A developmental research has been carried out to deal with the high performance of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg lead frame alloy by artificial neural network (ANN). Using the cold working to assist in the aging hardening can improve t...A developmental research has been carried out to deal with the high performance of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg lead frame alloy by artificial neural network (ANN). Using the cold working to assist in the aging hardening can improve the the hardness and electrical conductivity properties of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg lead frame alloy. This paper studies the effect of different extent of cold working on the aging properties by a supervised ANN to model the non-linear relationship between processing parameters and the properties. The back-propagation (BP) training algorithm is improved by Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. A basic repository on the domain knowledge of cold worked aging processes is established via sufficient data mining by the network. The predicted values of the ANN coincide well with the tested data. So an important foundation has been laid for prediction and optimum controlling the rolling and aging properties of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg alloy.展开更多
The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of cold working and sandblasting on the microhardness, tensile strength and corro-sion rate of AISI 316L stainless steel. The specimens were deformed from 17% to 47% a...The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of cold working and sandblasting on the microhardness, tensile strength and corro-sion rate of AISI 316L stainless steel. The specimens were deformed from 17% to 47% and sandblasted for 20 min using SiC particles with a diameter of 500-700 μm and an air flow with 0.6-0.7 MPa pressure. The microhardness distribution and tensile test were conducted and a measurement on the corrosion current density was done to determine the corrosion rate of the specimens. The result shows that the cold working enhances the bulk microhardness, tensile and yield strength of the specimen by the degree of deformation applied in the treatment. The sandblasting treatment increases the microhardness only at the surface of the specimen without or with a low degree of deformation. In addition, the sandblasting enhances the surface roughness. The corrosion resistance is improved by cold working, especially for the highly deformed specimen. However the follow-up sandblasting treatment reduces the corrosion resistance. In conclusion, the cold working is prominent to be used for improving the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of AISI 316L stainless steel. Meanwhile, the sandblasting subjected to the cold worked steel is only useful for surface texturing instead of improving the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.展开更多
Ag-sheathed BiPbSrCaO(2223)superconducting tapes prepared by the powder-in-tube technique were inVeSgated. The Mswt of M layCr and the Jc at 77 K are spengly dspendent on the amouDt of cold wotheg and annchg condition...Ag-sheathed BiPbSrCaO(2223)superconducting tapes prepared by the powder-in-tube technique were inVeSgated. The Mswt of M layCr and the Jc at 77 K are spengly dspendent on the amouDt of cold wotheg and annchg condition. The Jc bo by uhahal tw aha drawing and rolling. The OPbown annwtg theperawt, boe and coohag de tO madrihe Jc vaiueS were in the range 84()-- 850t, 1bo^2bo h and 50-- loot / h, nyhvejy. The mndum tuSPOrt Jt at 77 K under zero mopetic field was l.33 x l04 A / cm2.展开更多
Thermal diffusion （TD） salt bath chromizing of cold working dies was studied. Firstly, it obtained an ideal salt bath formula by comparing with a variety of formulas, and then obtained the influence rule of coating ...Thermal diffusion （TD） salt bath chromizing of cold working dies was studied. Firstly, it obtained an ideal salt bath formula by comparing with a variety of formulas, and then obtained the influence rule of coating thickness based on studying of some process parameters. The microstructure morphologies and phase structures of the TD chromizing coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, energy-dispersive spectrometry （EDS） and other modern analysis methods. Meanwhile, it carried out a system of testing and analysis of coating, such as hardness, wear resistance, etc.展开更多
