipid metabolism in NAFLD mice,as evidenced by reductions in serum triglyceride,total cholesterol,and low-density lipoprotein levels,accompanied by a concomitant increase in the high-density lipoprotein level.ACR treatment also demonstrated a profound anti-oxidative effect,effectively alleviating HFD-induced oxidative stress and promoting ATP production.These effects were achieved through the up-regulation of the activities of mitochondrial electron transfer chain complexes Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅳ,and Ⅴ,in addition to the activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway,suggesting that ACR exhibits therapeutic potential in alleviating the HFD-induced dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism.Moreover,ACR administration mitigated HFD-induced endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress and suppressed the overexpression of ubiquitin-specific protease 14(USP14)in NAFLD mice.In summary,the present study provides compelling evidence supporting the hepatoprotective role of ACR in alleviating lipid deposition in NAFLD by improving energy metabolism and reducing oxidative stress and ER stress.These findings warrant further investigation and merit the development of ACR as a potential therapeutic agent for NAFLD.展开更多
Objective: To observe the effect of different processing methods on the quality of Codonopsis Radix and provide data reference for the reasonable processing in the producing areas.Methods: An analytical strategy that ...Objective: To observe the effect of different processing methods on the quality of Codonopsis Radix and provide data reference for the reasonable processing in the producing areas.Methods: An analytical strategy that combined quantitative and HPLC fingerprint analysis with chemometrics was developed for the quality evaluation of Codonopsis Radix. Lobetyolin, polysaccharide, sucrose,glucose, and fructose were detected simultaneously in Codonopsis Radix samples treated with different processing methods including dryer-drying, sun-drying, shade-drying, sulfur fumigation, and kneading,etc.Results: The results showed that different processing methods had an obvious impact on the quality of Codonopsis Radix. Sun-drying or shade-drying was recommended, and sulfur fumigation should be avoided. And dryer-drying at 40 °C-50 °C was suggested to meet the requirement for large scale processing. In addition, based on the content of polysaccharide, glucose, and fructose, it was advised to knead for three times. As for lobetyolin and sucrose, kneading should be avoided.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that processing method had a big impact on the quality of Codonopsis Radix. Based on the results, the appropriate processing methods directed at different requirements were recommended. The study could lay a foundation for the reasonable processing of Codonopsis Radix in producing areas.展开更多
Three new sesquiterpene glycosides,named codonopsesquilosides A C(1 3),were isolated from an aqueous extract of the dried roots of Codonopsis pilosula.Their structures including absolute configurations were determined...Three new sesquiterpene glycosides,named codonopsesquilosides A C(1 3),were isolated from an aqueous extract of the dried roots of Codonopsis pilosula.Their structures including absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods.These glycosides are categorized as C_(15) carotenoid(1),gymnomitrane(2),and eudesmane(3)types of sesquiterpenoids,respectively.Compound 1 is the first diglycoside of C_(15) carotenoids to be reported.Compound 2 represents the second reported example of gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoids from higher plants.The absolute configurations were supported by comparison of the experimental circular dichroism(CD)spectra with the calculated electronic CD(ECD)spectra of 13,their aglycones,and model compounds based on quantummechanical time-dependent density functional theory.The influences of the glycosyls on the calculated ECD spectra of the glycosidic sesquiterpenoids,as well as some nomenclature and descriptive problems with gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoids are discussed.展开更多
Four new acetylenes(1–4) and one new unsaturated ω-hydroxy fatty acid(5),together with 5known analogues,were isolated from an aqueous extract of Codonopsis pilosula roots.Their structures were determined by spectros...Four new acetylenes(1–4) and one new unsaturated ω-hydroxy fatty acid(5),together with 5known analogues,were isolated from an aqueous extract of Codonopsis pilosula roots.Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods.The new acetylenes are categorized as an unusual cyclotetradecatrienynone(1),tetradecenynetriol(2),and rare octenynoic acids(3 and 4),respectively,and 3 and 4 are possibly derived from oxidative metabolic degradation of 1 and/or 2.The absolute configuration of 1 was assigned by comparison of the experimental circular dichroism(CD)spectrum with the calculated electronic circular dichroism(ECD) spectra of stereoisomers based on the quantum-mechanical time-dependent density functional theory,while the configuration of 2 was assigned by using modified Mosher's method based on the MPA determination rule of ΔδRSvalues for diols.展开更多
