Anti-tumor effect of coix seed based on the theory of medicinal and food homology

Coix seed is a dry and mature seed of Coix lacryma-jobi L.var.ma-yuen(Roman.)Stapf in the Gramineae family.Coix seed has a sweet,light taste,and a cool nature.Coix seed enters the spleen,stomach,and lung meridians.It has the effects of promoting diuresis and dampness,strengthening the spleen to prevent diarrhea,removing arthralgia,expelling pus,and detoxifying and dispersing nodules.It is used for the treatment of edema,athlete's foot,poor urination,spleen deficiency and diarrhea,dampness and obstruction,lung carbuncle,intestinal carbuncle,verruca,and cancer.The medicinal and health value is high,and it has been included in the list of medicinal and food sources in China,which has a large development and application space.This article reviews the current research achievements in the processing methods and anti-tumor activities of Coix seed and provides examples of its clinical application in ancient and modern times,aiming to provide reference for further research on Coix seed and contribute to its clinical application and development.Through the analysis of the traditional Chinese patent medicines,and simple preparations and related health food of Coix seed queried by Yaozhi.com,the source,function,and dosage form of Coix seed were comprehensively analyzed,with a view of providing a reference for the development of Coix seed medicine and food.

Screening and Analysis of Germplasm Resources of Wild Coix lacryma-jobi L. with High Content of Coixin

[Objectives] To screen and analyze germplasm resources of wild Coix lacryma-jobi L. with high content of coixin. [Methods] From the 150 kinds of collected wild C. lacryma-jobi L. germplasm resources, 24 kinds of excellent resources were screened and detected. Morphological statistics were carried out, and the content of coixin in the four organ of roots, stems, leaves and seeds were measured, and the approved cultivar white husk Liugu of C. lacryma-jobi L. was taking as the control. [Results] Among the organs of the plant of C. lacryma-jobi L., the roots had the highest content of coixin, so the roots of C. lacryma-jobi L. can be used as the medicinal parts of C. lacryma-jobi L. [Conclusions] The wild C. lacryma-jobi L.Y229, Y164, Y166, Y83, and Y84 stains had excellent yield, and their root coixin content was significantly higher than that of the control variety, so they can be used for cultivation as excellent germplasm, so as to obtain new variety(line) of C. lacryma-jobi L.with higher content of coixin.

Extraction of Flavonoids from Leaves of Coix lacryma-jobi L.

[Objectives] To extract the flavonoids from leaves of Coix lacryma-jobi L. [Methods] Ethanol extraction method was adopted,spectrophotometry was used,and single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment were carried out to study the effects of ethanol percentage,extraction temperature,solid-to-liquid ratio and extraction time on the extraction of total flavonoids from leaves of C. lacryma-jobi L.[Results] The order of 4 factors influencing the extraction of flavonoids from leaves of C. lacryma-jobi L. was: solid-to-liquid ratio > extraction time > ethanol percentage > extraction temperature. When the extraction temperature was 70℃,the extraction time was 1. 5 h and the solid-liquid ratio was 1: 10,the ethanol percentage was 60%,the extraction effect was the best,extraction of flavonoids was 0. 107 5 mg/m L.[Conclusions] This study is expected to provide a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of C. lacryma-jobi L.

Effects of Different Herbicides on Weed Control,Agronomic Characters and Grain Quality of Coix lacryma-jobi L.

[Objectives]The paper was to study the effects of different herbicides on weed control,agronomic characters and grain quality of Coix lacryma-jobi L.[Methods]Six commonly used herbicides were selected for the trial,including atrazine SC,butachlor SC,monosulfuron WP,MCPA-starane EC,clopyralid AS and tribenuron-methyl WP.[Results](i)Atrazine,butachlor and monosulfuron had no chemical injury to C.lacryma-jobi L.,while clopyralid caused slight chemical injury.(ii)The fresh weight control effects of atrazine,butachlor and monosulfuron on weeds increased first and then decreased.The initial control effect of MCPA-starane and clopyralid reached more than 90%;the control effect of monosulfuron increased gradually in the late stage,reaching 97%at 60 d post spraying,and the overall control effect was optimal.(iii)Compared with manual weeding,herbicides had no significant effect on plant height of C.lacryma-jobi L.However,compared with no weeding,other herbicides except tribenuron-methyl inhibited plant growth to a certain extent.Herbicides had different effects on main stem diameter,tiller number per plant and grain number per plant of C.lacryma-jobi L.(iv)Different herbicides had no significant effect on 100-grain weight,but had significant effect on yield.(v)Compared with manual weeding,atrazine,butachlor and clopyralid decreased the protein content of C.lacryma-jobi L.,and the use of atrazine,butachlor,monosulfuron,MCPA-starane and tribenuron-methyl decreased the fat content of C.lacryma-jobi L.;butachlor and MCPA-starane decreased the glycerol trioleate content of C.lacryma-jobi L.Compared with no weeding,chemical herbicides had no significant effect on the protein content,while atrazine decreased the fat content,and butachlor and MCPA-starane decreased the glycerol trioleate content of C.lacryma-jobi L.[Conclusions]The use of herbicides significantly increases crop yield compared with no weeding,but has an impact on agronomic characters and grain quality.