The material selected for this work was the spray formed Vanadis4 high alloy cold working mould steel （abbreviated to V4 steel）. Its microstructure, hot rolling process, and annealing treatment have been investigate...The material selected for this work was the spray formed Vanadis4 high alloy cold working mould steel （abbreviated to V4 steel）. Its microstructure, hot rolling process, and annealing treatment have been investigated. Observed from the optical and electron microscopes, the as-sprayed V4 steel had the finer microstructure of uniform and equiaxial grains ,while after hot rolling for densification and spheroidized annealing, the V4 steel obtained an excellent spheroidized structure that is favorable to subsequent quenching and tempering treatment. The spheroidized structure and level of annealed hardness of the V4 steel are almost the same as expensive imported powder metallurgy the V4 steel. It is difficult to produce V4 steel with the conventional ingot metallurgical technique, so the multi-step and high-cost powder metallurgy method is generally used at present. Compared to the powder metallurgy technique, using the spray forming technique to produce the V4 steel has obvious advantages and potential market competitiveness in reducing production costs, simplifying working process, and shortening the production cycle.展开更多
In order to know the longest permissible thermal exposure time during which the cold worked (CW) microstructure would remain unchanged, the effect of the thermal exposure at temperatures ranging from 910?℃ to 1?070?...In order to know the longest permissible thermal exposure time during which the cold worked (CW) microstructure would remain unchanged, the effect of the thermal exposure at temperatures ranging from 910?℃ to 1?070?℃ on the microstructure was investigated for MP159 alloy by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Such a study can provide guidance for determining reasonable hot forging parameters of fasteners. The results indicate that the intersecting network of fine platelets in CW microstructure are thermal stable when thermal exposure temperature does not exceed 920?℃. When thermal exposure temperature exceed 920?℃, the intersecting network of fine platelets will dissolve, but the thermal exposure temperature has the longest permissible thermal exposure time during which the intersecting network of fine platelets will not dissolve.展开更多
In order to clarify the reason why the creep rupture time of pre-strained Ni-23Cr-7W Alloy (HR6W) is longer than that of the non-pre-strained HR6W, microstructures of HR6W after a series of creep tests were investigat...In order to clarify the reason why the creep rupture time of pre-strained Ni-23Cr-7W Alloy (HR6W) is longer than that of the non-pre-strained HR6W, microstructures of HR6W after a series of creep tests were investigated. The creep tests were conducted at 750°C, 90 and 100 MPa. In the pre-strained samples, the grain boundary shielding ratio by precipitates was larger than that of the non-pre-strained sample. In addition, in the pre-strained samples the size of the M23C6 carbide in the grains was finer than in the non-pre-strained sample. The W content in the M23C6 carbide in the pre-strained samples tended to be larger than in the non-pre-strained sample. Therefore, the Ostwald ripening of the carbide was delayed and the size of M23C6 carbide was thought to be fine for a long time. These observations show that creep strength in the pre-strained samples is higher than that of the non-pre-strained sample because of both precipitation strengthening inside of the grains and grain boundaries.展开更多
The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure of modified cast high chromium high carbon AISI D3 steel were studied. The modified AISI D3 steel was developed by replacing part of chromium with niobium and titani...The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure of modified cast high chromium high carbon AISI D3 steel were studied. The modified AISI D3 steel was developed by replacing part of chromium with niobium and titanium, in which chromium carbide was partially replaced with MC carbides. The cast samples produced by investment casting were heat treated under different conditions. The microstructures of the samples were studied by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS analyzer. To determine the optimized homogenizing process, the effects of homogenizing treatment on the microstructure and the morphology of carbides were also studied. The results show that the MC carbides are not changed in shape and amounts during high temperature homogenizing, whereas the M3C carbides are reduced in amount and become semiglobular in shape, and the homogeneity of microstructure is improved.展开更多
The effect of cryogenic treatment on the properties of Cr8-type cold work die steel was investigated. The results show that cryogenic treatment increases hardness by decreasing retained austenite, but the degree depen...The effect of cryogenic treatment on the properties of Cr8-type cold work die steel was investigated. The results show that cryogenic treatment increases hardness by decreasing retained austenite, but the degree depends on the austenitizing temperature. When quenching at lower austenitizing temperature, the steel can obtain higher tough- ness by cryogenic treatment substituting conventional treatment process. Cryogenic time has little effect on cryogenic treatment. Conversely, cryogenic temperature has a great effect on cryogenic treatment and the effect of cryogenic treatment is more obvious with decreasing cryogenic temperature. In addition, deep cryogenic treatment improves the wear resistance by precipitating more homogeneous specific carbides.展开更多