A neolignan codonopiloneolignanin A(1) with a novel 2,9:20,9:7,70-tricyclo-8,90-neolignane skeleton was isolated from an aqueous extract of the Codonopsis pilosula roots. Its structure including the absolute confi...A neolignan codonopiloneolignanin A(1) with a novel 2,9:20,9:7,70-tricyclo-8,90-neolignane skeleton was isolated from an aqueous extract of the Codonopsis pilosula roots. Its structure including the absolute configuration was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 2D NMR and electronic circular dichroism calculation. The proposed biosynthetic pathway of compound 1 is also discussed.展开更多
Objective: "Same treatment for different diseases" is a unique treatment strategy under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory.Codonopsis Radix(Codonopsis pilosula,Dangshen in Chinese)with ...Objective: "Same treatment for different diseases" is a unique treatment strategy under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory.Codonopsis Radix(Codonopsis pilosula,Dangshen in Chinese)with spleen-fortifying effect was employed to understand the strategy of "Same treatment for different diseases",based on its common mechanism in the treatment of gastric diseases including gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer via network pharmacology research.Methods:Network pharmacology research methods were used to analyze the interaction network and potential mechanisms of Dangshen in treating gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer.The active components and their target proteins of Dangshen were integrated from TCMSP,BATMAN-TCM databases.The targets of gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer were collected through GeneCards,PubMed,TDD and DisGeNET Database.Through screening,the key components and the key targets of Dangshen in treating gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer were obtained.After KEGG pathway analysis and GO analysis,the important pathways and biological processes were analyzed.Results:Through data and literature mining,the common and specific pharmaceutical effects and mechanism of Dangshen were summarized in these three gastric lesions.It was shown that Dangshen mainly acted on gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer through the overall regulation of the PI3K-AkT signaling pathway.With the development of the disease,it will gradually increase the control of inflammation through TNF,NF-κB and other inflammation-related signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory damage.For tumorigenesis,it pays more attention to inhibiting the ErbB signaling pathways to reduce the proliferation and migration of tumor cells.In addition,Dangshen's regulation of HIF-1 signaling pathway may also be beneficial for the treatment of gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer.Conclusion:Dangshen achieves spleen-fortifying effect on gastric diseases including gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer through multiple targets in multiple pathways,especially PI3K-AKT pathway and HIF-1 pathway.It could provide a scientific basis for understanding the strategy of "Same treatment for different diseases" in traditional Chinese medicine.展开更多
Objective To identify reliable reference genes(RGs) for normalization of real-time PCR(RT-q PCR) data in Codonopsis pilosula. Methods The expression profiles of 10 candidate RGs(GAPDH, ACT, α-TUB, β-TUB, UBQ, C...Objective To identify reliable reference genes(RGs) for normalization of real-time PCR(RT-q PCR) data in Codonopsis pilosula. Methods The expression profiles of 10 candidate RGs(GAPDH, ACT, α-TUB, β-TUB, UBQ, CYP, EF-1α, NAC, F-box and PP2A) were examined in C. pilosula during the phenological period. The raw materials examined included roots, stems, leaves, and flower buds at flowering and boll-forming stages, five growth stages of untreated and treated roots with plant growth retardant. The best-suited RGs were accessed using ge Norm, NormF inder, Best Keeper, and Ref Finder algorithms. Results The best-ranked references genes differed across the samples. GAPDH and PP2A were the most suitable for expression analysis in untreated tissues while GAPDH, α-TUB, and PP2A were ranked as the three most stably expressed genes in untreated roots, while NAC and CYP were the most stably expressed genes in stressed(i.e., treated) roots. The expression of UGPase, a key enzyme for CPP biosynthesis, was determined to further validate the selected RGs. Conclusion A total of 10 RGs can be used as reference genes of C. pilosula, however the appropriate one should be used as it may chance.展开更多
文摘Genus Codonopsis comprises more than 40 species in China. The roots of these plants have been used as traditional Chinese medicines or folk love herbs. Codonopsis xundianensis Wang ZT et Xu GJ grows in Yunnan Province and its roots are often used as a tonic. In this paper, we report the isolation and structural elucidation of chrysoeriol (1), tricin (2), wogonin (3) and luteolin (4) from the roots of Codonopsis xundianensis. Compounds 1-3 were found in Codonopsis for the first time.
