Cognitive impairment in patients with bipolar disorder alone versus those with bipolar disorder comorbid with borderline personality disorder

BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder(BD)is a severe mental illness.BD often coexists with borderline personality disorders,making the condition more complex.AIM To explore the differences in cognitive impairment between patients with BD and those with BD comorbid with borderline personality disorder.METHODS Eighty patients with BD and comorbid borderline personality disorder and 80 patients with BD alone were included in groups A and B,respectively,and 80 healthy volunteers were included as controls.Cognitive function in each group was evaluated using the Chinese version of the repeatable battery for the assess-ment of neuropsychological status(RBANS),the Stroop color-word test,and the Wechsler intelligence scale-revised(WAIS-RC).RESULTS The indices of the RBANS,Stroop color-word test,and WAIS-RC in groups A and B were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).Group A had significantly longer Stroop color-word test times for single-character,single-color,double-character,and double-color,lower scores of immediate memory,visual breadth,verbal function dimensions and total score of the RBANS,as well as lower scores of verbal IQ,performance IQ,and overall IQ of the WAIS-RC compared with group B(P<0.05).Compared to group B,group A exhibited significantly longer single-character time,single-color time,double-character time,and double-color time in the Stroop color-word test(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The cognitive function of patients with BD complicated with borderline personality disorder is lower than that of patients with BD.

Mitochondrial transplantation ameliorates hippocampal damage following status epilepticus

Background:Hippocampal damage caused by status epilepticus(SE)can bring about cognitive decline and emotional disorders,which are common clinical comorbidities in patients with epilepsy.It is therefore imperative to develop a novel therapeutic strat-egy for protecting hippocampal damage after SE.Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of contributing factors in epilepsy.Given the therapeutic benefits of mitochondrial replenishment by exogenous mitochondria,we hypothesized that transplantation of mitochondria would be capable of ameliorating hippocampal damage following SE.Methods:Pilocarpine was used to induced SE in mice.SE-generated cognitive de-cline and emotional disorders were determined using novel object recognition,the tail suspension test,and the open field test.SE-induced hippocampal pathology was assessed by quantifying loss of neurons and activation of microglia and astrocytes.The metabolites underlying mitochondrial transplantation were determined using metabonomics.Results:The results showed that peripheral administration of isolated mitochon-dria could improve cognitive deficits and depressive and anxiety-like behaviors.Exogenous mitochondria blunted the production of reactive oxygen species,pro-liferation of microglia and astrocytes,and loss of neurons in the hippocampus.The metabonomic profiles showed that mitochondrial transplantation altered multiple metabolic pathways such as sphingolipid signaling pathway and carbon metabolism.Among potential affected metabolites,mitochondrial transplantation decreased levels of sphingolipid(d18:1/18:0)and methylmalonic acid,and elevated levels of D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge,these findings provide the first direct ex-perimental evidence that artificial mitochondrial transplantation is capable of amelio-rating hippocampal damage following SE.These new findings support mitochondrial transplantation as a promising therapeutic strategy for epilepsy-associated psychiat-ric and cognitive disorders.

Cinnamon Attenuates Cognitive Dysfunction,Hippocampal Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Following Status Epilepticus in Young Male Rats

The present study explores the neuroprotective effects of the natural food product Cinnamomum cassia or Cinnamon(CIN)on lithium pilocarpine(Li-Pc)induced SE in experimental rats to look into a possibility of it being used as antiepileptic drug.Recent studies have shown significant potential of pharmacological,prophylactic or therapeutic use of CIN in many beneficial activities in the body.The animals received CIN pre-treatment before induction of SE.Besides the severity of the seizures,other parameters like cognitive behavioral dysfunction,hippocampal oxidative stress and histological abnormalities in the hippocampus of animals induced with SE by lithium(Li)in 3 mEq/ml/kg dose,i.p.followed 20 h later by pilocarpine(Pc)in 20 mg/ml/kg dose,s.c.CIN was administered intraperitoneally at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/mL/kg,30 minutes before Pc injection.Mortality(if any)within 24 hours was also recorded.Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee Review Board of the College of Pharmacy of King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.Treatment with CIN significantly ameliorated the frequency and severity of epileptic seizures in a dose-dependent manner.The cognitive dysfunctions were improved,hippocampal oxidative stress was ameliorated and neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus were also attenuated significantly and dose-dependently by CIN.Possible therapeutic application of CIN as an antiepileptic and as an antioxidant for the treatment of SE has a great potential and warrants further studies.

