Effect of Deformation during Stamping on Structure and Property Evolution in 3^rdGeneration AHSS

Over the past decade extensive development of advanced high strength steel (AHSS) was driven by the demand from the automotive industry for stronger materials that can enable lightweighting to meet increasing fuel efficiency requirements. However, achievement of higher strength in many AHSS grades comes with reductions in ductility, leading to geometric constraints on formability and limiting their application. In this paper, a 3rd Generation AHSS with a compelling property combination of high tensile strength of ~1200 MPa and total elongation > 40% was used for laboratory and stamping studies. Various auto related laboratory tests were done including tensile testing, 180 degree bending, bulge testing, and cup drawing to estimate the steel’s formability under different applied conditions. Additionally, since laboratory testing provides only an estimation of the potential stamping response, the 3rd Generation AHSS sheet was stamped into B-pillars under industrial stamping conditions. Non-destructive and destructive analysis of the resulting stampings were done to evaluate the microstructural and property changes occurring during stamping. Significant strengthening of material in the stamped part is attributed to the structural changes through the complex Nanophase Refinement and Strengthening mechanism.

Effect of Si Content on Mechanical Properties of a Mo and V Free Low Alloy Cast Steel for Automobile Cold Pressing Die

The effects of Si content on combinations of important properties such as hardness, hardenability, and weldability in addition to strength increment were systematically investigated to develop a Mo and V free low alloy cast steel for automobile cold pressing die insert. For the evaluation of the applicability as the die insert, the mechanical properties were measured after spheroidization annealing （SA）, quenching and tempering （Q/T）, and flame hardening （FH） treatments, respectively. The developed 0.8%-1.6%Si containing Mo and V free alloy cast steels showed excellent matrix strengthening effect, hardenability, and weldability, fulfilling the industrial criterion of the mechanical properties for the die insert.

Fatigue Behavior of Cemented Carbide Die in Cold Forging of Steel

The fatigue behavior of cemented carbide die under service load in the multistage cold forging of steel was investigated. It was found that the fatigue cracks do not initiate at the stress concentration position and the crack initiation position can be classified to three types. The crack initiation position can be predicted by FEM only when the plastic deformation of the die is considered.

Effects of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a new type of nitrogen-containing die steel

Nitrogen can increase the strength of steels without weakening the toughness and improve the corrosion resistance at the same time. Compared with conventional nitrogen-free die steels, a new type of nitrogen-containing die steel was developed with many superior properties, such as high strength, high hardness, and good toughness. This paper focused on the effects of heat treatment on the microstruc- tures and mechanical properties of the new type of nitrogen-containing die steel, which were investigated by the optimized deformation process and heat treatment. Isothermal spheroidal annealing and high-temperature quenching as well as high-temperature tempering were ap- plied in the experiment by means of an orthogonal method after the steel was multiply forged. The mechanical properties of nitro- gen-containing die steel forgings are better than the standard of NADCA #207-2003.

Research on the properties of laser welded joints of aluminum killed cold rolled steel

Aluminum killed cold rolled steel used for automobiles was welded in this paper by using CO 2 laser with wavelength 10.6μm.The experiment shows that high quality of welding can be realized at welding speed of 4 500mm/min by optimizing the parameters.The strength and hardness of laser welded joints for aluminum killed cold rolled steel increased compared to those of the base metal while the formability decreased.Forming limit diagram of joint material indicated that the laser weld seam should avoid the maximum deformation area of automobile parts during the designing period for the position of weld seam.

Mechanical performance and texture characteristic of an IF steel containing Nb and Ti by double cold rolling

Single cold rolling and double cold rolling were applied to hot rolled strips with different reduction ratios. The evolutions of { 100}, { 111} and Goss face texture during double rolling were investigated by comparing the orientation distribution function （ODF） of the double rolled sample with that of the single rolled one. The double cold rolling texture is characterized by a higher γ-texture and a lower α-texture, and the { 111}〈112〉 component is improved remarkably. Based on the TEM observation and mechanical properties test, it is found that the reduction ratio assignment significantly affects the texture variation, as-annealing microstructures, and properties of the double cold rolled samples. These results may provide a theoretical guide for the industrial production of double cold rolled IF steel.