文摘A new triterpenoid saponin, named codonolaside (1) was isolated from the root of Codonopsis lanceolata. Its structure was determined by analysis of its spectral and chemical data.
基金Commissioned Project of Office of Rural Work Leading Group of Kunming Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China "Study on the Poverty Alleviation Model of Kunming City in the Context of World Poverty Reduction"Construction Project of Party Branch Secretary’s Studio of "Double Leader" Teachers in Colleges and Universities of the Ministry of Education of China
文摘Due to the severe restrictions of natural conditions and ecological environment,high-altitude mountainous areas usually become the " hard bones" in the battle against poverty. Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County of Yunnan Province,located in the alpine valley of Jinsha River,is a major township with wide and deep poverty,and the incidence of poverty is up to 45. 00%. In recent years,Xueshan Township has insisted on the battle against poverty,made effort to develop the Codonopsis pilosula industry,and successfully developed a road to poverty alleviation through C. pilosula industry,and formed a unique industrial poverty alleviation model by the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty dropped to 0. 74%. Based on field survey and interview,this paper analyzes and summarizes the specific practices,main results,practical experience and promotion and application measures of the poverty alleviation model of C. pilosula planting industry in Xueshan Township,in the hope of providing certain reference for the targeted poverty alleviation in similar areas in Yunnan Province and other provinces of China.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81360524)Youth Foundation of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine(No.2019QN036)+2 种基金Basic Ability Improvement Project for Scientific Research of Young and Middle-aged Teachers in Colleges and Universities of Guangxi(No.2019KY0341)Key Research and Development Project of Science and Technology Department of Guangxi(No.AB19110003)Third-class Chinese(Zhuang)Medicine Chemistry and Quality Analysis Laboratory of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Guo Zhong Yi Yao Fa 2009[21]).
文摘[Objectives]This study aimed to observe the effects of different processed products of Radix Codonopsis on intestinal flora in rats with spleen deficiency.[Methods]Rat models with spleen deficiency were established by bitter-cold purgation method with Radix et Rhizoma Rhei.Normal group,model group,Radix Codonopsis group,fried Radix Codonopsis group,rice-fried Radix Codonopsis group,honey-fried Radix Codonopsis group and bran-fired Radix Codonopsis group were designed.After subjecting to corresponding treatments,the changes in the quantity of intestinal microorganisms of the rats were detected.[Results]There was no significant change in the quantity of intestinal microorganisms of the rats in the normal group and model group.The rats in the rice-fried Radix Codonopsis group were administered after successful modeling,and the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the intestines of the rats increased,and the quantity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococci reduced.The rats in the Radix Codonopsis group,fried Radix Codonopsis groups,honey-fried Radix Codonopsis group and bran-fried Radix Codonopsis group were administered after successful modeling,and the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the intestines of the rats increased(the increases were smaller than those in the rice-fried Radix Codonopsis group),and the abundance of E.coli and Staphylococci reduced,close to normal levels.[Conclusions]Different processed products of Radix Codonopsis have obvious regulation effect on intestinal flora of rats with spleen deficiency,and the regulation effect of rice-fried Radix Codonopsis on rats with spleen deficiency is better than that of Radix Codonopsis,fried Radix Codonopsis,honey-fried Radix Codonopsis and bran-fried Radix Codonopsis.
基金supported by the Project of Shandong Province(No.2012CX20203)the Major Special Project of National Scientic Instruments and Equipment Development(No.2014YQ47037709).