Efficacy of enhanced extracorporeal counterpulsation combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of cognitive impairment after stroke

BACKGROUND Cerebral apoplexy patients are prone to cognitive impairment,and it is very important to choose appropriate treatment methods to improve their cognitive impairment after stroke.AIM To evaluate the effects of enhanced external counterpulsation(EECP)in con-junction with atorvastatin on cognitive function,neurotransmitter levels,and the repair of brain tissue damage in patients with cognitive impairment due to stroke.METHODS In this retrospective study,data from 60 patients with poststroke cognitive impairment due to stroke who were treated in our hospital from February 2021 to July 2022 were analyzed and divided into a treatment group(n=30)and a control group(n=30)according to the different nursing methods applied.Patients in the treatment group received EECP in addition to atorvastatin,while those in the control group received atorvastatin alone.Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE),Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA)and activities of daily living(ADL)scale scores were compared between the two groups.Additionally,the two groups were compared in terms of serum acetylcholine(ACh),acetylcholin-esterase(AChE),nitric oxide(NO),endothelin-1(ET-1),β2-microglobulin(β2-MG),glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP),and visinin-like protein 1(VILIP-1)in the serum.Blood flow measurements from the anterior cerebral artery(ACA),middle cerebral artery(MCA)and posterior cerebral artery(PCA)were compared between the two groups before and after treatment,and the pulsatility index(PI)and resistance index(RI)of each artery were determined.RESULTS MMSE,MoCA,and ADL scores all improved in both groups following treatment,with the study group showing more improvement than the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,there were statistically significant increases in both ACh and NO levels,whereas decreases occurred in AChE,ET-1,β2-MG,VILIP-1,and GFAP,levels and the PI and RI of the left-ACA,right-ACA,left-MCA,right-MCA,left-PCA,and right-PCA.The study group showed greater gains in all metrics than the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION EECP combined with atorvastatin is effective in the treatment of cognitive impairment after stroke and can effectively improve the cognitive function,neurotransmitter levels,and brain tissue damage status of patients.

Jidong cognitive impairment cohort study: objectives, design, and baseline screening

The risk of dementia increases in patients with cognitive impairment.However,it is not clear what factors contribute to the onset of dementia in those with cognitive impairment.In this prospective cohort study,we will investigate the every-five-year incidence of cognitive impairment and prognostic factors for cognitive impairment.The Jidong cognitive impairment cohort was established from April 2012 to August 2015,during which we recruited 5854 healthy participants(55.1%male)older than 45 years(mean,57 years).Participants received a health examination in the Staff Hospital,Jidong Oilfield Branch,China National Petroleum Corporation.Baseline data and blood samples were collected.Cognitive impairment was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination,and was defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination score of less than 24.Dementia was assessed using the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(Fourth edition),the International Working Group criteria,and the Mini-Mental State Examination score.The follow-up will continue until December 2024,during which a prognostic model will be constructed.The primary outcome is the presence/absence of dementia and the secondary outcome is quality of life.Baseline screening results showed the following:(1)Cognitive impairment was apparent in 320 participants(5.5%).These participants will be excluded from the Jidong cohort study,and the remaining participants will be followed up.(2)Of the 320 participants with cognitive impairment,there was a significantly higher prevalence of illiteracy than other education levels(35.9%,P<0.05).Age,arterial hypertension,alcohol consumption,and passive smoking differed significantly between the cognitive impairment and healthy groups(P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression models showed that age(odds ratio[OR]=1.059,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.044-1.074)and arterial hypertension(OR=1.665,95%CI:1.143-2.427)were risk factors for mild cognitive impairment.With the increase of educational level(illiteracy,primary school,junior high school,high school,university,and above),cognitive impairment gradually decreased(OR<1,P<0.05).(3)This cohort study has initially screened for several risk factors for cognitive impairment at baseline,and subsequent prospective data will further describe,validate,and evaluate the effects of these risk factors on cognitive impairment and dementia.These results can provide clinical evidence for the early prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia.The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kailuan General Hospital of Tangshan City and the Medical Ethics Committee,Staff Hospital,Jidong Oilfield Branch,China National Petroleum Corporation on July 12,2013(approval No.2013 YILUNZI 1).