The hardness and microstructure evolution of a 8% Cr cold work tool steel during tempering for 40 h were investigated. Transmission electron microscope examinations showed that M_3C carbides precipitated from supersat...The hardness and microstructure evolution of a 8% Cr cold work tool steel during tempering for 40 h were investigated. Transmission electron microscope examinations showed that M_3C carbides precipitated from supersaturated martensite after tempering at 350 ℃. When the tempering temperature was higher than 520 ℃,the M_（23）C_6 carbides precipitated to substitute for M_3C carbides. After ageing at the temperature of 520 ℃ for 40 h,it was observed that very fine and dense secondary Mo_2C precipitates were precipitated. Thus,it can be concluded that the early stage of Mo_2C-carbide precipitation is like to be Gunier-Preston（ G-P） zone formed by [Mo-C] segregation group which is responsible for the secondary hardening peak at 520 ℃. Overageing at 700 ℃ resulted in recovery of martensitic microstructure and precipitation of M_（23）C_6 carbides.When ageing at 700 ℃ for more than 20 h,recrystallization occurred,which resulted in a change of the matrix morphology from martensitic plates to equiaxed ferrite. It was noticed that the size of recrystallized grain / subgrain was very fine,which was attributed to the pinning effect of M_（23）C_6 precipitates.展开更多
An experimental study on degeneration of the coldworking residual strainduring different cyclic loadings is presented. The expenmental results obtained showthat the residual strain of squcezing dislributes under power...An experimental study on degeneration of the coldworking residual strainduring different cyclic loadings is presented. The expenmental results obtained showthat the residual strain of squcezing dislributes under power series law ε= axb overthe horizontal line of the stress on both sides of the cenual hole. and that when the max-imum real stress at the hole is lower than the yield stress of the material. the degeneration of residual strain has a sudden change during cyclic loading, and the closer to thehole side, the more serious the degcneration.展开更多
With the rapid development of the automobile industry in China, there is an ever-increasing demand for long-life cold working dies used for punching automobile components. However, the full potential of such advanced ...With the rapid development of the automobile industry in China, there is an ever-increasing demand for long-life cold working dies used for punching automobile components. However, the full potential of such advanced surface engineering technologies as PVD coatings and duplex surface treatments in cold work dies has not been realized. In the present study, Crl2MoV steel has been surface engineered by single PVD Ti/TiN coating and duplex treatment combining low temperature plasma nitriding (LTPN) with PVD Ti/TiN coatings. The properties of Ti/TiN coatings in terms of surface morphology, microhardness, load bearing capacity, bonding strength and wear resistance were evaluated by microhardness, scratch and wear tests. The experimental results show that PVD Ti/TiN coatings can significantly enhance the surface load bearing capacity (especially for duplex treatments) and wear resistance of Crl2MoV steel by more than one order of magnitude. This can be mainly attributed to the hard and well-adherent PVD Ti/TiN surface coatings and strong mechanical support of the LTPN sublayer. While two-body abrasive wear prevails for uncoated Crl2MoV, the micropolishing action of the counterface dominates in surface engineered material.展开更多
To deal with the discontinuity of particulate media and subsequent uncertainty of stress, based on the probability theory for mechanics of particulate media, Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion of particulate media, and the ...To deal with the discontinuity of particulate media and subsequent uncertainty of stress, based on the probability theory for mechanics of particulate media, Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion of particulate media, and the theory of crystal deformation, we put forward the statistical mechanisms of deformation of powder materials in cold working and mechanism of texture development of the high temperature superconducting wire/tape. A new yield criterion of powder materials is proposed.展开更多