文摘At present,Tradition Chinese Medicine(TCM)industry in China is in the stage from the empirical development to industrial production.Near infrared(NIR)spectroscopy has been widely used in the quality control of TCM's modernization with its characteristics incuding rapidness,nondestruction,simplicity,economy,and so on.In this study,as one type of a portable micro NIR spectrometer,Micro NIR 1700 was used to establish the qualitative models for identification of geographical region and authenticity of Radix codonopsis based on discriminant analysis(DA)method.Both of the DA models had better predictive ability with 100%accuracy.In addition,a method for rapid quantitative analysis of polysaccharide in Radix codonopsis was also developed based on Micro NIR 1700 spectrometer with partial last-squares(PLS)algo-rithm.In the PLS calibration model,the NIR.spectra of samples were pretreated with different preprocessing methods and the spectral region was selected with different variable selection methods as well.The performance of the final PLS model was evaluated according to correlation cofficient of calibration(Rc),correlation coefficient of prediction(Rp),root mean squared error of cross validation(RMSECV),and root mean squared of prediction(RMSEP).The values of Re,Rp,RMSECV,and RMSEP were 0.9775,0.9602,2.496,and 2.734 g/mL,respectively.This work demonstrated that micro infrared spectrometer could be more convenient and rapid for quality control of Radix codonopsis,and the presented models would be a u1seful reference for quality control of other simi lar raw materials of TCM.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Foundation of Shanghai Association of Chinese Integrative Medicine(ZXYK-1213)
文摘[Objectives] To study the effects of Panax ginseng,Codonopsis pilosula and Pseudostellaria heterophylla on the growth and development of SD female rats. [Methods] The rats were randomly divided into control group,P. ginseng group,C. pilosula group,and P. heterophylla group,intragastrically administered with physiological saline,P. ginseng,C. pilosula,and P. heterophylla for 2 weeks,daily vaginal smear inspection was performed,estradiol( E_2) level before and after intervention was detected,rats were dissected,took out ovary and uterus,and calculated the ovarian index and uterus index. [Results]In 4 groups of rats,there was no significant difference in the time of sexual maturity and ovarian index; compared with the control group,E_2 level of C. pilosula group and P. ginseng group were higher( P < 0. 05);compared with the control group and P. heterophylla group,the ovarian index of P. ginseng group was higher( P < 0. 05); compared with the control group,the body weight of three administration groups increased much more( P < 0. 05). [Conclusions] P. ginseng and C. pilosula may lead to sexual maturity of SD female rats,while P. ginseng,C. pilosula and P. heterophylla can promote increase of body weight of SD female rats.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation(81202192)Fund of Hebei Provincial Health Bureau(20130037)
文摘OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of Codonopsis Pilosula Polysaccharide(CPPS)on improving of the memory consolidation disorder induced by Cycloheximide and its possible mechanisms in mice.METHODS The mice was divided into five groups,as normal control group,cycloheximid model group,piracetam positive control group,CPPS 300 mg·kg^(-1) group,and CPPS150 mg·kg^(-1) group.The mice respectively were given saline,piracetam,and CPPS for 15 d.The memory consolidation disorder model in mice was established by ip.Cyclohexylamine,and orally administered CPPS(300 mg·kg^(-1) or 150 mg·kg^(-1))every day.Then experimental groups were subjected Morris Water Maze test.Western blotting analysis were used to analysis the expression of Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.RESULTS Morris water maze experiment showed that cyclohexylamine can cause memory consolidation disorder(P<0.01),and giving piracetam and CPPS(300 mg·kg-1)can improve spatial memory impairment in mice(P<0.05,P<0.01).Western blotting experiment results show that compared with normal control group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain in model group mice had significant decreased(P<0.001);Compared with model group,Ca MKⅡand CREB contents of brain tissue in piracetam and CPPS groups increased significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001).CONCLUSION Cycloheximide can induce the memory consolidation disorder,and its effect in mice related to Ca MK/CREB signaling pathways.CPPS can improved this memory disorder by influence Ca MKⅡ/CREB signaling pathways.
基金Supported by 2016 Shanxi Province Key R&D Plan"Research on Codonopsis pilosula Germplasm Resources and Standardized Production Technology(201603D3111005)Special Project of Zhendong Company"Study on High Quality and High Yield Cultivation Techniques of Codonopsis pilosula"(2016ZD0107)+1 种基金Traditional Chinese Medicine Standardization Project of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ZYBZH-Y-JIN-34)Research and Application of Ecological Agriculture of Chinese Medicinal Materials Based on Landscape Layout(2017YFC1700702).
