Theoretical calculation and experimental study on the load distribution coefficient (LDC) of three-ring gear reducer

In this paper, primary manufacturing and assembling errors of three-ring gear reducer （TRGR） are analyzed. TRGR is a new transmission type whose eccentric phase difference between middle ring plate and side ring plates is 120°, Its mass of middle ring plate is equal to that of side ring plate or 180°, and its inass of middle ring plate is twice of that of side ring plate, which affects load distribution between ring plates. The primary manufacturing and assembling errors include eccentric error of eccentric sheath E111, internal gear plate E1 and output external gear E11. A new theoretical method is presented in this paper, which converts load on ring plates into the dedendum bending stress of ring plate to calculate load distribution coefficient （ LDC ）, by means of gap element method （GEM）, one of finite element method （FEM）. The theoretical calculation and experimental study, which measures ring plate dedendum bending stress by means of sticking strain gauges on the dedendum of middle ring plate internal gear and side ring plate internal gears, are presented. The theoretical calculation and comparison with experiment result of LDC are implemented an two kinds of three-ring gear reducers whose eccentric phase difference between eccentric sheaths is 120° and 180°respectively. The research indicates that the result of theoretical calculation is consistent with that of experimental study. That is to say, the theoretical calculation method is feasible.

Method for acquiring part load distribution coefficient of air conditioning system

This paper presents a method to acquire runtime distribution ratio of building air conditioning system under part load condition (part load coefficient of system) through practical energy consumption data. By utilizing monthly energy consumption data of the entire year as the analysis object,this paper identifies data distribution,verifies distribution characteristics and analyzes distribution probability density for the issue of running time distribution ratio of air conditioning system in part load zones in the whole operation period,thus providing a basic calculation basis for an overall analysis of energy efficiency of air conditioning system. In view of the general survey of public building energy consumption carried by the government of Chongqing,this paper takes the governmental office building as an example,the part load ratio coefficient corresponding to practical running of air conditioning system of governmental office building in Chongqing is obtained by utilizing the above probability analysis and the solving method of probability density function. By utilizing the ratio coefficient obtained using this method,the part load coefficient with any running ratio of air conditioning system can be obtained according to the requirement of analysis,which can be used in any load ratio for analyzing running energy efficiency of air conditioning system.

Study on Distribution Coefficient of Traction Return Current in High-Speed Railway

The distribution coefficient of return current network is an important method to decrease the rail potential. In order to resolve the problem of high rail potential in high-speed railway based on EN50122-1 and Pr EN50170 the distribution coefficient of longitudinal traction return current conductors is calculated through changing the interval of transverse connection. Based on field data and theoretical analysis, the parameters of longitudinal traction return current conductors are calculated. Results indicate that the best distance of the transverse connection is 400 m – 600 m.

Test and numerical investigations on static and dynamic characteristics of extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under vehicle loads

The present work is aimed at studying the mechanic properties of the extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under static and dynamic vehicle loads. Based on the field test using 12 heavy trucks and finite element simulations, the static deformations of different components, stress increments and distributions of the girder, as well as the vibration characteristics and damping ratio of the Hunan Road Bridge were analyzed, which is the widest self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present. The dynamic responses were calculated using the Newmark-β integration method assisted by the simulation models of bridge and vehicles, the influences on the dynamic impact coefficient(DIC) brought by the vehicle parameters, girder width, eccentricity travel and deck flatness were also researched. The spatial effect of the girder is obvious due to the extra width, which performs as the stress increments distribute unevenly along the transverse direction, and the girder deflections and stress increments of the upper plate change as a "V" and "M" shape respectively under the symmetrical vehicle loads affected by the shear lag effect, cross slope and local effect of the wheels, the maximum of stress increments are located in the junctions with the inner webs. The obvious girder torsional deformation and the apparent unevenness of the hanger forces between the two cable planes under the eccentric vehicle loads, together with the mode shapes such as the girder transverse bending and torsion which appear relatively earlier, all reflect the weakened torsional rigidity of the extra-wide girder. The transverse displacements of towers are more obvious than the longitudinal ones. As for the influences on the DIC, the static effect of the heavier vehicles plays a major role when pass through with a higher speed and the changes of vehicle suspension stiffness generate greater impacts than the suspension damp. The values of DIC in the vehicle-running side during the eccentric travel, affected by the restricts from the static effects of the eccentric moving trucks, are significantly smaller than the vehicle-free side, the increase in the road roughness is the most sensitive one among the above influential factors. The results could provide references for the design, static and dynamic response analysis of the similar extra-wide suspension bridges.

