Chemical and physical studies of metallic alloy-based old Indian coins with LIBS coupled with multivariate analysis

The present work aims to demonstrate the capabilities of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS)coupled with a multivariate technique for rapid quantification and classification of old Indian coins made of various alloys.Thirteen old Indian coins in different years of circulation,(1922–1986)were selected for the study.The concentrations were determined by Calibration free LIBS(CF-LIBS)method.The concentration of cuprum(Cu)is negligible,and aluminum(Al)is maximum in the first five coins,and vice-versa in the remaining eight coins.Two different multivariate methods,Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy(SIMCA)have been used to classify and identify the coins.PCA classified all thirteen samples into four main alloy categories.The discernment of unknown samples to their probable class membership of alloy was performed using SIMCA.The surface hardness(Brinell hardness number)is linearly correlated with the plasma temperature and LIBS intensity ratios.The sample surface of the first and fifth coin belongs to Al-alloy,having the least surface hardness,and it became harder for Cu–Ni alloy,Ni-brass alloy,and bronze alloy.The hardness of the surface is more for bronze sample twelve.It is also observed that the plasma temperature increases monotonically with the Brinell hardness number.This analysis provides valuable information on fabrication methodology and explains large diversification in the elementary composition of old coins.

Fast Dating of Yongzheng Copper Coins in Tsing Empire by SEM-EDS

Twenty Yongzheng copper coins were fast dating by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer with scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) according to official ingredient. The 20 coins were classified in two groups according to the results. Group 1 represents the coins minted before AD 1 728 and group 2 represents the coins minted after AD 1 728. At concentration range (0.00%–5.13%), the distribution of lead is not homogeneous in the coins, and the largest diameter of lead inclusion is less than 15 μm. The official fineness degrade is supported. Key words archaeometry - Yongzheng coins - dating - SEM-EDS CLC number O 69 - K 854.2 Foundation item: Supported by the Project of Instrument Upgraded of Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaBiography: Lei Jun-feng (1975-), male, Ph. D, research direction: numismatic archaeology and instrument analysis.

INAA OF SOME ANCIENT COINS FROM POST GUPTA PERIOD AND MUGHAL SALTANAT

Non-destructive analysis of some electrum coins from post Gupta period and of coins from different mints of Mughal emperors, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb, have been done by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) using 252Cf neutron source. The elemental content of these coins are determined by comparator method by measuring the activities of the radioisotopes formed after (n,r) reactions, at their corresponding photopeaks. It is found that identified electrum coins contain copper as a major component and hence can be termed as cupro-electrum coins. As regards the analysis of coins from different mints there is no much variation in silver content while copper content varies from mint to mint. Coins from both the emperors are found to contain considerable amount of gold.

NAA OF SOME ANCIENT INDIAN COINS

The radioactivity induced in the coins from Satvahanas,Ahmadshah Bahamani,Gujrat Sultan,Nizamshahi and Marathas after(n,γ) reactions for the elemeats of interest is measured on multichannel analyzer coupled to high purity germanium detector and percentage of these elements is determined by comparator method of NAA.All these coins are found to be copper based with the presence of As,Sb,In,An,Sn and Mn.

Effect of Quantum Coins on Two-Particle Quantum Walks

We numerically study the effect of the quantum coins on the two-particle quantum walks on an infinite line. Both non-interacting and interacting particles are considered. The joint probability as well as the bunching or anti- bunching behavior are greatly affected by the phase factors in the coin operation. Further, the spatial correlation can be maximized by choosing appropriate coin parameters. The entanglement between the two particles can be adjusted in the same manner.

The Effect of Quantum Coins on the Spreading of Binary Disordered Quantum Walk

The dynamical and static disordered quantum walks were extensively studied recently. It is found that, for the dynamicM disorder case, the transport behavior of particles is diffusive, and for the static disorder ease the transport behavior is localized. In this work, we study the effect of quantum coins on the transport behaviors of the binary disordered quantum walks. We lind that once the coins satisfy certain conditions, the sub-ballistic spreading could be found in binary dynamical disorder quantum walks, and the sub-ballistic, diffusive and sub- diffusive spreadings could be found in binary static disorder quantum walks. We obtain the necessary conditions for those abnormal diffusive behaviors.