文摘[Objectives]To study the effects of different storage methods and storage time on the quality of Codonopsis pilosula.[Methods]Experiment was performed by setting three different storage methods and times.[Results]When stored for 12 months,the extract content in the natural storage,conventional sealing,and controlled atmosphere storage was slightly lower than 77.32%before storage,and decreased by 2.82%,3.62%,and 1.71%,respectively.When stored for 18 months,the extract content was 74.14%,73.21%,and 72.08%,decreased by 4.11%,5.31%,and 6.78%,respectively compared with that before storage,all of which met the specified content in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.[Conclusions]The three storage times had significant effects on moisture and extract content of C.pilosula,but had no significant effects on atractylenolide III.With the extension of storage time,the moisture,extract,and content declined,so the storage time theoretically should not exceed 12 months.
基金Hainan Provincial Key Research and Development Social Development Program(No.ZDYF2020132)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81960528)。
文摘Objective:The mechanism of Dangshen(Codonopsis pilosula)in treating pancreatic cancer(PC)was explored by network pharmacology technology and platform.Methods:The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform(TCMSP)was used to collect the effective compounds and potential targets of C.pilosula,and the genes associated with PC were obtained through the GeneCards database,the interaction genes between the effective compound targets of C.pilosula and PC targets were explored by the Venny method.The following mapping the interaction genes into a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network,and the key targets were screened.Finally,the interactive genes were imported into the DAVID database for gene ontology(GO)annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)signal enrichment.Results:Twenty-one effective compounds and 98 downstream target genes of C.pilosula were screened through the TCMSP database.A total of 1,278 PC target genes were obtained through the GeneCards database,and the number of overlap genes between C.pilosula targets and PC related genes was 54,of which 10 were key node genes,namely CASP3,TP53,MDM2,AKT1,ESR1,BCL2L1,MCL1,HSP90AA1,CASP9,and CCND.These interactive genes involved a total of 30 typical GO terms and 20 KEGG signals.Conclusion:C.pilosula may play a role in treating PC through multi-component,multi-target,and multi-signal pathways.
文摘[Objectives]The paper was to establish in vitro propagation of an excellent germplasm of Codonopsis pilosula"Fengdang".[Methods]The effects of different plant growth regulators on callus induction and redifferentiation were tested by using sterile stem explants in vitro that germinated from seeds of superior"Fengdang"plant.[Results]The optimum medium for callus induction was MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+1.0 mg/L 16-BA.The optimal medium for bud differentiation was MS+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L 6-BA,and that for rooting was 1/2 MS+0.2 mg/L NAA+0.2 mg/L IBA.By using the media mentioned above,the rates of callus induction,bud differentiation and rooting reached 91%,100%and 97%,respectively.[Conclusions]The rapid propagation system of regenerated plants in vitro established in this study lays a foundation for the popularization and industrialized seedling of excellent germplasm of"Fengdang".
基金Supported by Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project in 2016(201603D3111005)National Project for Standardization of Chinese Materia Medica(ZYBZH-Y-JIN-34)Study and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ecological Agriculture Based on Landscape Layout(2017YFC1700702)
文摘[Objectives] This study was conducted to further explore the yield increasing potential of Codonopsis pilosula, and to seek seedlings suitable for efficient production of C. pilosula. [Methods] The effects of C. pilosula seedlings of different sizes on root yield and commercial quality under different cultivation densities were studied. [Results] The fourth-grade seedlings had the least input, the highest yield of 6 948 kg/hm^2, the largest output-to-input ratio at 18.3, the highest root weight proportion of the second-grade product at 58.1%, and the lowest root weight proportion of the first-grade product at 17.6%. Considering the yield, quality and economic benefits comprehensively, the treatment of the fourth-grade seedlings(seedling diameter≤4 mm) is the best choice, and the suitable plant spacing is 8 cm×22 cm. [Conclusions] The study provided a reference basis for the cost saving and efficiency improvement of C. pilosula production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81904031)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC1710800)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(No.201901D211325)the Science Research Start-up Fund for Doctor of Shanxi Medical University(No.XD1802).