Three-Dimensional Thermal-Stress Analysis of Semi-infinite Transversely Isotropic Composites

By making use of the direct integration method,an exact analysis of the general three-dimensional thermoelasticity problem is performed for the case of a transversely isotropic homogeneous half-space subject to local thermal and force loadings.The material plane of isotropy is assumed to be parallel to the limiting surface of the halfspace.By reducing the original thermoelasticity equations to the governing ones for individual stress-tensor components,the effect of material anisotropy in the stress field is analyzed with regard to the feasibility requirement,i.e.,the finiteness of the stress field at a distance from the disturbed area.As a result,the solution is constructed in the form of explicit analytical dependencies on the force and thermal loadings for various kinds of transversely isotropic materials and agrees with the basic principles of the continua mechanics.The solution can be efficiently used as a benchmark one for the direct computation of temperature and thermal stresses in transversely isotropic semi-infinite domains,as well as for the verification of solutions constructed by different means.

Establishment Method of a Mixture Model and Its Practical Application for Transmission Gears in an Engineering Vehicle

Highly versatile machines, such as wheel loaders, forklifts, and mining haulers, are subject to many kinds of working conditions, as well as indefinite factors that lead to the complexity of the load. The load probability distribution function （PDF） of transmission gears has many distributions centers; thus, its PDF cannot be well represented by just a single-peak function. For the purpose of representing the distribution characteristics of the complicated phenomenon accurately, this paper proposes a novel method to establish a mixture model. Based on linear regression models and correlation coefficients, the proposed method can be used to automatically select the best-fitting function in the mixture model. Coefficient of determination, the mean square error, and the maximum deviation are chosen and then used as judging criteria to describe the fitting precision between the theoretical distribution and the corresponding histogram of the available load data. The applicability of this modeling method is illustrated by the field testing data of a wheel loader. Meanwhile, the load spectra based on the mixture model are compiled. The comparison results show that the mixture model is more suitable for the description of the load-distribution characteristics. The proposed research improves the flexibility and intelligence of modeling, reduces the statistical error and enhances the fitting accuracy, and the load spectra complied by this method can better reflect the actual load characteristic of the gear component.

Value Addition to Waste Material Supported by Removal of Available Phosphate from Simulated Brackish Water—A Low Cost Approach

Phosphorus is one of the major nutrients that have been identified as a limited resource that would end up earlier than predicted at the rate of current consumption. Therefore, attempts to recover phosphorus from waste and its subsequent use are a concern of current researchers. Nevertheless, recovery of nutrients from wastewater is cumbersome because nutrients such as phosphates () and nitrates () prefer to remain in aqueous phase rather than being adsorbed on solid matrixes. Investigation of adsorption of available - P from simulated brackish water, on granulated solid waste material, prepared by crushed autoclaved aerated concrete (CAAC), and subsequent use of the material as phosphate fertilizer would be the focus of this research. Treatment of nutrient-rich brackish water is important because such water is discharged in huge volume at the time of harvesting of shrimp aquaculture ponds. Experiments conducted in simulated brackish water confirmed non-linear adsorption association with changing distribution coefficient (KD) which attributed the maximum removal of about 98% - P from 100 mgdm-3solution at its value of 40. The non-linear adsorption supported by both the Langumuir and the Freundlich isotherm models simultaneously satisfied monolayer adsorption and multilayer adsorption depicted by the regression coefficients of greater than .99 by the linearized forms of the isotherm models. Moreover, promising phosphate uptakes characteristics are exhibited by the adsorbent at the process of repetitive adsorption which resulted in 12 g/kg uptake of phosphate at 81% efficiency. The adsorbent seems to be used as a slow-released phosphorus fertilizer at the end of its life as an adsorbent.

