Expression of the difference between the Cold(Han) and Hot(Re) natures of traditional Chinese medicines(Strobal and Rhubarb) based on the cold/hot plate differentiating assay

In this study, objective differences between the Cold (Han) and Hot (Re) nature of traditional Chinese medicines, e.g. Strobal and Rhubarb, are determined by using a cold/hot plate differentiation technology. A novel, self-designed cold/hot plate differentiating instrument, with methodological study, was used to investigate the intervention of Strobal and Rhubarb on the temperature tropism of mice. Compared with the ICR and BALB/c mice, it was found that KM mice on the cold/hot plate were more sensitive to the change of temperature, within the tolerant temperature range of 15-40 ℃ . The temperature tropism behavior of mice is influenced by treatment with Rhubarb and Strobal, as is the activity of ATPase in liver tissue. These trends are consistent with the definition of the Cold/Hot nature of Chinese medicines based on traditional Chinese medicinal theory. This study showed that the differences of the Cold/Hot nature of traditional Chinese medicines. might be objectively represented by the temperature tropism of animal by means of cold/hot differentiating assay.

Numerical investigation on flow field characteristics of dual synthetic cold/hot jets using POD and DMD methods

In order to improve the control ability of synthetic jets in compressible boundary layer,a novel control method based on dual synthetic cold/hot jets coupled control of velocity profile and temperature profile was proposed.As fundamental investigations on the effects of synthetic jet temperature on the jet behavior and flow field characteristics were essentially necessary,preliminary numerical simulations were conducted to study the influence of temperature(200 K and 400 K)on the flow field characteristics of synthetic jets using Large Eddy Simulations(LES)model.Time-averaged flow fields showed that different temperatures led to variable behavior of two strands of jets.For dual synthetic cold jets,a potential-core arose apparently with its height ranging from 0.01 to 0.03 m,while for dual synthetic hot jets,two strands of jets emerged downstream.The modal decomposition of instantaneous flow fields had been done using both Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD)and Dynamic Mode Decomposition(DMD).Various modes showed different characteristics of the flow fields.As the POD method focuses on the energy of flow while the DMD method focuses on the frequency,the first two modes had many similarities,but the third and fourth modes demonstrated completely different vortex structures.The current researches play a role of preliminary investigations for further and comprehensive exploration of novel flow control measures in global velocity field.

Metabolomics coupled with similarity analysis advances the elucidation of the cold/hot properties of traditional Chinese medicines

It recently becomes an important and urgent mission for modern scientific research to identify and explain the theory of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), which has been utilized in China for more than four millennia. Since few works have been contributed to understanding the TCM theory, the mechanism of actions of drugs with cold/hot properties remains unclear. In the present study, six kinds of typical herbs with cold or hot properties were orally administered into mice, and serum and liver samples were analyzed using an untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) based metabolomics approach coupled with similarity analysis. This approach was performed to identify and quantify changes in metabolic pathways to elucidate drug actions on the treated mice. Our results showed that those drugs with same property exerted similar effects on the metabolic alterations in mouse serum and liver samples, while drugs with different property showed different effects. The effects of herbal medicines with cold/hot properties were exerted by regulating the pathways linked to glycometabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acids metabolism and other metabolic pathways. The results elucidated the differences and similarities of drugs with cold/hot properties, providing useful information on the explanation of medicinal properties of these TCMs.

Efficacy and adverse events of cold vs hot polypectomy: A meta-analysis

AIM: To compare previously reported randomized controlled studies(RCTs) of cold and hot polypectomy, we systematically reviewed and clarify the utility of cold polypectomy over hot with respect to efficacy and adverse events.METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the predominance of cold and hot polypectomy for removing colon polyps. Published articles and abstracts from worldwide conferences were searched using the keywords "cold polypectomy". RCTs that compared either or both the effects or adverse events of cold polypectomy with those of hot polypectomy were collected. The patients' demographics, endoscopic procedures, No. of examined lesions, lesion size, macroscopic and histologic findings, rates of incomplete resection, bleeding amount, perforation, and length of procedure were extracted from each study. A forest plot analysis was used to verify the relative strength of the effects and adverse events of each procedure. A funnel plot was generated to assess the possibility of publication bias.RESULTS: Ultimately, six RCTs were selected. No significant differences were noted in the average lesion size(less than 10 mm) between the cold and hot polypectomy groups in each study. Further, the rates of complete resection and adverse events, including delayed bleeding, did not differ markedly between cold and hot polypectomy. The average procedural time in the cold polypectomy group was significantly shorter than in the hot polypectomy group.CONCLUSION: Cold polypectomy is a time-saving procedure for removing small polyps with markedly similar curability and safety to hot polypectomy.