文摘Inulin-type fructan CP-A,a predominant polysaccharide in Codonopsis pilosula,demonstrates regulatory effects on immune activity and anti-inflammation.The efficacy of CP-A in treating ulcerative colitis(UC)is,however,not well-established.This study employed an in vitro lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced colonic epithelial cell model(NCM460)and an in vivo dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis mouse model to explore CP-A’s protective effects against experimental colitis and its underlying mechanisms.We monitored the clinical symptoms in mice using various parameters:body weight,disease activity index(DAI),colon length,spleen weight,and histopathological scores.Additionally,molecular markers were assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR),immunofluorescence(IF),immunohistochemistry(IHC),and Western blotting assays.Results showed that CP-A significantly reduced reactive oxygen species(ROS),tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),and interleukins(IL-6,IL-1β,IL-18)in LPS-induced cells while increasing IL-4 and IL-10 levels and enhancing the expression of Claudin-1,ZO-1,and occludin proteins in NCM460 cells.Correspondingly,in vivo findings revealed that CPA administration markedly improved DAI,reduced colon shortening,and decreased the production of myeloperoxidase(MPO),malondialdehyde(MDA),ROS,IL-1β,IL-18,and NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome-associated genes/proteins in UC mice.CP-A treatment also elevated glutathione(GSH)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels,stimulated autophagy(LC3B,P62,Beclin-1,and ATG5),and reinforced Claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression,thereby aiding in intestinal epithelial barrier repair in colitis mice.Notably,the inhibition of autophagy via chloroquine(CQ)diminished CP-A’s protective impact against colitis in vivo.These findings elucidate that CP-A’s therapeutic effect on experimental colitis possibly involves mitigating intestinal inflammation through autophagymediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation.Consequently,inulin-type fructan CP-A emerges as a promising drug candidate for UC treatment.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82204696)the Natural Science Foundation project of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine(Grant No.XPT82204696).
文摘Currently,the mortality rate of malignant tumors ranks second globally,surpassed only by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.The treatment of malignant tumors poses a formidable challenge to both modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).To date,TCM has developed a substantial foundational theoretical understanding and accumulated significant clinical experience in combating tumors.According to TCM foundational theories,"Qi deficiency"is a critical symptom associated with cancer,and"fortifying the body's vitality while expelling pathogens"is the cornerstone of TCM's approach to tumor treatment and bodily balance.Codonopsis pilosula(CP),a Qi-invigorating herb,is known to invigorat the spleen,benefit the lungs,nourish the blood,and promote bodily fluids.It is often employed as a substitute for ginseng in clinical settings.Prolonged clinical observations have identified key active constituents of CP,such as Codonopsis polysaccharides,isoimperatorin,saponins,lobetyolin,sesquiterpene lactones,and muscone.These ingredients exhibit various therapeutic properties,including anti-tumor,immunomodulatory,anti-infective,antioxidant,and hematopoiesis-enhancing effects.Additionally,when CP is combined with other TCM herbs like Astragalus and Atractylodes macrocephala,it bolsters the body's vital energy and rejuvenates both Qi and blood.CP can be used in combination with chemotherapy agents to mitigate the adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Moreover,CP demonstrates potential in preventing precancerous lesions.This review summarizes recent research findings on the anti-tumor properties of CP,elucidates the anti-tumor effects and molecular mechanisms of its active components,provides a basis for promoting the utilization of CP resources and its active constituents,and offers insights for the research and development of new anti-tumor drugs.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the introduction of talent of Pingdingshan University(No.PXY-BSQD-2022040)and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021A1515110055).