Electronic transport of Lorentz plasma with collision and magnetic field effects

The electronic transverse transport of Lorentz plasma with collision and magnetic field effects is studied by solving the Boltzmann equation for different electron density distributions. For the Maxwellian distribution, it is shown that transport coefficients decrease as ? increases, ? is the ratio of an electron’s magneto-cyclotron frequency to plasma collision frequency. It means that the electrons are possible to be highly collimated by a strong magnetic field. For the quasimonoenergetic distribution with different widths, it is found that the transport coefficients decrease greatly as εˉ decreases.In particular when the width approaches to zero the transverse transport coefficients are hardly affected by the magnetic field and the minimal one is obtained. Results imply that the strong magnetic field and quasi-monoenergetic distribution are both beneficial to reduce the electronic transverse transport. This study is also helpful to understand the relevant problems of plasma transport in the background of the inertial confinement fusion.

钛椭圆低肋横槽管外降膜蒸发流热特性

为提高钛椭圆低肋横槽管外降膜蒸发器传热效率,在试验验证基础上对椭圆系数E在1.0~2.0内管外液膜流热特性进行多相流数值模拟。结果表明:管外液膜分布均存在不同程度干斑,且液膜在临近干斑处较其他区域增厚明显,当E为1.2时液膜覆盖率最高;液膜沿轴/周向均减速铺展,当E为1.0和1.8时管上端液膜速度在无量纲轴向长度Z*为-0.25~-0.375及0.25~0.375之间骤减,液膜厚度沿轴向从喷淋口正下方位置向喷淋口远端变化趋势为先减小后增大;最大传热系数随着E增大而增大,管壁在液膜与干斑交界区域附近传热系数最高;平均传热系数先增大后减小,相较圆管,E为1.2和2.0时平均传热系数分别增大34.5%和15.7%;槽内汽含率分布与液膜分布呈相反规律,液膜整体汽含率随E的增大先增大后减小,槽内/外平均汽含率差值随E增加而增大。

扣件系统横向刚度及抗倾翻试验研究:以WJ-8型扣件为例

为了对扣件系统横向刚度及抗倾翻性能进行研究,首先借鉴等间隔弹性点支承梁模型分析钢轨横向力学行为;然后,考虑钢轨自身截面特性,推导扣件系统横向刚度及抗倾翻系数计算公式;最后,设计并进行1组及3组WJ-8型扣件横向加载试验,验证分析及推导的合理性。试验结果表明:当钢轨整体扭转中心为轨底中心点时,钢轨自身扭转不可忽略,钢轨横向力及扭矩的传递过程都是非线性过程;1组及3组扣件试验得到的位移相对误差不超过6.8%,转角相对误差不超过9.5%;3组扣件试验允许加载范围更大,且更适用于非对称式扣件;WJ-8型扣件钢轨横移过程可按扣件横向反力的组成划分为钢轨滑移、线性变形和非线性变形3个阶段,钢轨倾翻过程可按钢轨轨底与轨下垫板接触形式划分为钢轨脱离和整体倾翻2个阶段。扣件横向刚度及抗倾翻系数可通过横向力-位移曲线、扭矩-转角曲线确定。

考虑近邻度值之和的城市轨道网络抗毁性研究

为解决城市轨道交通站点或线路失效引发的网络级联瘫痪问题,考虑了网络节点一阶邻域的影响作用,基于非线性容量负载模型,提出了负载分配阻抗系数,并建立了考虑近邻度值之和的非线性容量负载优化模型,通过优化负载结构来调整节点在负载重分配时的备择概率,减少级联过程中节点的失效数,提高网络抗毁性。以重庆市轨道网络为实例应用,仿真分析网络在两种模型下的抗毁性。结果表明:优化模型中负载容忍系数的增大对网络抗毁性的改善效果更显著;优化模型中节点的负载分配阻抗系数越大,节点在负载重分配时的备择概率越低,越不容易发生级联过载。