Mystical Coins

RECENT findings on the East African coast confirm what many people have suspected for years： Trade between the Chinese and Africans existed long before Europeans stepped foot on the shores of East Africa＇s West Indian Ocean Coast.

Analysis of Differences in Electrochemical Performance Between Coin and Pouch Cells for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications

Small coin cell batteries are predominantly used for testing lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)in academia because they require small amounts of material and are easy to assemble.However,insufficient attention is given to difference in cell performance that arises from the differences in format between coin cells used by academic researchers and pouch or cylindrical cells which are used in industry.In this article,we compare coin cells and pouch cells of different size with exactly the same electrode materials,electrolyte,and electrochemical conditions.We show the battery impedance changes substantially depending on the cell format using techniques including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS)and Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique(GITT).Using full cell NCA-graphite LIBs,we demonstrate that this difference in impedance has important knock-on effects on the battery rate performance due to ohmic polarization and the battery life time due to Li metal plating on the anode.We hope this work will help researchers getting a better idea of how small coin cell formats impact the cell performance and help predicting improvements that can be achieved by implementing larger cell formats.

Four counterfeit coins problem

Let S be the set of n coins,in which there are m counterfeit coins, heavier (or lighter) than the normals. How many weighings do we need to find the m fakes by a balance? Denote by g_m(n) the least number of weighings we need.

The nature and sources of international variation in formal institutions related to initial coin offerings:preliminary findings and a research agenda

As prior researchers have suggested,a firm’s success in an international market depends on how well its strategy fits the nonmarket environment,such as formal institutions.This paper examines the determinants of formal institutions around new areas of economic activities.Specifically,we propose a framework for understanding how the quality of formal institutions in promoting entrepreneurship drives the focus of such institutions concerning initial coin offering(ICO),which is emerging as a popular fundraising method.The paper uses inductive analysis to examine how nonmarket factors—such as a jurisdiction’s tax haven nature,regulators’perceptions of ICOs as threats to national or political interests,and trade and industry associations—might moderate the relationship between the quality of institutions and the focus of such institutions regarding ICOs.One of this study’s key findings is that an economy’s quality of entrepreneurship-related institutions,perceived threats to national/political interests,and tax haven nature lead to different policy orientations.Consequently,regulators assign different importance when promoting crypto-entrepreneurship and dealing with associated risks.Regulators focusing mainly on promoting crypto-ventures have taken measures to enrich the blockchain ecosystem and provided tax and non-tax incentives to attract such ventures.Regulators focusing mainly on dealing with crypto-venture risks rely on a regulatory sandbox and close regulatory monitoring of such ventures.

Coinage in Akan Among Senior High School Students:A Case Study of Selected Schools in Ghana

The paper is entitled“Coinage in Akan Among Senior High School Students”.It aims to investigate coinage used by senior high school students.This paper also investigates other word formation processes involved in coined words and the reasons why the students use them in their everyday conversation.The collected data from direct elicitation and interviews were categorized into the types of coined words and analyzed in terms of their formation processes by using a method of analysis based on theories as proposed by Yule(1985),Potter(1975),O’Grady and Guzman(1996),and Gerber(1968).The findings show that there are 10 groups of word formation processes in this study.This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the findings of a sociolinguistic survey geared towards coinage as used by students of both Osei Tutu Senior High School and Bisease Community/Senior High School speech communities.It is also imperative to state that these two schools are located in typical Akan speaking communities.Osei Tutu Senior High School,situated in Akropong,in the Ashanti region of Ghana,is a single sex school(boys’school)and Bisease Community/Senior High School on the other hand is situated in Ajumako-Bisease in the central region.The latter is a mixed school.