Effects of Thallium Stress on Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters and Antioxidant Enzymes Activities of Coix Lacryma-jobi

Levels of T1 （Thallium） in soil from 0 （control） to 50 μg/L through 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2.5μg/L were directly and positively correlated to levels of T1 in plant tissue, the accumulation being maximum in roots, intermediate in leaves and minimum in stems. Thallium, especially at higher concentrations, adversely affected photosynthesis （as judged based on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters）, suggesting inhibition of photo-activation of PSII （Photosystems II）, and also decreased the rate of photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration and stomatal conductivity drastically. Exposure to TI also increased the activity of CAT （Catalase） （except at 1 μg/L） and POD （Peroxidase） （except at 0.2 μg/L）, suggesting that the antioxidant systems in Coix lacryma-jobi were the main contributors of CAT and SOD （Superoxide Dismutase） and that the tolerance of C. lacryma-jobi to T1 is mainly due to this induced antioxidant machinery.

RP-HPLC法测定薏苡中薏苡素的含量

采用HPLC法，以Diamonsil（R）C18为色谱柱，乙睛-水（50：50）为流动相，流速1mL／min，柱温25℃，检测波长232nm，建立了薏苡非种仁部位中薏苡素的高效液相含量测定方法．结果表明：薏苡素在0．096～1．92μg范围内呈良好的线性关系，该方法的平均回收率为99．12％（n=5），相对标准偏差（RSD）为0．89％，用此条件测得成都华西植物园中薏苡全草中薏苡素的含量为8．3078mg／g．从成分薏苡素和资源综合利用的角度考虑，建议薏苡根、茎和叶可以入药．

HPLC法测定薏苡非种仁部位薏苡素的含量

[目的]建立薏苡非种仁部位中薏苡素的HPLC测定方法。[方法]采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为AgilentHC-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水(V∶V=25∶75);流速为1.0ml/min;柱温为25℃;检测波长为232nm。[结果]薏苡非种仁部位中薏苡素的含量:根>皮>茎。[结论]该方法准确、专属性强,可为薏苡非种仁部位的综合开发利用提供参考。

Phytochemical screening, antibacterial and anthelmintic activities of leaf and seed extracts of Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Objective: To evaluate the possible phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and anthelmintic activity of Coix lacryma-jobi L. (Job's tears) using the chloroform leaves and seed extracts. Methods: The test for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration was conducted by the disc diffusion and two-fold dilution method, respectively. In anthelmintic activity test, using Pheretima posthuma model, vermifuge and vermicidal activity were determined by using the chloroform extract at various concentrations. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening of chloroform extracts of Job's tears leaves indicated the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, saponin, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and steroids whereas the seeds extract contained glycosides, flavonoids, phenols and steroids, which revealed highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (12.5–50 mg/mL) was observed against all selected bacteria. On the other hand, it has been observed that chloroform leaves extracts showed shortest time of paralysis (P = 8.17 min) and death (D = 18.23 min) at 100 mg/mL concentration, in comparison with seed extracts (P = 36.83 min and D = 62.33 min) at 100 mg/mL concentration and albendazole (10 mg/mL) used as reference drug (P = 20.17 min and D = 43.67 min), which indicated the plant possessed mild anthelmintic activity. Conclusions: The chloroform extracts (leaves and seeds) showed efficacy for both bacterial infections and parasitic diseases, which ensure the traditional uses of Coix lacryma-jobi L.