文摘Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring bioactive compounds that are widely distributed in various food sources and Traditional Chinese Medicine.This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of alkaloid extract from Codonopsis Radix(ACR)in ameliorating hepatic lipid accumulation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)induced by a high-fat diet(HFD).The results revealed that ACR treatment effectively mitigated the abnormal weight gain and hepatic injury associated with HFD.Furthermore,ACR ameliorated the dysregulated lipid metabolism in NAFLD mice,as evidenced by reductions in serum triglyceride,total cholesterol,and low-density lipoprotein levels,accompanied by a concomitant increase in the high-density lipoprotein level.ACR treatment also demonstrated a profound anti-oxidative effect,effectively alleviating HFD-induced oxidative stress and promoting ATP production.These effects were achieved through the up-regulation of the activities of mitochondrial electron transfer chain complexes Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅳ,and Ⅴ,in addition to the activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway,suggesting that ACR exhibits therapeutic potential in alleviating the HFD-induced dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism.Moreover,ACR administration mitigated HFD-induced endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress and suppressed the overexpression of ubiquitin-specific protease 14(USP14)in NAFLD mice.In summary,the present study provides compelling evidence supporting the hepatoprotective role of ACR in alleviating lipid deposition in NAFLD by improving energy metabolism and reducing oxidative stress and ER stress.These findings warrant further investigation and merit the development of ACR as a potential therapeutic agent for NAFLD.
基金supported by the Project of Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission (No. Z161100000116101)CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine (CAMS-I2M-1-010)
文摘Objective: To observe the effect of different processing methods on the quality of Codonopsis Radix and provide data reference for the reasonable processing in the producing areas.Methods: An analytical strategy that combined quantitative and HPLC fingerprint analysis with chemometrics was developed for the quality evaluation of Codonopsis Radix. Lobetyolin, polysaccharide, sucrose,glucose, and fructose were detected simultaneously in Codonopsis Radix samples treated with different processing methods including dryer-drying, sun-drying, shade-drying, sulfur fumigation, and kneading,etc.Results: The results showed that different processing methods had an obvious impact on the quality of Codonopsis Radix. Sun-drying or shade-drying was recommended, and sulfur fumigation should be avoided. And dryer-drying at 40 °C-50 °C was suggested to meet the requirement for large scale processing. In addition, based on the content of polysaccharide, glucose, and fructose, it was advised to knead for three times. As for lobetyolin and sucrose, kneading should be avoided.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that processing method had a big impact on the quality of Codonopsis Radix. Based on the results, the appropriate processing methods directed at different requirements were recommended. The study could lay a foundation for the reasonable processing of Codonopsis Radix in producing areas.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(NNSFC,Grant Nos.30825044 and 20932007)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(PCSIRT,Grant No.IRT1007)the National Science and Technology Project of China(Nos.2012ZX09301002-002 and 2011ZX09307-002-01)
文摘Three new sesquiterpene glycosides,named codonopsesquilosides A C(1 3),were isolated from an aqueous extract of the dried roots of Codonopsis pilosula.Their structures including absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods.These glycosides are categorized as C_(15) carotenoid(1),gymnomitrane(2),and eudesmane(3)types of sesquiterpenoids,respectively.Compound 1 is the first diglycoside of C_(15) carotenoids to be reported.Compound 2 represents the second reported example of gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoids from higher plants.The absolute configurations were supported by comparison of the experimental circular dichroism(CD)spectra with the calculated electronic CD(ECD)spectra of 13,their aglycones,and model compounds based on quantummechanical time-dependent density functional theory.The influences of the glycosyls on the calculated ECD spectra of the glycosidic sesquiterpenoids,as well as some nomenclature and descriptive problems with gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoids are discussed.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China,China (NSFCNos.30825044 and 20932007)+1 种基金the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (PCSIRT,No.IRT1007)the National Science and Technology Project of China (Nos.2012ZX09301002-002 and 2011ZX09307-002-01)