The elastic limit of single-phase alloy Nb-2Mo-2Zr-1Ti is higher as recovered state in comparison with as cold-rolled or recrystallized one.For Nb-40Ti-5.5AI alloy of age-hardening type,the elastic limit is lower as c...The elastic limit of single-phase alloy Nb-2Mo-2Zr-1Ti is higher as recovered state in comparison with as cold-rolled or recrystallized one.For Nb-40Ti-5.5AI alloy of age-hardening type,the elastic limit is lower as cold-rolled state,but increases considerably after proper aging.However,its elastic modulus changes no more,so the stored-energy (σ_e^2/E)may raise significantly.The temperature dependence on elastic modulus for pure Nb as intensely cold-worked or recrystallized state is anomalous.This anomaly may disap- pear after recovered treatment of intensely cold-worked state at 600℃ for 4 h.and may change no more after that of recrystallized state.The anomalous behaviour of elasticity was also discussed on the non-magnetic Nb.展开更多
The model of predicting distribution of strip thickness at the exit and tension stress is established by using weighted residual method and variational method with consideration of rolled metal lateral flow.A New meth...The model of predicting distribution of strip thickness at the exit and tension stress is established by using weighted residual method and variational method with consideration of rolled metal lateral flow.A New method of calculating loaded roll gap in relation to target tension stress is proposed.The minimum square summation of loaded roll gap deviation is used as an objective function for the first time to optimize initial work roll profile.展开更多
基金supported by National High Technical Research and Development Programme of China(No.2002AA331112)supported by the Doctorate Foundation of Northwestern Polytechnical University.
文摘A developmental research has been carried out to deal with the high performance of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg lead frame alloy by artificial neural network (ANN). Using the cold working to assist in the aging hardening can improve the the hardness and electrical conductivity properties of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg lead frame alloy. This paper studies the effect of different extent of cold working on the aging properties by a supervised ANN to model the non-linear relationship between processing parameters and the properties. The back-propagation (BP) training algorithm is improved by Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. A basic repository on the domain knowledge of cold worked aging processes is established via sufficient data mining by the network. The predicted values of the ANN coincide well with the tested data. So an important foundation has been laid for prediction and optimum controlling the rolling and aging properties of Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg alloy.
文摘The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of cold working and sandblasting on the microhardness, tensile strength and corro-sion rate of AISI 316L stainless steel. The specimens were deformed from 17% to 47% and sandblasted for 20 min using SiC particles with a diameter of 500-700 μm and an air flow with 0.6-0.7 MPa pressure. The microhardness distribution and tensile test were conducted and a measurement on the corrosion current density was done to determine the corrosion rate of the specimens. The result shows that the cold working enhances the bulk microhardness, tensile and yield strength of the specimen by the degree of deformation applied in the treatment. The sandblasting treatment increases the microhardness only at the surface of the specimen without or with a low degree of deformation. In addition, the sandblasting enhances the surface roughness. The corrosion resistance is improved by cold working, especially for the highly deformed specimen. However the follow-up sandblasting treatment reduces the corrosion resistance. In conclusion, the cold working is prominent to be used for improving the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of AISI 316L stainless steel. Meanwhile, the sandblasting subjected to the cold worked steel is only useful for surface texturing instead of improving the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
文摘Ag-sheathed BiPbSrCaO(2223)superconducting tapes prepared by the powder-in-tube technique were inVeSgated. The Mswt of M layCr and the Jc at 77 K are spengly dspendent on the amouDt of cold wotheg and annchg condition. The Jc bo by uhahal tw aha drawing and rolling. The OPbown annwtg theperawt, boe and coohag de tO madrihe Jc vaiueS were in the range 84()-- 850t, 1bo^2bo h and 50-- loot / h, nyhvejy. The mndum tuSPOrt Jt at 77 K under zero mopetic field was l.33 x l04 A / cm2.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60473134)
文摘Thermal diffusion （TD） salt bath chromizing of cold working dies was studied. Firstly, it obtained an ideal salt bath formula by comparing with a variety of formulas, and then obtained the influence rule of coating thickness based on studying of some process parameters. The microstructure morphologies and phase structures of the TD chromizing coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, energy-dispersive spectrometry （EDS） and other modern analysis methods. Meanwhile, it carried out a system of testing and analysis of coating, such as hardness, wear resistance, etc.