广西壮药薏苡茎色素的理化性质研究

以广西壮药薏苡茎为材料,对薏苡茎色素的理化性质进行研究,为生产各种食用品、化妆品、医药药品等色素新产品提供重要原料。提取薏苡茎色素的最佳工艺条件为:以水作提取剂,室温下煮沸2h,料液比为1∶50(g/mL)。用紫外分析法研究色素稳定性。结果表明:色素在330nm处有最大吸收峰,色素水溶性较好,pH值对色素的稳定性影响较大,但热稳定性良好。防腐剂、淀粉对色素的稳定性无不良影响,耐光性较差。氧化剂、还原剂中除抗坏血酸对色素的影响明显外,其他均无明显影响。除Fe3+外,金属离子对其影响较小。

薏苡茎乙酸乙酯提取物抗氧化性研究

以薏苡茎为对象,研究薏苡茎乙酸乙酯提取物抗氧化活性。薏苡茎经乙酸乙酯加热回流后提取其有效成分,采用紫外分光光度法测定其抑制超氧阴离子(O-2·)的能力、清除DPPH·自由基的能力以及用丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)作对照测定其对Fe2+的螯合能力。结果表明薏苡茎乙酸乙酯提取物有较强的清除DPPH·自由基的能力、清除超氧阴离子(O-2·)的能力、螯合金属离子Fe2+的能力。因此薏苡茎乙酸乙酯提取物具有较强的抗氧化性。

薏苡茎甲醇提取物的抗氧化性研究

目的:本文研究薏苡茎甲醇提取物的抗氧化作用。方法:以甲醇为溶剂提取;采用比色法测定薏苡茎甲醇提取物对DPPH·、O-2·两种自由基的清除作用以及还原Fe3+的能力。结果:薏苡茎甲醇提取物对两种自由基均有明显的清除作用;对Fe3+也具有较强的还原能力。结论:在一定范围内浓度与清除率存在明显的量效关系,当提取物浓度增加时,对DPPH·、O-2·两种自由基的清除作用随着增强;还原Fe3+能力也随薏苡茎提取物的浓度增加而增强。

Evolution and Domestication Footprints Uncovered from the Genomes of Coix

Coix lacryma-jobi,a plant species closely related to Zea and Sorghum,is an important food and medicinal crop in Asia.However,no reference genome of this species has been reported,and its exact phylogeny within the Andropogoneae remains unresolved.Here,we generated a high-quality genome assembly of coix comprising～1.73 Gb with 44485 predicted protein-coding genes.We found coix to be a typical diploid plant with an overall 1-to-1 syntenic relationship with the Sorghum genome,despite its drastic genome expansion(～2.3-fold)due mainly to the activity of transposable elements.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that coix diverged with sorghum～10.41 million years ago,which was～1.49 million years later than the divergence between sorghum and maize.Resequencing of 27 additional coix accessions revealed that they could be unambiguously separated into wild relatives and cultivars,and suggested that coix experienced a strong genetic bottleneck,resulting in the loss of about half of the genetic diversity during domestication,even though many traits have remained undomesticated.Our data not only provide novel comparative genomic and evolutionary insights into the Andropogoneae lineage,but also an important resource that will greatly benefit molecular breeding of this important crop.

发芽前后薏苡仁中多糖含量变化分析

对4个品种薏苡（Coix lacrytruz-jobiL．var．ma—yuenStapf）仁芽前后的多糖含量进行测定，结果表明，不同品种薏苡仁中的多糖含量不同，发芽后各品种薏苡仁中多糖含量均有所上升，不同品种薏苡仁多糖含量的上升幅度也有较大差异。台安农种薏苡仁发芽前多糖含量最高．发芽后其多糖含量的上升幅度也最大，上升率高达24．86％；安国五谷的多糖含量在发芽前后都最低，但其上升幅度也较大，上升率为17．92％；临沂薏苡仁多糖含量在发芽前后变化幅度最小，上升率仅为2．72％。

薏苡茎丙酮提取物的体外抗氧化活性研究

目的:研究薏苡茎丙酮提取物的体外抗氧化作用,为充分利用薏苡茎提供依据。方法:以丙酮为溶剂,对薏苡茎进行闪式提取,旋转蒸发、浓缩、纯化。采用分光光度计法进行薏苡茎丙酮提取物对羟基自由基、DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用,以及还原铁离子能力的测定。结果:薏苡茎丙酮提取物具有较强的清除羟基自由基、DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的能力,并且具有较强的还原铁离子的能力。结论:薏苡茎丙酮提取物具有较强的体外抗氧化能力,其抗氧化性与浓度间存在明显的量效关系,浓度越高其体外抗氧化能力越强。