Study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon Cr-Si-Mn-Mo-V steel for cast inserted dies

The microstructure and mechanical properties of cast inserted dies for automobile covering components were studied. The results show that the as-cast microstructures of cast inserted dies are composed of pearlite, martensite, bainite, and austenite; and that the annealed microstructure is granular pearlite. The mechanical properties of cast inserted dies approach that of forged inserted dies. The tensile strength is 855 MPa, the elongation is 16%, the impact toughness is 177 J/cm2, and the hardness after annealing and quenching are HRC 19 and HRC 60-62. In addition, the cast inserted dies have good hardenability. The depth of the hardening zone and the hardness after flame quenching satisfy the operating requirements. The cast inserted dies could completely replace the forged inserted dies for making the dies of automobile covering components.

Improved cold rolling workability of warm rolled Fe?6.5wt%Si electrical steel with columnar grains by annealing

The effects of annealing temperature（with the annealing time being constant at 1 h） on the microstructure, ordering, residual stress, mechanical properties, and subsequent cold rolling workability of Fe-6.5wt%Si electrical steel with columnar grains were investigated, where the steel was warm rolled at 500℃ with a reduction of 95%. The results show that recrystallization began to occur in the sample annealed at 575℃ and that full recrystallization occurred in the sample annealed at 625℃. When the annealing temperature was 500℃ or greater, the extent of reordering in the sample was high, which reduced the room-temperature plasticity. However, annealing at temperatures below 300℃ did not significantly reduce the residual tensile stress on the edge of the warm rolled samples. Considering the comprehensive effects of annealing temperature on the recrystallization, reordering, residual stress, and mechanical properties of the warm rolled Fe-6.5wt%Si electrical steel with columnar grains, the appropriate annealing temperature range is 300℃-400℃. Unlike the serious edge cracks that appeared in the sample after direct cold rolling, the annealed samples could be cold rolled to a total reduction of more than 71.4% without the formation of obvious edge cracks, and bright-surface Fe-6.5wt%Si electrical steel strips with a thickness less than 0.1 mm could be fabricated by cold rolling.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 1000 MPa cold rolled dual-phase steel

The microstructure evolution of 1 000 MPa cold rolled dual-phase (DP) steel at the initial heating stages of the continuous annealing process was analyzed. The effects of different overaging temperatures on the microstructures and mechanical properties of 1 000 MPa cold rolled DP steel were investigated using a Gleeble-3500 thermal/mechanical simulator. The experimental results show that ferrite recovery and recrystallization, pearlite dissolution and austenite nucleation and growth take place in the annealing process of ultra-high strength cold rolled DP steel. When being annealed at 800 ℃ for 80 s, the tensile strength and total elongation of DP steel can reach 1 150 MPa and 13%, respectively. The microstructure of DP steel mainly consists of a mixture of ferrite and martensite. The steel exhibits low yield strength and continuous yielding which is commonly attributed to mobile dislocations introduced during cooling process from the intercritical annealing temperature.

Microstructure Evolution and Its Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Cold Drawn Pearlite Steel Wires for Bridge Cables

The microstructure evolution and its effects on the mechanical performance of 2000 MPa bridge cable steel wires were investigated by transmission electron microscope(TEM),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),X-ray diffractometer(XRD)and mechanical tests.Experimental results reveal that,with the increasing strain from 0 to 1.42,a fiber structure and a<110>fiber texture aligned with the wire axis are gradually developed accompanied by cementite decomposition and the formation of sub-grains;the tensile strength increases linearly from 1510 to 2025 MPa,and the reduction of the area is stable with a slight decline from 44%to 36%.After annealing at 450℃for different times,pronounced changes in the microstructure occur.Cementite lamella fragment into coarser globules corresponding to a remarkable spheroidization process,while ferrite domains recover and recrystallize,and this process is associated to modifications in the mechanical properties.Furthermore,based on the observations on dislocation lines crossing through cementite lamellae,a possible mechanism of cementite decomposition is discussed.

Effects of cold rolling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Ni-Mn-Mo-Ti-Cr maraging steels

Effects of cold rolling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Ni-Mn-Mo-Ti-Cr maraging steels were studied.To investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties,optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,tensile test,and hardness test were used.The results show that the solution-annealing treatment in the cold-rolled steel redounds to the formation of sub-microcrystalline Fe2（Mo,Ti） Laves phase particles,which are stable at high temperatures.These secondary Laves phase particles prevent from recrystallization at high temperatures and correspond to semi-brittle fracture in the subsequent aging treatment.