考虑可平移负荷和智能软开关的主动配电网故障恢复方法

在配电网发生故障后,主动配电网能够实现用户侧参与功率的实时供需平衡,满足故障后的负荷恢复。用户参与配电网的调度也是提升故障后负荷恢复比例的途径之一,可平移负荷具有较强的可控性,有效提升了主动配电网的灵活性,智能软开关等新兴可控设备的接入,也使负荷的快速供电成为可能。本文建立了考虑可平移负荷和智能软开关的主动配电网故障恢复模型,并考虑了负荷的重要性系数。通过改进的IEEE 33节点算例进行仿真分析,构建单一故障、多点故障、短时故障的场景,验证了本文所提出方法的有效性以及可控装置对故障后负荷恢复量的提升。

接缝和主梁损伤对装配式多主梁桥荷载横向分布规律的影响研究

为了验证不同损伤对装配式多主梁桥荷载横向分布规律的影响,并探讨基于横向分布规律的桥梁损伤识别方法,考虑接缝损伤程度、主梁局部损伤程度、损伤位置和损伤区域长度的影响,采用刚接板梁法对接缝和主梁损伤情况下装配式多主梁桥的荷载横向分布规律进行了研究。结果表明,接缝损伤后其两侧主梁的横向分布影响线与损伤前的影响线有交点;有损伤的主梁其影响线整体下降,且刚度剩余系数越小、损伤位置距跨中越近、损伤范围越大,下降程度越大;主梁与接缝损伤同时发生时,可通过与敏感梁单独损伤时的影响线进行对比来进行分析。根据损伤前后敏感主梁的横向分布影响线变化规律,可对桥梁的损伤类别进行识别,但无法识别具体损伤位置。

考虑天气特征与多变量相关性的配电网短期负荷预测

针对配电网短期负荷预测受到众多复杂天气特征等随机不确定性因素影响,以及传统预测模型难以有效分析不同特征序列之间的相关性等问题,提出一种考虑天气特征与多变量相关性的配电网短期负荷预测方法。首先,提出多变量快速最大信息系数(multi-variable rapid maximal information coefficient,MVRapidMIC)提取相关性高的天气特征序列。其次,引入探索性因子分析法(exploratory factor analysis,EFA),对高相关性特征序列进行降维处理。最后,将维度分段(dimension-segment-wise,DSW)机制和两阶段注意力(two-stage attention,TSA)机制与Informer模型结合,提高预测模型对不同特征序列相关性的分析能力。通过DTU 7K 47节点实际配电网的历史负荷数据开展仿真测试,验证所提方法的预测精度、鲁棒性和时效性。

多梁式波形钢腹板工字钢组合梁荷载横向分布系数研究

为探讨多梁式波形钢腹板工字钢组合梁横向分布系数计算方法,同时考虑波形钢腹板抗扭刚度、剪切变形及钢混滑移效应,对传统的偏心压力法、修正偏心压力法及刚接梁法进行修正,并结合有限元模型通过一座典型的4主梁波形钢腹板工字钢组合梁桥对比分析了上述方法的适用性,最后基于参数分析研究了横隔板数量及刚度对其横向荷载分布系数的影响。结果表明,考虑剪切变形及滑移效应的刚接梁法得到的荷载横向分布系数与有限元值符合最好;当桥梁宽跨比小于2时,宜采用刚接梁法计算各主梁荷载横向分布系数,当宽跨比大于2时,宜采用更为简洁的修正偏心压力法进行计算;横隔板的设置可改善各主梁荷载横向均匀分布,但跨间横隔板间距和刚度对其荷载横向分布系数影响较小,实桥设计时可仅在端部及跨中位置布置横隔板,横隔板刚度及其余部位横隔板数量可根据结构稳定性要求进行布置。

RESEARCHES ON THE TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION OF SUSPENDED LOAD CONCENTRATION

In the paper the simplified three-dimensional turbulent diffusion equation ofthe suspended load is deduced by the power series method. The formula on the transversedistribution of the suspended load concentration is obtained, which is tested by a few field data onYangtze River. The simulation results indicate that the calculated data are in primary agreementwith the field data within the allowable error. It is certain value in theory and practice.