文摘The material selected for this work was the spray formed Vanadis4 high alloy cold working mould steel （abbreviated to V4 steel）. Its microstructure, hot rolling process, and annealing treatment have been investigated. Observed from the optical and electron microscopes, the as-sprayed V4 steel had the finer microstructure of uniform and equiaxial grains ,while after hot rolling for densification and spheroidized annealing, the V4 steel obtained an excellent spheroidized structure that is favorable to subsequent quenching and tempering treatment. The spheroidized structure and level of annealed hardness of the V4 steel are almost the same as expensive imported powder metallurgy the V4 steel. It is difficult to produce V4 steel with the conventional ingot metallurgical technique, so the multi-step and high-cost powder metallurgy method is generally used at present. Compared to the powder metallurgy technique, using the spray forming technique to produce the V4 steel has obvious advantages and potential market competitiveness in reducing production costs, simplifying working process, and shortening the production cycle.
文摘In order to know the longest permissible thermal exposure time during which the cold worked (CW) microstructure would remain unchanged, the effect of the thermal exposure at temperatures ranging from 910?℃ to 1?070?℃ on the microstructure was investigated for MP159 alloy by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Such a study can provide guidance for determining reasonable hot forging parameters of fasteners. The results indicate that the intersecting network of fine platelets in CW microstructure are thermal stable when thermal exposure temperature does not exceed 920?℃. When thermal exposure temperature exceed 920?℃, the intersecting network of fine platelets will dissolve, but the thermal exposure temperature has the longest permissible thermal exposure time during which the intersecting network of fine platelets will not dissolve.
文摘In order to clarify the reason why the creep rupture time of pre-strained Ni-23Cr-7W Alloy (HR6W) is longer than that of the non-pre-strained HR6W, microstructures of HR6W after a series of creep tests were investigated. The creep tests were conducted at 750°C, 90 and 100 MPa. In the pre-strained samples, the grain boundary shielding ratio by precipitates was larger than that of the non-pre-strained sample. In addition, in the pre-strained samples the size of the M23C6 carbide in the grains was finer than in the non-pre-strained sample. The W content in the M23C6 carbide in the pre-strained samples tended to be larger than in the non-pre-strained sample. Therefore, the Ostwald ripening of the carbide was delayed and the size of M23C6 carbide was thought to be fine for a long time. These observations show that creep strength in the pre-strained samples is higher than that of the non-pre-strained sample because of both precipitation strengthening inside of the grains and grain boundaries.
文摘The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure of modified cast high chromium high carbon AISI D3 steel were studied. The modified AISI D3 steel was developed by replacing part of chromium with niobium and titanium, in which chromium carbide was partially replaced with MC carbides. The cast samples produced by investment casting were heat treated under different conditions. The microstructures of the samples were studied by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS analyzer. To determine the optimized homogenizing process, the effects of homogenizing treatment on the microstructure and the morphology of carbides were also studied. The results show that the MC carbides are not changed in shape and amounts during high temperature homogenizing, whereas the M3C carbides are reduced in amount and become semiglobular in shape, and the homogeneity of microstructure is improved.
基金Item Sponsored by National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China (2007BAE510B04)
文摘The effect of cryogenic treatment on the properties of Cr8-type cold work die steel was investigated. The results show that cryogenic treatment increases hardness by decreasing retained austenite, but the degree depends on the austenitizing temperature. When quenching at lower austenitizing temperature, the steel can obtain higher tough- ness by cryogenic treatment substituting conventional treatment process. Cryogenic time has little effect on cryogenic treatment. Conversely, cryogenic temperature has a great effect on cryogenic treatment and the effect of cryogenic treatment is more obvious with decreasing cryogenic temperature. In addition, deep cryogenic treatment improves the wear resistance by precipitating more homogeneous specific carbides.