Study on metallurgical properties and pellet proportioning technology of stainless steel cold-rolling sludge

With a complicated composition, large rolling sludge has been a focal point concerning neither at home nor abroad have any technologies suitable for bulk utilization of stainless steel cold- production and serious damage to the environment, stainless steel cold- environmental protection for stainless steel enterprises. Up to now, come into being that are not only proper, safe and economical but also rolling sludge. Based on the characteristics of the stainless steel cold- rolling sludge, orthogonal experiments were carried out on pellet proportioning and high-temperature roasting, and major metallurgical properties of sludge pellets were also tested. As the results show, pellets with 30% addition of cold-rolling sludge are qualified regarding their compressive strength, chemical composition and major metallurgical properties. No adverse impact happens to the blast furnace operation when sludge pellets account for 10% of the blast furnace raw materials. Therefore, the technical route applied in this paper is proved simple, feasible and environmentally friendly for cold-rolling sludge treatment.

LB/M复相热处理工艺对冷作模具钢DC53组织和力学性能的影响

本文研究了不同预淬火温度的QTA(Quenching-Tempering-Austempering)复相热处理工艺(Q为1030℃,30 min;T为520℃,2 h;A为250℃,3 h)对冷作模具钢DC53的微观组织和力学性能及摩擦磨损性能的影响,并与常规淬火-回火(Quenching-Tempering,QT)热处理工艺(Q为1030℃,30 min;T为520℃,2 h)进行对比。结果表明,QT工艺得到的组织以回火马氏体为主;QTA工艺可以得到下贝氏体/马氏体(Lower Bainite/Martensite,LB/M)为主的复相组织,这些复相对原奥氏体晶粒的分割产生的细晶强化作用部分抵消了LB和残余奥氏体(A_(R))的弱化作用,并且,这些复杂的微观组织极大提升了DC53钢的冲击韧性;当QTA的预淬温度为100℃时,其硬度仅比QT工艺低1.4HRC,但是冲击吸收能量却是QT工艺的2.44倍。因此,优化的QTA工艺可以得到较高的强韧综合性能。

表面圆形凹坑微织构对DC53模具钢的摩擦学性能影响

为了探究微织构对DC53冷作模具钢表面摩擦学性能的影响,基于有限元法研究了模具钢表面圆形凹坑微织构的最优深度,采用飞秒激光加工了不同面密度的圆形凹坑微织构模具钢试样,并通过开展摩擦磨损实验研究了不同润滑状态下面密度对模具钢摩擦学性能的影响规律。结果表明,DC53冷作模具钢表面的圆形凹坑微织构在直径为Φ140μm,织构深度为50μm时表现出最大油膜承载力与最小摩擦因数;随着圆形凹坑微织构面密度的增加,充分润滑时模具钢表面的摩擦因数先减小后增大,面密度为20%时平均摩擦因数最小,相较于无织构模具钢降低了51.35%;少油润滑与干摩擦时,模具钢表面摩擦因数随着面密度的增加逐渐降低;面密度为30%时,模具钢表面平均摩擦因数最小,较无织构模具钢分别降低了35.84%与15.02%。微织构的存在提升了模具钢表面不同润滑状态下的减摩性能;充分润滑时效果最好,干摩擦时也明显改善了模具钢表面的黏着磨损。

冷轧压下率对高强无取向电工钢变形组织和磁性能的影响

借助场发射扫描电镜(SEM+EBSD)、快速升温管式炉和交流磁性能测量仪研究高强无取向电工钢冷轧变形组织和磁性能随冷轧压下率的变化规律。结果表明:冷轧高强无取向电工钢中形成含有大量亚结构的粗糙条带和变形量较小的光滑条带。粗糙条带具有γ取向,主要为{111}〈110〉,光滑条带具有{112}〈110〉和{001}〈110〉取向。粗糙条带中存在大量宽度约为2~3μm的剪切带,与轧向呈20°~35°夹角,且随压下率增大,数量逐渐增多。剪切带与基体间具有一定取向差,随压下率增大,剪切带逐渐从{111}〈110〉取向转向{223}〈110〉取向,与基体间取向差逐渐增大。退火后Goss和{111}面织构增多,{001}面织构减少;轧向磁感应强度增大,横向磁感应强度减小,各向异性显著,铁损下降。

