Transnational Mathematics and Movements: Shiingshen Chern, Hua Luogeng, and the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study from World War II to the Cold War

This paper reconstructs,based on American and Chinese primary sources,the visits of Chinese mathematicians Shiing-shen Chern陈省身(Chen Xingshen)and Hua Luogeng华罗庚(Loo-Keng Hua)4 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in the United States in the 1940s,especially their interactions with Oswald Veblen and Hermann Weyl,two leading mathematicians at the IAS.It argues that Chern’s and Hua’s motivations and choices in regard to their transnational movements between China and the US were more nuanced and multifaceted than what is presented in existing accounts,and that socio-political factors combined with professional-personal ones to shape their decisions.The paper further uses their experiences to demonstrate the importance of transnational scientific interactions for the development of science in China,the US,and elsewhere in the twentieth century.

The Never Ending Cold War Over Energy and the Cyprus Issue

Within the context of a never ended Cold War in the energy field, the discoveries of natural gas resources in the Southern Eastern Mediterranean definitely create new impetus for the resolution of the longstanding Cyprus issues. After the failure of the last negotiations talks in July 2017, there is common strategic reason that calls for a mutually accepted resolution among all the parties involved. The situation calls to put aside national feelings and the burden of history and move forward. What is of crucial importance is not only the maintenance of international peace and regional stability but also the enhancement of the welfare of the people of this turbulent region. Whether the path of reason will be followed is remained to be seen.

The Pontecorvo Affaire Reappraised： Five Decades of Cold War Spy-Stories （1948-1998）

In August 1950, the nuclear physicist Bruno Pontecorvo suddenly left Rome for Stockholm and disappeared without leaving any trace. Pontecorvo had joined the British atomic bomb project. His abrupt disappearance quickly became an international affaire, causing much concern to the western intelligence services, who were worried about the escape of atomic secrets to the Soviet Union, especially after Fuchs＇ famous case. In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics （USSR）, Pontecorvo was welcomed with honour, but also isolated from the rest of the world for many decades. He always denied any direct involvement in the Soviet nuclear programme. According to him, he moved to Russia because of his socialist beliefs, working only on particle physics and peaceful applications of atomic energy. Who was really Bruno Pontecorvo？ A pacifist like Robert Oppenheimer or a communist agent like Klaus Fuchs？ Did he have access to any information about the Manhattan Project during the war, thanks to his friendship with Enrico Fermi？ Did he spy on the Anglo-Canadian programme like Igor Gouzenko, before moving to Russia？ Did he join Soviet military projects across more than 30 years in Dubna？ The author will discuss how the perception of Pontecorvo＇s case changed in the public opinion from the 1950s until the 1990s, as a mirror of the tensions between the two blocks. The whole affaire was object of harsh political confrontation in Italy for almost 50 years. Therefore, the author will also focus on the role played by the Italian communists in Pontecorvo＇s defection to the USSR as well as on such a local debate, which reflects the history of the post-war Italian Communist Party （PCI） until the end of the Cold War.

Bilateral and Regional Strategic and Security Relationship Between China and the US after the Cold War

Sino-US relations are complex relations with multi-aspects between the two bigcountries in the world. It has three levels: the global level, the Asia-Pacificlevel and the bilateral level. The critical relationship between China and the US isembodied in the regional and bilateral levels that are more specific and essential.Beyond the field of economy and trade, their relationship is mainly embodied in thestrategic and security field.

Negotiating ＂Airy Curtains＂ Throughout the Cold War

This paper analyzes in a long-term perspective the evolution of the international system between the 1920s and the 1980s in the particular case of broadcasting frequency regulation. It addresses the constructing of ＂Airy Curtains＂--the immaterial equivalent to the Iron Curtain-along ideological frontiers by focusing on the International Telecommunication Union＇s frequency allocation conferences throughout the ＂Cold War＂. The question is raised： Which changes in the construction of ＂Airy Curtains＂ and the international system are observable in a long term perspective？ The paper answers this question by telling a story of specialization and differentiation of the international system. At the core of the paper the tensions between experts and diplomats in the negotiations on international regulations are discussed. The paper argues that in three periods the governance changed from an expert matter over a conflictual diplomatic period into a system where ＇Cold War engineers＇ and the ＇Engineering diplomats＇ took a pragmatic approach to the ideological conflicts and the political demand for Cold War broadcasting by a decoupling of politics and technology. In that context decision-making changed from ＂conference diplomacy＂ in the beginning to a complex process where many problems were solved outside the conferences themselves.

Latin America After the Cold War

Post-Cold-War Latin America currently presents a scene of overall political sta-bility, continued economic growth, accelerated regional integration and omni-directional diplomatic activity. Nations here are deepening reforms to head off po-tential fresh crises threatening regional peace and development.

The Origin of the Cold War

The origin of the Cold War is a quite important problem in the history of postwar world.Thewar was faught by "cold"means-political-economic means,propaganda,and limited violence.Duringthe Second World War,the United States and Russia,proceed from the need of the antifascit strug-gle together,formed an alliance.Shortly after the Second World War,however,relations between theUnited States and the Soviet Union worsened dramatically.They could no longer cooperate and be-came opponent.The United States emerged from the World War Ⅱ a relatively unified,powerfuland confident nation,Victory gave Americans an uncritical pride in the productivity of their econo-my,in the prowess of their armed forces,in the rectitude of their motives,and in the strength

From the Cold War to the 21st Century Towards a New Era in the Asia-Pacific

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Britain's Role in the Early Days of Cold War and the Extentof Avoidability of "War

This article probes the role that Great Britain played in stabilizing European economy and politics and its role in curbing the influence of communism during the first period of the Cold War by providing accurate statistics and hard believable facts. Apart from this, this article also discusses the extent of possibility of keeping peace during the Cold War. Through Vietnam War and Korean War and some other conflicts between two ideological rival blocs, the author safely concludes that peace is conditioned, if the power of balance is broken, the Cold War can be a hot one.