Comment on 'Efficacy and adverse events of cold vs hot polypectomy: A meta-analysis'

This is a comment on a meta-analysis of published studies comparing cold vs hot polypectomy. We believe that the conclusion of this meta-analysis that "cold polypectomy is a time-saving procedure for removing small polyps with markedly similar curability and safety to hot polypectomy" needs more rigorous evidence.

Chemical Properties of Pectin from Industry Hot and Cold Break Tomato Products

Tomato processing includes a break step, which involves rapid heating of freshly chopped tomatoes to >90°C for hot break, or 60°C to 77°C for cold break. Pectolytic enzyme deactivation is believed to be the key element in the hot break step;therefore, pectin content of different products should be qualitatively distinct. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hot break versus cold break on the cell-wall pectin of tomato. Cell-wall pectin from hot and cold break tomato products was isolated and analyzed for carbohydrate composition, degree of polymerization, and degree of esterification. The results showed no observable differences in the cell-wall pectin isolated from the two products, indicating that there was no significant pectolytic breakdown of the tomato in the cold break product, and the pectin might not, by itself, contribute to the differences in the final product viscosity resulting from the two processing techniques.

Ventilated Double Skin Facades in Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter Zones in China

Double-skin facades(DSF)are a technique developed for colder climates,so few people think about whether or not it can also be used for hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.After analyzing the problems of using DSF for hot-summer zones,this paper explored on the possibility of applying DSF in hot-summer and cold-winter zones in China.The main existing research methods for DSF were also collected and commented.If properly managed,the ventilated DSF with controlled shading devices can be used even in hot summer in China.

THE COLD AND HOT DAMAGES TO THE CITRUS IN THE THREE GORGES AREA OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER

ＴＨＥＣＯＬＤＡＮＤＨＯＴＤＡＭＡＧＥＳＴＯＴＨＥＣＩＴＲＵＳＩＮＴＨＥＴＨＲＥＥＧＯＲＧＥＳＡＲＥＡＯＦＴＨＥＣＨＡＮＧＪＩＡＮＧＲＩＶＥＲＣｈｅｎＺｈｅｎｇｈｏｎｇ（陈正洪）；ＹａｎｇＨｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ（杨红青）；ＮｉＧｕｏｇｕ（倪国裕）（Ａｇｒｏ...

Removal of diminutive colorectal polyps: A prospective randomized clinical trial between cold snare polypectomy and hot forceps biopsy

AIM To compare the efficacy and safety of cold snare polypectomy(CSP) and hot forceps biopsy(HFB) for diminutive colorectal polyps.METHODS This prospective, randomized single-center clinical trial included consecutive patients ≥ 20 years of age with diminutive colorectal polyps 3-5 mm from December 2014 to October 2015. The primary outcome measures were en-bloc resection(endoscopic evaluation) and complete resection rates(pathological evaluation). The secondary outcome measures were the immediate bleeding or immediate perforation rate after polypectomy, delayed bleeding or delayed perforation rate after polypectomy, use of clipping for bleeding or perforation, and polyp retrieval rate. Prophylactic clipping after polyp removal wasn't routinely performed.RESULTS Two hundred eight patients were randomized into the CSP(102), HFB(106) and 283 polyps were evaluated(CSP: 148, HFB: 135). The en-bloc resection rate was significantly higher with CSP than with HFB [99.3%(147/148) vs 80.0%(108/135), P < 0.0001]. The complete resection rate was significantly higher with CSP than with HFB [80.4%(119/148) vs 47.4%(64/135), P < 0.0001]. The immediate bleeding rate was similar between the groups [8.6%(13/148) vs 8.1%(11/135), P = 1.000], and endoscopic hemostasis with hemoclips was successful in all cases. No cases of perforation or delayed bleeding occurred. The rate of severe tissue injury to the pathological specimen was higher HFB than CSP [52.6%(71/135) vs 1.3%(2/148), P < 0.0001]. Polyp retrieval failure was encountered CSP(7), HFB(2).CONCLUSION CSP is more effective than HFB for resecting diminutive polyps. Further long-term follow-up study is required.