Non Convulsive Status Epilepticus: An Elusive Diagnosis

Absence status is the most common form of non-convulsive status epilepticus and is characterized by confusion with varying degrees of memory loss and cognitive impairment. Patients and Method: Three children were sent to neurological consultation due to behavioral alterations and a prolonged confused state;they were hospitalized and treated with sodium diphenylhydantoinate (DPH) IV at a dose of 10 mg/Kg. Results: The duration of symptoms varied from 6 months to 10 days. All three patients presented with global mental alterations, showing slowness in response and action. The electroencephalogram showed a pattern of slow, generalized stem and poly-stem-wavelengths of 3 - 4 Hz, which were registered for one hour. After the DPH bolus, the attack spontaneously ended in the 3 patients and upon examination all three presented with amnesia of the events occurring during the attack. In the follow-up, two of the patients did not experience further episodes and they showed normal scholastic achievement. The third patient however, after suffering a 6-month status epilepticus, failed the school year and finished his elementary education until the age of 15, experiencing similar difficulties with his secondary education. Discussion: Non-convulsive status epilepticus is more difficult to diagnose mainly because the manifestations are predominantly psychiatric and can be confused with other diseases or with an overdose of anti- convulsive drugs. A prolonged state of mental confusion, with no other explanation, should alert the attending physician to take an electroencephalogram in order to confirm the diagnosis. In our patients, DPH immediately controlled paroxysmal activity. We can therefore conclude that the problem is not in the treatment, but rather in making the correct diagnosis.

S6A-2 Neurocognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia:Clinical Correlates and Pathophysiological Mechanisms

Background:Cognitive deficits in learning,memory,attention,executive functioning,spatial working memory and cognitive processing speed are core features of schizophrenia,which may be associated with clinical variables.However,the pathological mechanisms of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are still unclear.We have investigated the demographic and clinical characteristics that may be related to cognitive deficits and their possible underlying mechanism in schizophrenia.Methods:We examined the cognitive functions in both chronic medicated and first-episode drug-nave schizophrenia patients versus healthy controls by using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status(RBANS)or the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery(MCCB).We assessed patient psychopathology using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.At the same time,some biomarkers in serum and the related gene polymorphisms were measured in both groups.Results:We found significantly lower cognitive scores on the RBANS or MCCB total score and mostly of their subscales in both chronic and first-episode patients than healthy controls.Compared to first-episode patients,chronic patients displayed worse cognitive performance in some domains.Some clinical variables,such as clinical symptoms,tardive dyskinesia,smoking,and comorbid diabetes were associated with cognitive impairments in schizophrenia patients.Meanwhile,some biomarkers such as BDNF,cytokine,and free radical parameters were found to be associated with cognitive deficits in patients.Also,some gene polymorphisms,such as BDNF and MnSOD were also involved in cognitive deficits in patients.Conclusions:The extensive compromised cognition is present in the early stage of schizophrenia,some of which could be more severe in the chronic stage of illness.Some demographic and clinical variables are risk factors for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.Some biomarkers may play important roles for the cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.

A Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for the Treatment of Vasovagal and Unexplained Syncope

Vasovagal syncope and unexplained syncope are the most commonly observed types of syncope in outpatient and hospital settings. Medical interventions usually target at the physiological mechanisms responsible for loss of consciousness in an attempt to limit the frequency of recurrences. However, this type of intervention does not take into account the psychological and functional impact of syncope, nor the importance of psychological variables in triggering and maintaining syncope. In the present pilot study, four participants presenting significant psychological distress and recurrent syncope were treated using a multimodal intervention targeting at both the medical and psychological aspects of the problem. Results showed a significant reduction in the frequency of syncope/presyncope, in the level of emotional distress experienced, as well as improved functional status in three of the four participants. Several recommendations are made to medical practitioners and psychologists, in view of identifying patients likely to benefit from this type of intervention or components thereof.