A geopolitics of mud construction:Self-help and the CINVA-Ram machine in Ghana and South Vietnam during the Cold War

In 1951,the Organization of American States established the Centro Interamericano de Vivienda y Planeamiento(CINVA)to provide specialized training to tackle the housing problem.Based on archival documentation examined at the Rockefeller Archive Center and the Central and Historical Archive of the National University of Colombia,this article explores two significant episodes in which the story of one of the Center’s most successful outputs connects to the history of the ColdWar.It thus contributes to the literature investigating the architecture and related technologies of development aid in the historical context of the Cold War with a precise focus on the role of non-governmental actors.After detailing the history of the CINVA-Rammachine,the pressingmachine to producerammed-earth blocks developed at theCenter andlater exportedtoAmerica,Europe,Africa,and Asia,the article explores its deployment in two different fronts of the Cold War:Ghana and South Vietnam.As highlighted in the conclusions,the significance of CINVA-Ram use in these contexts is manyfold.Firstly,its diffusion,although appearing as a successful case of south-to-south cooperation,was in fact possible because of the Rockefeller family-controlled IBEC’s involvement.Secondly,it shows the global outreach of the intertwined action of governmental agencies,private companies,and NGOs,when fighting poverty and housing shortage via aided self-help initiatives were complementary strategies to the armed containment of Communism.Finally,it discusses the role played by US governmental and non-governmental actors in advancing US interests through technoscience,highlighting how the battle against poverty in the so-called“ThirdWorld”was in this case fought with one of the oldest andsimplest construction techniques in the ideological framework of self-help.

“Farewell to the Cold War”： the historical implications of China＇s normalizing its relations with the Soviet Union

Seen from the perspective of the relationship between China and the Cold War, the process of normalization of Sino-Soviet relations was one by which China gradually shifted its foreign policy from a Cold War strategic framework to new diplomatic ideas shaped and developed by Chinese policy makers in the course of reform and opening up. In the early period after the founding of the People＇s Republic the Chinese leadership chose to follow the Soviet model in development strategy and adopt a foreign policy of ＂leaning to one side,＂ allying itself with the Soviet Union. After nearly three decades of upheavals and vicissitudes, the Chinese leadership fmally stepped on to the ＂socialist road with Chinese characteristics＂ and chose the ＂independent and non-aligned foreign policy of peace.＂ This marked a fundamental readjustment to China＇s national development strategy and foreign policy since the late 1950s the result of which was a ＂farewell to the Cold War.＂

On the cultural legacy of the Cold War:Sino-US educational exchange(1949−1990)

The Cold War affected the Sino-US educational exchange between 1949 and 1990.During those years,preparation for educational exchanges,personal contact and cross-government relations characterized the three periods of the exchanges.However,even though the relationship had developed very fast,it was by no means smooth sailing.These exchanges served as a political barometer and also acted as a conduit between the two when diplomatic relations were non-existent.It eased the tension when the relationship between the two countries had problems.The 40 years of exchanges were a win-win situation for both sides and one of the valuable cultural legacies that came out of the Cold War era.

Vestiges of the Cold War in Libya’s“Arab Spring”:Revisiting Libya’s Relations with the Soviet Union

Although Muammar al-Qaddafi was known to fanatically adhere to a broad set of zealous principles,when threats and challenges to his political survival mounted,sporadic breaches in the country’s rigid wall of ideology in regard to Libya’s international relations appeared,evincing Qaddafi’s ability to demonstrate pragmatism when required in order to maintain his grip on power.This article will explore Libya’s strategic-military alignment with the USSR and offer a retrospective analysis of one of the lesser-discussed chapters in Tripoli’s tempestuous and belligerent foreign policy during the height of the Cold war era,spanning the period of 1974-1989.

Asia and the Saudi-Iranian“Cold War”:The Desirability of Non-Alignment,the Prospects for Detente,and the Chances of an Asian Peace Initiative

The Saudi-Iranian enmity is a central element in the Middle East’s post-2011 violence.These two countries are at‘Cold War,’backing proxy allies,which fuels many of the region’s conflicts.Hence,any attempt at regional pacification will require mediation between Saudi Arabia and Iran by powerful neutral stakeholders.To that end,this paper suggests an initiative by the Persian Gulf’s most important economic partners,China and India,an idea benefiting from their leverage-enhancing hydrocarbon market importance as well as their‘non-aligned status’in the conflict.Using the historical analogy of the 20th century Cold War between East and West as a loose framework,the paper identifies possible diplomatic and institutional mechanisms to achieve a Gulf d
etente and peace.It argues that these may be found in the historic Helsinki Accords and that a similar approach to the Saudi-Iranian Cold War should be attempted to prevent further regional and global conflict.

A New Cold War?

Kosovo’s independence has aggravated the long-standing contention between Russia and Western

Stuck in the Cold War

The Obama administration＇s eight years in office have failed to reset U.S.-Russia relations. Instead. they have moved toward a provocative and volatile new Cold War scenario, thereby increasing world tensions. With President Barack Obama now a lame duck and the U.S. presidential election imminent. international concern over Washington＇s future direction is understandable.