淬回火工艺对N-Mo合金化Cr13型耐蚀塑料模具钢组织与力学性能的影响

对N-Mo合金化Cr13型耐蚀塑料模具钢进行925~1150℃保温0.5 h的油淬处理,再分别进行150~300℃保温2 h或者350~600℃保温1 h的回火处理,研究了淬回火工艺对该钢组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:试验钢淬火后的组织主要为淬火马氏体,随着淬火温度的升高,晶粒长大,第二相逐渐固溶进基体,试验钢的硬度先增大后降低,当淬火温度为1050℃时,硬度达到峰值,为57.7 HRC,此时第二相基本固溶进基体,残余奥氏体体积分数仅为8.49%。随着回火温度的升高,试验钢组织由回火马氏体向索氏体转变,第二相逐渐析出并长大;硬度呈先降低后升高再迅速降低的趋势,冲击吸收能量随回火温度的变化规律与回火硬度的变化规律相反,抗拉强度的变化规律与硬度的变化规律一致,屈服强度呈先增大后降低的趋势,并在回火温度为480℃时达到最大值,为1445 MPa;在200℃以上温度回火后试验钢的塑性均保持在一个较好的水平。试验钢获得优异综合性能的热处理工艺为1050℃×0.5 h淬火+200~300℃×2 h回火,此时组织为回火马氏体,硬度为48~53 HRC,抗拉强度为1752~2050 MPa,屈服强度为1171~1223 MPa,冲击吸收能量为41~51 J,断面收缩率为42%~51%,断后伸长率为17.1%~17.7%。

SLD-MAGIC冷作模具钢的微观组织及切削性能

采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪、透射电子显微镜以及铣削试验,研究了新型SLD-MAGIC冷作模具钢的微观组织及切削性能。结果表明:相较于DC53钢,SLD-MAGIC钢的切削性能更优异;SLD-MAGIC钢回火析出了(Fe,Cr)_(7)C_(3)和Fe_(7)C_(3)型二次碳化物,其中,小尺寸碳化物数量是DC53钢的1.2倍,而DC53钢中大尺寸及超大尺寸碳化物数量是SLD-MAGIC钢的1.35倍;此外,SLD-MAGIC钢中还含有大量硫化锰夹杂。大量细小碳化物及硫化锰夹杂有利于SLD-MAGIC钢获得优异的切削性能。

钼元素对2Cr13型高氮耐蚀塑料模具钢组织与性能的影响

在2Cr13型高氮耐蚀塑料模具钢中添加质量分数0.5%的钼元素,研究了钼元素对淬火和回火后该钢显微组织、力学性能及耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:钼的添加缩小了试验钢的奥氏体相区,淬火后的残余奥氏体体积分数为8.49%,低于不含钼试验钢(9.05%);钼的添加使得回火态试验钢的强度、硬度以及冲击吸收能量均得到提高,其中屈服强度提高了12%。盐雾腐蚀试验后回火态试验钢主要发生点蚀,含钼试验钢表面的点蚀坑数量较少,尺寸较小,其腐蚀速率为0.0721 g·m^(-2)·h^(-1),远小于不含钼试验钢(0.1612 g·m^(-2)·h^(-1));含钼试验钢的极化曲线中存在明显的钝化区,而不含钼试验钢不存在钝化区。含钼试验钢的耐腐蚀性能优于不含钼试验钢。

H13热作模具钢热处理工艺研究

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度仪及拉伸试验等设备研究了不同淬火温度和回火温度对H13热作模具钢的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:通过进行二次回火处理,并适当降低回火温度,可以有效地析出更多细小、弥散分布的碳化物,并充分释放淬火应力。H13热作模具钢的硬度和强韧性得到了显著提升。在淬火温度为1 000℃、回火温度为520℃进行二次回火时的力学性能较好,回火马氏体尺寸较小,组织分布更均匀。此条件下的硬度为487 HV,抗拉强度可达到1 779 MPa,伸长率为11.5%。通过拉伸断口形貌的分析可看出,经过回火工艺处理后的样品断口呈现出大量的韧窝,其断裂特征表现为典型的韧性断裂。此外,还对H13钢在520~600℃回火过程中的软化行为进行了动力学建模。

冷轧变形对0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢组织与力学性能的影响

采用OM、SEM、XRD、维氏硬度计、万能试验机等研究了不同变形量冷轧对热轧态0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着冷轧变形量的增加,0Cr18Ni9不锈钢晶粒变形越来越明显,晶界处位错塞积不断加剧,晶界越来越模糊,组织中越来越多的奥氏体转变为马氏体。随着冷轧变形量的增加,0Cr18Ni9不锈钢的硬度、抗拉强度、屈服强度均逐渐升高,伸长率逐渐下降。冷轧变形量36%的0Cr18Ni9不锈钢的硬度、抗拉强度、屈服强度均达到最大值,分别为432.3 HV、1283.1MPa、1195.2 MPa。