合肥新桥机场吊运施工时变分析软件的研制

文章针对大跨度结构吊运施工的特点,利用时变结构力学基本理论,推导出吊装构件三维平动和转动的几何转换矩阵,进而描述构件的最终几何状态,并分析构件在吊运过程任意位置的内力;采用Coin3dOpen Inventor图形开发包,研制出大跨度结构吊运施工仿真软件。该软件能够采用时变力学理论分析构件的安全,三维动态显示施工实时场景,优选施工方案,并在合肥新桥国际机场钢结构安装工程中得到应用,其结果表明软件是可靠的,能够保障吊运施工的安全。

基于COIN算法的工艺原则布置优化

为了解决焊装工厂的工艺原则布置问题,文章运用COIN算法(Coincidence Algorithm),用联合概率矩阵模型代替传统遗传算法的交叉和变异,来更新产生新的子代种群,并在学习和优化过程中利用负相关学习与传统的正相关学习相结合的方法,保持了种群的多样性,提高了算法的收敛速度。最后通过运用该算法解决焊装工厂的工艺原则布置问题,并以遗传算法做对比,验证了COIN算法的有效性。

Investigation of the tarnish on the surface of a panda gold coin

In natural environment, tarnish was observed on the surface of historic and contemporary gold coins in several countries. Few years after the emergence of panda gold coins, several red spots were appeared on the surface. To identify the stains and to examine the spots, optical microscope （OM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, electron microprobe analysis （EMPA）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, and X-ray diffraction （XRD） were used. It was found by microscopic observation that the stain has a dark blue central area surrounded by a large area with a nuance of colors from brown to red. Red spots usually contain holes in the center, which are distributed along the forging stress zones formed in the struck process. From the surface analyses using EMPA, sulfur and silver are detected besides gold, and the contents of Ag and S at the tarnish part are higher than those at the other part. Furthermore, distributions of Ag and S are correlated with the morphology of stains. XPS shows that components of stains are Ag2S and Ag2SO4 and the former is much predominant. These results are confirmed using XRD analysis. Accelerated tarnish test of gold in an atmosphere containing sulfur compound proves that the similar phenomenon appears when a small amount of silver is present on the surface of gold. It can be concluded that the occurrence of tarnish stains is caused by the presence of Ag and S.

多类型集装箱装船模型及优化

针对集装箱装船问题提出了一个整数规划模型.该模型能够解决多类型、多目的地集装箱的装船问题.在实现了最小化倒箱次数、最大化运输船空间利用率的同时还保证了船只在不同负载分布下的稳定性,并能保证结果是全局最优解.实验中使用COIN-OR(Common Optimization Interface for Operations Research)对建立的模型进行求解.结果表明其有效性,从而为合理进行船只配载提供了一个有效的途径.

Is Bitcoin Promising？

On 26^th Feb. 2014, the biggest Bitcoin trading platform all over the world was offline. It was bankrupt due to data theft. Global Bitcoin players got into a panic. Is Bitcoinpromising？ Below I will analyze this question on several aspects, which are Bitcoins＇ traits, demerits, and contrasts.

区块链技术在知识开放获取(OA)中的应用

运用区块链技术转变传统出版发行机构商业模式,建立以资源价值为核心去中心化开放获取服务生态链,解决开放获取可持续发展的问题。引入区块链技术,建立智能合约、激励机制,探讨构建去中心化分布式组织的互联网知识OA生态平台,颠覆出版商传统的思维逻辑,从现在的产品思维转向互联网生态思维,形成一个全新的OA商业模式,为开放获取带来新的契机、拓展知识领域创新服务。

Material Culture as Amulets:Magical Elements and the Apotropaic in Ancient Roman World

This article aims to make a brief presentation on the elements of material culture in the ancient Palestinian region,mainly coins,which were removed from their production context and placed in funerary contexts(coins were often buried in graves),thus converted in amulets,acquiring magical and apotropaic senses.We will use examples verified in different parts of the Roman Empire,as in Pithekússai(modest island,which is in the Italian Peninsula),on the banks of the Thames,in Celtic contexts,more specifically in the current city of Lezoux,France,in the ancient city of Aquincum,present day Budapest,also in Tel Maresha and Tiberias,present-day Israel,to demonstrate how these practices were recurrent throughout the Empire.It is also our intention to observe iconographic elements that bring apotropaic content in their formulations,because,in addition to the role that coins could play in connecting the worlds of men and gods,many people believed that they had the power to project magical and apotropaic strength through images powerful that they portrayed.