文摘Four new acetylenes(1–4) and one new unsaturated ω-hydroxy fatty acid(5),together with 5known analogues,were isolated from an aqueous extract of Codonopsis pilosula roots.Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods.The new acetylenes are categorized as an unusual cyclotetradecatrienynone(1),tetradecenynetriol(2),and rare octenynoic acids(3 and 4),respectively,and 3 and 4 are possibly derived from oxidative metabolic degradation of 1 and/or 2.The absolute configuration of 1 was assigned by comparison of the experimental circular dichroism(CD)spectrum with the calculated electronic circular dichroism(ECD) spectra of stereoisomers based on the quantum-mechanical time-dependent density functional theory,while the configuration of 2 was assigned by using modified Mosher's method based on the MPA determination rule of ΔδRSvalues for diols.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30825044, 21132009)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (PCSIRT, No. IRT1007)the National Science and Technology Project of China (Nos. 2012ZX09301002-002, 2011ZX0 9307-002-01) are acknowledged
文摘A neolignan codonopiloneolignanin A(1) with a novel 2,9:20,9:7,70-tricyclo-8,90-neolignane skeleton was isolated from an aqueous extract of the Codonopsis pilosula roots. Its structure including the absolute configuration was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 2D NMR and electronic circular dichroism calculation. The proposed biosynthetic pathway of compound 1 is also discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1706300 and 2018YFC17063005)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (lzujbky-2019-92, lzujbky-2020-sp13)+2 种基金the Project for Longyuan Youth Innovation and Entrepreneurship TalentScience the Special funds for Innovation and Guidance of Gansu (2017ZX-02)the Science-Technology Plan Project from Lanzhou Science and Technology Bureau (2017-RC115)。
文摘Objective: "Same treatment for different diseases" is a unique treatment strategy under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory.Codonopsis Radix(Codonopsis pilosula,Dangshen in Chinese)with spleen-fortifying effect was employed to understand the strategy of "Same treatment for different diseases",based on its common mechanism in the treatment of gastric diseases including gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer via network pharmacology research.Methods:Network pharmacology research methods were used to analyze the interaction network and potential mechanisms of Dangshen in treating gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer.The active components and their target proteins of Dangshen were integrated from TCMSP,BATMAN-TCM databases.The targets of gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer were collected through GeneCards,PubMed,TDD and DisGeNET Database.Through screening,the key components and the key targets of Dangshen in treating gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer were obtained.After KEGG pathway analysis and GO analysis,the important pathways and biological processes were analyzed.Results:Through data and literature mining,the common and specific pharmaceutical effects and mechanism of Dangshen were summarized in these three gastric lesions.It was shown that Dangshen mainly acted on gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer through the overall regulation of the PI3K-AkT signaling pathway.With the development of the disease,it will gradually increase the control of inflammation through TNF,NF-κB and other inflammation-related signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory damage.For tumorigenesis,it pays more attention to inhibiting the ErbB signaling pathways to reduce the proliferation and migration of tumor cells.In addition,Dangshen's regulation of HIF-1 signaling pathway may also be beneficial for the treatment of gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer.Conclusion:Dangshen achieves spleen-fortifying effect on gastric diseases including gastric ulcer,gastritis and gastric cancer through multiple targets in multiple pathways,especially PI3K-AKT pathway and HIF-1 pathway.It could provide a scientific basis for understanding the strategy of "Same treatment for different diseases" in traditional Chinese medicine.
基金National Key Technology Research and Development Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2011BAI07B07)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81072987)+1 种基金Top Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Higher Learning Institutions of Shanxi Province(201401)Fund for Shanxi Key Subjects Construction(FSKSC)(201612)
文摘Objective To identify reliable reference genes(RGs) for normalization of real-time PCR(RT-q PCR) data in Codonopsis pilosula. Methods The expression profiles of 10 candidate RGs(GAPDH, ACT, α-TUB, β-TUB, UBQ, CYP, EF-1α, NAC, F-box and PP2A) were examined in C. pilosula during the phenological period. The raw materials examined included roots, stems, leaves, and flower buds at flowering and boll-forming stages, five growth stages of untreated and treated roots with plant growth retardant. The best-suited RGs were accessed using ge Norm, NormF inder, Best Keeper, and Ref Finder algorithms. Results The best-ranked references genes differed across the samples. GAPDH and PP2A were the most suitable for expression analysis in untreated tissues while GAPDH, α-TUB, and PP2A were ranked as the three most stably expressed genes in untreated roots, while NAC and CYP were the most stably expressed genes in stressed(i.e., treated) roots. The expression of UGPase, a key enzyme for CPP biosynthesis, was determined to further validate the selected RGs. Conclusion A total of 10 RGs can be used as reference genes of C. pilosula, however the appropriate one should be used as it may chance.