授权领导何时激发员工主动行为?——员工能力与内部人身份感知的作用

基于社会认知理论,探讨授权领导与员工主动行为的关系。在三个时间点对224份领导-员工一对一配对数据的层次回归分析发现,员工能力调节授权领导对员工内部人身份感知的影响,即员工能力强时,授权领导会正向影响员工内部人身份感知;内部人身份感知正向影响员工主动行为。员工能力调节授权领导通过内部人身份感知对员工主动行为的影响,即员工能力强时,授权领导会通过内部人身份感知正向影响员工主动行为。研究结果进一步丰富了授权领导影响研究的成果,同时为组织激发员工主动行为提供了管理启示。

Correlation between cerebral cortex changes and clinical features in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with normal-appearing brain tissue:a case-control study

Neuro myelitis optica spectrum disorder(NMOSD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.However,whether and how cortical changes occur in NMOSD with normal-appearing brain tissue,or whether any cortical changes correlate with clinical chara cteristics,is not completely clear.The current study recruited 43 patients with NMOSD who had normal-appearing brain tissue and 45 healthy controls matched for age,sex,and educational background from December 2020 to February 2022.A surface-based morphological analysis of high-resolution T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance images was used to calculate the cortical thickness,sulcal depth,and gyrification index.Analysis showed that cortical thickness in the bilate ral rostral middle frontal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus was lower in the patients with NMOSD than in the control participants.Subgroup analysis of the patients with NMOSD indicated that compared with those who did not have any optic neuritis episodes,those who did have such episodes exhibited noticeably thinner cortex in the bilateral cuneus,superior parietal co rtex,and pericalcarine co rtex.Correlation analysis indicated that co rtical thickness in the bilateral rostral middle frontal gyrus was positively correlated with scores on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test and negatively correlated with scores on the Trail Making Test and the Expanded Disability Status Scale.These results are evidence that cortical thinning of the bilateral regional frontal cortex occurs in patients with NMOSD who have normal-appearing brain tissue,and that the degree of thinning is correlated with clinical disability and cognitive function.These findings will help im prove our understanding of the imaging chara cteristics in NMOSD and their potential clinical significance.

Abusive Supervision and Neglect： The Effects of Leader-Based Perceived Insider Status and Perceived Organizational Support

Researchers have noted various obvious behavioral outcomes caused by abusive supervision while overlooking hidden behaviors. We draw on self-determination theory to propose that abusive supervision leads to subordinates＇ hidden destructive behavior, namely neglect. This study examines the relationship by focusing on a three way interaction model. Using multi-wave design, we collected data in a Chinese leading petrochemical corporation. We found positive associations between abusive supervision and neglect. Such associations are influenced by subordinates＇ insider status and organizational support. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations and future research directions are discussed.

任务不确定性与员工建言行为关系研究

通过260份配对样本,基于聚焦任务特征对个体角色外行为的影响,探讨中国文化情境下,员工内部人身份认知和传统性在任务不确定性影响建言行为过程中的调节效应。研究结果发现,任务不确定性与员工建言行为之间存在倒U型关系;内部人身份认知和员工传统性显著调节任务不确定性与建言行为之间的关系:内部人身份认知越高,任务不确定性对建言行为的倒U型影响越弱;传统性越高,任务不确定性对建言行为的倒U型影响越强。

内部人身份认知对员工前摄行为的影响研究——基于心理资本的中介作用与包容型领导的调节作用

内部人身份认知能有效地促进员工工作中的角色外行为,这一观点已得到学界的广泛认同。然而,内部人身份认知对前摄行为的作用机制并没有得到应有的关注。为探讨此问题,笔者以高新技术企业员工为研究对象,从组织对个体的内在报酬(内部人身份)角度研究其对个体前摄行为的作用。在构建内部人身份认知、心理资本、包容型领导与员工前摄行为之间关系的概念模型的基础上,运用调研数据、回归分析进行实证检验,结果显示:内部人身份认知对员工前摄行为具有显著的正向影响;内部人身份认知对心理资本具有正向影响;而心理资本在内部人身份认知与前摄行为之间起部分中介作用;包容型领导在心理资本与前摄行为间起调节作用。研究结果为理论界从组织激励角度揭示前摄行为的发生机制提供了新的研究视角,同时也为企业从人力资源管理实践中激励和开发员工的前摄行为提供一定的启示。

基于认知-情感整合视角的包容型领导与建言行为关系研究

基于认知-情感个性系统理论,采用追踪配对问卷调查方法收集来自华南地区企业团队管理者及其下属的数据并进行了跨层次分析,检验了包容型领导行为对建言行为的影响以及员工内部人身份认知与情感承诺的中介作用。研究结果表明,包容型领导行为显著正向影响建言行为、情感承诺和内部人身份认知;情感承诺和内部人身份认知分别对建言行为存在显著正向影响;内部人身份认知与情感承诺分别在包容型领导和建言行为的关系中起着中介作用。