基金Item Sponsored by National Key Technologies Research and Development Program of China(2007BAE510B04)
文摘The hardness and microstructure evolution of a 8% Cr cold work tool steel during tempering for 40 h were investigated. Transmission electron microscope examinations showed that M_3C carbides precipitated from supersaturated martensite after tempering at 350 ℃. When the tempering temperature was higher than 520 ℃,the M_（23）C_6 carbides precipitated to substitute for M_3C carbides. After ageing at the temperature of 520 ℃ for 40 h,it was observed that very fine and dense secondary Mo_2C precipitates were precipitated. Thus,it can be concluded that the early stage of Mo_2C-carbide precipitation is like to be Gunier-Preston（ G-P） zone formed by [Mo-C] segregation group which is responsible for the secondary hardening peak at 520 ℃. Overageing at 700 ℃ resulted in recovery of martensitic microstructure and precipitation of M_（23）C_6 carbides.When ageing at 700 ℃ for more than 20 h,recrystallization occurred,which resulted in a change of the matrix morphology from martensitic plates to equiaxed ferrite. It was noticed that the size of recrystallized grain / subgrain was very fine,which was attributed to the pinning effect of M_（23）C_6 precipitates.
文摘An experimental study on degeneration of the coldworking residual strainduring different cyclic loadings is presented. The expenmental results obtained showthat the residual strain of squcezing dislributes under power series law ε= axb overthe horizontal line of the stress on both sides of the cenual hole. and that when the max-imum real stress at the hole is lower than the yield stress of the material. the degeneration of residual strain has a sudden change during cyclic loading, and the closer to thehole side, the more serious the degcneration.
文摘With the rapid development of the automobile industry in China, there is an ever-increasing demand for long-life cold working dies used for punching automobile components. However, the full potential of such advanced surface engineering technologies as PVD coatings and duplex surface treatments in cold work dies has not been realized. In the present study, Crl2MoV steel has been surface engineered by single PVD Ti/TiN coating and duplex treatment combining low temperature plasma nitriding (LTPN) with PVD Ti/TiN coatings. The properties of Ti/TiN coatings in terms of surface morphology, microhardness, load bearing capacity, bonding strength and wear resistance were evaluated by microhardness, scratch and wear tests. The experimental results show that PVD Ti/TiN coatings can significantly enhance the surface load bearing capacity (especially for duplex treatments) and wear resistance of Crl2MoV steel by more than one order of magnitude. This can be mainly attributed to the hard and well-adherent PVD Ti/TiN surface coatings and strong mechanical support of the LTPN sublayer. While two-body abrasive wear prevails for uncoated Crl2MoV, the micropolishing action of the counterface dominates in surface engineered material.
文摘To deal with the discontinuity of particulate media and subsequent uncertainty of stress, based on the probability theory for mechanics of particulate media, Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion of particulate media, and the theory of crystal deformation, we put forward the statistical mechanisms of deformation of powder materials in cold working and mechanism of texture development of the high temperature superconducting wire/tape. A new yield criterion of powder materials is proposed.
文摘The elastic limit of single-phase alloy Nb-2Mo-2Zr-1Ti is higher as recovered state in comparison with as cold-rolled or recrystallized one.For Nb-40Ti-5.5AI alloy of age-hardening type,the elastic limit is lower as cold-rolled state,but increases considerably after proper aging.However,its elastic modulus changes no more,so the stored-energy (σ_e^2/E)may raise significantly.The temperature dependence on elastic modulus for pure Nb as intensely cold-worked or recrystallized state is anomalous.This anomaly may disap- pear after recovered treatment of intensely cold-worked state at 600℃ for 4 h.and may change no more after that of recrystallized state.The anomalous behaviour of elasticity was also discussed on the non-magnetic Nb.
基金Sponsored by Doctoral Foundation of National Education Committee of ChinaNatural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China
文摘The model of predicting distribution of strip thickness at the exit and tension stress is established by using weighted residual method and variational method with consideration of rolled metal lateral flow.A New method of calculating loaded roll gap in relation to target tension stress is proposed.The minimum square summation of loaded roll gap deviation is used as an objective function for the first time to optimize initial work roll profile.