薏苡种质资源的AFLP遗传多样性分析

薏苡是传统药食兼用经济作物,本研究基于AFLP分子标记技术对来自贵州、云南、广西3省24份优良材料的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析,以期为薏苡杂交组合选配和种质创制提供遗传基础。结果表明:我们筛选出的8对引物组合共扩增条带996个,其中多态性为792条,多态性百分率的平均为79.52%,揭示薏苡种质中存在丰富遗传多样性;24份种质的遗传距离范围在0.189 6~0.485 4之间,相似系数变异范围为0.615 5~0.840 4,平均相似系数为0.730 9,薏苡种质资源的遗传相似系数较小;根据遗传相似性系数进行聚类分析,当遗传相似系数为0.718 5时,24份薏苡种质资源在遗传聚类上被分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ大类,其中CK与S1种质资源分别为第Ⅰ、Ⅳ类群,由Y81、Y81F组成第Ⅲ类群,第Ⅱ类又可以分为3个亚类有20份种质;主成分分析发现材料间分布分散,说明24份薏苡种质资源之间存在较大遗传变异,分子主效应分析结果与分子聚类结果一致。从而说明AFLP是研究薏苡种质资源遗传多态性及亲缘关系的有效手段之一,为薏苡亲本组合选配、种质创制和遗传育种提供遗传基础数据。

薏苡ramosa2基因的克隆及表达分析

ramosa基因属于LBD基因家族,在植物侧生器官原基的启动和形态形成中发挥重要作用。为了解薏苡ramosa基因的功能及表达特征,本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得薏苡ramosa2(ClRA2)基因,并对其序列的生理生化特征及表达模式进行分析。ClRA2 cDNA序列全长1421 bp,ORF长813 bp,编码270个氨基酸,含有LOB结构域,位于26~124位置,属于LBD基因家族。ClRA2相对分子质量为49.96 kD,等电点为9.08,属于疏水性的不稳定蛋白。分子进化树分析发现ClRA2与高粱SbRA2亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,ClRA2在根中的表达丰度最高,表达量远高于茎和花穗。本研究为解析ClRA2基因功能及其调控薏苡侧生器官发育机制提供了理论基础。

广西壮药薏苡茎提取物对小鼠S180肉瘤的抑制作用

目的研究薏苡茎的水提物和醇提物对小鼠S180肉瘤的抑制作用。方法无特定病原体(SFP)的昆明小鼠腋下接种1×107cell·m L^(-1)S180肉瘤细胞0.4 m L,持续6~8周。然后按照体重将小鼠随机分为5组:空白组(0.9%Na Cl)、对照组(环磷酰胺:20μg·g^(-1)·d^(-1))、大、中、小3个剂量实验组(薏苡茎的水提物或醇提物:100,50,25 mg·m L^(-1)),连续灌胃或尾静脉注射10 d。剥离肿瘤、脾并进行称重,计算出肿瘤抑制率。结果薏苡茎水提物大中小3个剂量实验组对S180肉瘤的抑制率分别为32.11%,75.63%,11.41%;薏苡茎醇提物大、中、小3个剂量实验组对S180肉瘤的抑制率分别为77.09%,80.03%,73.52%。结论茎水提与茎醇提的各剂量组对小鼠S180肉瘤具有不同程度的抑制作用,且药物不良反应比较小;茎水提的最佳抑制剂量为500 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)。

薏苡茎水提取物对H22荷瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤作用研究

目的研究薏苡茎水提取物对荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用及对免疫器官的影响。方法以肝癌H22荷瘤小鼠作为实验动物模型,将实验小鼠随机分成7组,模型组、环磷酰胺组、5个剂量实验组,分别给予0.9%氯化钠、环磷酰胺(0.02g·kg-1)、薏苡茎水提取物(2,4,6,8,10 g·kg-1)灌胃给药。连续9 d后,颈椎脱臼处死,称重并剖离肿瘤、肝、胸腺、脾,计算体质量、抑瘤率及肝、胸腺、脾指数。结果与模型组比较,薏苡茎水提取物对肝癌H22具有明显的抑制作用(P<0.05),其对肝指数、体重增长也有明显的影响(P<0.05)。但其对荷瘤小鼠的胸腺、脾指数无明显影响。结论薏苡茎水提取物具有抗肿瘤作用。

薏苡核心种质甘油三酯含量测定及遗传多样性分析

以中国西南地区53份薏苡核心种质为材料,进行种仁5种甘油三酯含量检测和SSR遗传关系分析。结果表明:不同薏苡种质种仁中5种甘油三酯含量存在广泛变异,变异系数为47.56%~58.24%,遗传多样性指数为5.78~5.84。1-棕榈酸-2-油酸-3-亚油酸甘油酯含量最高,其次为三油酸甘油酯、1,2-亚油酸-3-油酸甘油酯和1,2-油酸-3亚油酸甘油酯,三亚油酸甘油酯含量最低,5种甘油三酯成分含量呈显著正相关。利用20对SSR引物对核心种质进行扫描,种质间表现了较高的遗传多样性,遗传相似系数为0.29~0.85。薏苡核心种质基于甘油三酯含量的聚类分析结果同基于遗传相似系数的聚类分析结果基本一致,本研究结果为高油薏苡种质创新及品种选育提供了理论依据。