Congregated electron phase and Wagner model applied in titanium distribution behavior in low-titanium slag

For studying the carbon thermal reduction rules of titanium in hot metal and providing a theoretical basis for the blast furnace（BF） hearth protection, the distribution behavior of titanium between low-titanium slag system of CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-TiO2 and hot metal was studied using analytical reagents in a temperature range from 1350 °C to 1600 °C. Through high temperature melting, rapid quenching, chemical analysis and thermodynamic model calculating, the results showed that the increase of reaction temperature, which improved the titanium distribution L（Ti） and lowered the system activity coefficient γsys, leads to the rise of equilibrium constant. Combined with Wagner and congregated electron phase models, the data obtained in distribution experiments were used to fit out the Gibbs free energy formula of titanium carbothermic reduction. Finally, the relations between the contents of Si and Ti in hot metal and the titanium load to reach the minimum w（Ti） for the formation of Ti C were given.

考虑主轴疲劳载荷的虚拟同步双馈风电场有功功率分布式优化方法

为降低风电场内各台基于虚拟同步发电机控制策略的双馈风电机组在响应电网功率指令值变化时所承受的主轴疲劳载荷,提出一种基于改进惩罚系数的交替方向乘子法的考虑主轴疲劳载荷的有功功率分布式优化方法。在推导可量化表征机组有功功率指令值与其主轴力矩之间关系的离散化模型基础上,以各台机组的主轴力矩波动总和最小作为目标函数,并根据机组运行状态设定目标函数的约束条件。为分担风电场中央控制器的计算压力,基于改进惩罚系数的交替方向乘子法将目标函数拆解为主函数(中央控制器)和多个子函数(本地控制器)的分布式优化结构,各本地控制器通过在线优化各台机组有功功率指令值以实现主轴疲劳载荷的降低。最后,仿真结果验证了所提优化方法的优越性。

道基不均匀分布下通用机型轮载对机场道面力学性能影响研究

为研究道基水平方向不均匀分布对机场道面板力学性能的影响,建立飞机荷载-道面结构-不均匀道基三维模型,采用数值模拟方法分析多板协同受力模式下基顶反应模量变化对道面板弯拉应力影响,探讨通用机型(空客A320和波音B737-800)轮载作用时基顶反应模量变化和道面板厚度对道面板力学性能以及接缝传荷系数的影响,同时基于缩尺试验对数值模拟结果进行验证。研究结果表明:对于A320机型,当道基水平不均匀分布时混凝土板弯拉应力增大,基顶反应模量变化率由0%增加至65.46%时,轮载作用于传力杆接缝板边时道面板弯拉应力由4.06 MPa增加至5.73 MPa,超过极限弯拉应力;增加板厚能够有效地提升刚性道面板受力安全时基顶反应模量变化率的取值范围;道面板接缝传荷系数随着基顶反应模量变化率的增加而增大,基顶反应模量变化率从6.84%增加至56.30%时,道面板传荷系数增加2.44%;室内缩尺试验验证了道基不均匀分布对传荷系数的影响规律。在道面板设计时,应充分考虑道基水平方向不均匀分布对道面板力学性能的影响,避免在服役期间过早出现结构破坏。

龙卷风作用下高速铁路全封闭声屏障风荷载特性研究

高速铁路全封闭声屏障作为典型的长距离线状风敏感结构,其遭遇龙卷风袭击的几率较大。为深入理解龙卷风作用下结构的风荷载特性,以深茂铁路某2 km全封闭声屏障为工程背景,基于Ward型龙卷风模拟器原理建立龙卷风场模型,分析龙卷风距离声屏障中心不同距离r、龙卷风不同移动角度路径和不同地面植被覆盖面积比η下全封闭声屏障结构风荷载特性。结果表明,龙卷风作用下,全封闭声屏障表面风荷载以风压力为主,0°移动路径下、η=0时,结构表面风压整体较大,在r=0处结构表面出现最大负风压系数-1.13,阻力系数C_(F_(x))和升力系数C_(F_(z))出现最不利值,分别为0.27和-0.49;在r/R_(m)=1(R_(m)为龙卷风场涡核半径)处结构表面出现最大正风压系数2.91,力矩系数C_(M_(y))及C_(M_(z))出现不利值,分别为0.44和0.39;全封闭声屏障进行抗龙卷风设计时需要考虑断面的环向压差,建议在结构迎风侧、背风侧和顶部分别取最大正风压极值的60%、40%和最大负风压极值的70%进行组合。