揭开信任的面纱——基于认知和情感视角的信任双中介模型

现有研究关于信任与创新绩效之间的关系存在正向和倒U两种不同结论。为揭开不一致的原因,基于交易成本理论和在位贡献理论将信任区分为认知型信任和情感型信任以减小信任内涵的位移,并引入机会主义行为和内部地位感知作为中介变量,探讨不同类型信任对创新绩效的差异影响。基于257份企业数据,回归结果表明,认知型信任与创新绩效存在倒U型关系,机会主义行为在此关系中起到中介作用;情感型信任与创新绩效之间存在正向关系,内部地位感知在此关系中起到中介作用。实证结果证明未能区分信任类型是造成信任研究结论不一致的重要原因。

虚拟社区内外互动对老年人参与行为的影响研究

注册用户少和老年用户相对不活跃是困扰老年人虚拟社区发展的两个问题。以社会认知理论和行为的"动机-机会-能力"理论为基础,文章从环境、认知两方面进行了分析;认为老年人的社区内、外互动作为环境因素会直接影响到,及通过期望收益、自我效能和虚拟社区感等认知因素间接影响到老年人的参与行为,并构建了相应的假设模型。利用参与观察法、深度访谈得到的数据及典型用户的后台日志数据,文章运用定性分析的方法对模型进行验证,总结了相关发现,并对发现的实践意义及研究的不足进行了总结。

论名词性成分与容器方位词组合的不对称

容器方位词"里、内、中、外"与名词性成分组合的情况比较复杂,不对称现象也比较多,同时还存在一些特殊的组合关系,如只能与"外"组合和不能与"里、内、中、外"组合等情况。对这些现象的解释需要从认知功能的角度着手。

韩国“局内人”心目中的中国武术形象调查

本文引入"局内人"的概念,并以此为切入点,试图通过对韩国局内人,大韩武术功夫协会的专家、武术道馆负责人、韩国武术运动员的调查,探求他们心目中的中国武术形象及在韩国的发展状态,因为他们既有着中国武术的体认,也承载着韩国文化的传统和价值观,他们对中国武术的认知影响着该国局外人的态度。韩国局内人眼中的中国武术形象是华丽丰富、礼仪简单、不够规范及具有不确定性。同时,中韩两国虽共有很多相似文化,但由于各种因素的影响,韩国对中国文化始终保持着一定的距离,因此对于中国武术在韩国的发展,他们认为并没有那么"热闹";在竞赛方面,女子项目尚未全面推进,然而武术竞赛赛事较全面、规范,对引导武术的发展发挥了重要的作用;他们会聘请中国教练员,但更注重保护本土教练员的发展;项目发展中,散打和太极拳表现出较好前景。如果说韩国对中国武术的认知是一面镜子,那么世界上其他国家或地区对中国武术的认知则是个多棱镜。对多棱镜中中国武术认知的虚与实、异与同的透析与组合,如何在其他国家对中国武术认知关系的建构中找到中国武术的自我认知,这是武术研究者需要解决的核心问题。

包容型领导对知识型员工管家行为的影响机制研究

为明晰包容型领导、内部人身份认知、情感承诺和员工管家行为之间的作用机制,该文基于认知—情感加工系统理论,对构建四者之间的链式中介模型进行研究。研究结果表明包容型领导对员工管家行为具有显著正向影响作用,其中内部人身份认知和情感承诺起完全中介作用;在这个过程中存在三条中介链,即内部人身份认知的独立中介链、情感承诺的独立中介链以及两者的认知—情感连续中介链。

外向型汉英词典编纂的认知语言学视角

国内现有的汉英词典的编者几乎都声称可以同时满足国外和国内读者的需求，但它们主要以国内读者为读者对象。跟内向型汉英词典相比，外向型汉英词典，尤其是学习型词典相当缺乏。编纂适合外国学习者需要的汉英学习词典成为迫切需要。我们认为，现有的汉英词典（包括国外学者编纂的）中的内词条与词目义项的排列顺序，割裂了它们之间的语义联系。认知语言学的隐喻理论可以在一定程度上帮助克服这一不足。根据lakoff和Johnson提出的隐喻理论，隐喻是人基本的认知方式之一。它由两个域组成：源域和目标域，认知行为即是从前者到后者的映射。根据隐喻理论编排词目义项和内词条，能够保持它们之间的语义联系，反映出词日各义项及内词条之间的语义扩展途径，符合外国学习者的认知方式，从而有利于其词汇知识的构建和词汇能力的提高，最终有助于其目标语的习得。