Similarity measurement of Chinese medicine ingredients for cold-hot nature identification

目的:中药药性理论是中医药的核心基础理论,其中寒热药性是当前研究的重点。研究发现中药成分是产生药性的物质基础。因此,我们推断成分相似的中药具有相似的药性。由于中药指纹图谱可以反映中药的物质成分,因此,当前热点集中于通过中药指纹图谱技术研究中药药性。方法:为了验证上述假说,本文研究量化中药成分的相似性为指纹图谱的相似性,探索中药成分与寒热药性之间的关系。首先,我们利用紫外指纹图谱分析61味寒热药性明确的中药(30味寒性药和31味热性药)。其次,一个距离度量学习算法被研究度量中药指纹图谱的相似性。最后,一个检索方案被提出构建预测识别模型用于中药寒热药性的识别。结果:大量的实验发现,石油醚溶剂下的紫外图谱可以更好的区分寒热药性。与已有的识别方案相比,提出的模型具有更好的识别性能。结论:实验结果证明了我们的推论,成分相似的中药具有相似的药性。提出的预测模型被证明是可行和有效的。

The mechanism of hot crack formation in Ti-6Al-4V during cold crucible continuous casting

Hot crack is one of common defects in castings, which often results in failure of castings. This work studies the formation of hot crack during cold crucible continuous casting by means of experiments and theoretical analysis. The results show that hot crack occurs on the surface and in the circumference of ingots, where the solidified shell and the solidification front meet each other. The tendency of hot cracking decreases with the increase of withdrawal velocities in some extent. The hot crack is caused mainly by the friction force between the shell and the crucible inner wall, and it takes place when the stress resulting from friction exceeds the tensile strength of the shell. The factors of μ_m, η_t, η_s and η_m, affecting hot cracks are analyzed and verified. In order to decrease the tendency of hot cracks, technical parameters should be optimized by decreasing μ_m, η_t, η_s and η_m.

High Temperature Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Behaviour of 9Cr 1Mo Ferritic Cold Rolled Steel in Air at 900°C under Cyclic Condition

The oxidation behaviour of 10%, 30%, and 50% cold rolled and unprocessed 9Cr 1Mo ferritic steels in air have been studied under isothermal conditions at a temperature of 900°C in a cyclic manner. Oxidation kinetics was established for all samples on which experiment was conducted in air at 900°C under cyclic conditions for 50 cycles by thermogravimetric technique. Each cycle consisted of 1 hour heating at 900°C followed by 20 min of cooling in air. 10% cold rolled sample followed parabolic rate of oxidation while 30% cold rolled sample showed accelerated rate of weight gain. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDAX) techniques were used to characterise the oxidized sample and their scales. 10% cold rolled steel was found to be more corrosion resistance than other in air oxidation for 50 cycles.

Verification of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point in Hotels and Catering Units: Evaluation of the Cleaning and Disinfection Procedures and Microbiological Monitoring of Hot and Cold Meals

The aim of the present study is to assess the efficacy of the methods used in a HACCP system by measuring the Total Viable Count (TVC) and Coliforms, after cleaning and disinfecting the surfaces used and also by monitoring TVC and enterobacteriaceae of hot and cold meals. In order to evaluate the appropriateness of the surfaces used, samples were obtained from kitchens of 37 Greek hotels/resorts, all of which operated a documented HACCP safety management scheme, while the samples of hot and cold meals were selected from the menu of a catering unit and collected from the actual point of hot and cold dishes banquette at the start time (time 0) and after 4 hours. The developed colonies were counted. The results showed that only 13.5% of the hotels presented surfaces without any TVC or coliforms and 86.5% of the hotels had surfaces with TVC or coliforms or both above the limits. However, 75.8% of the total surfaces examined were acceptable for TVC and 81.9% of the surfaces examined were coliforms. Our microbiological monitoring of food showed that the TVC content of hot meal samples after 4 hours of display (above 60℃) was not significantly different from the TVC content of the aforementioned samples at time 0, while in cold meals TVC and enterobacteriaceae content had significantly risen after 4 hours of display (below 5℃).Conclusively, insufficient application of disinfection and ineffective surface and equipment cleaning programs were found. Additionally, cold meals are more vulnerable than hot meals in developing TVC and enterobacteriaceae.

中国县域数字乡村发展的空间格局及驱动因素研究

基于北京大学新农村发展研究院公布的2018年中国1880个县域数字乡村指数数据,采用探索性空间数据分析、冷热点分析和地理探测器等方法,考察中国县域数字乡村发展的空间格局及其驱动因素。结果表明:1)中国县域数字乡村发展水平呈现明显的“梯度化”特征,数字乡村发展水平由东部向西部逐渐递减,数字乡村在长三角地区呈“片状分布”,而在西部地区和东北地区呈“点状分布”。2)中国县域数字乡村发展呈现明显的空间集聚特征,在经济发展水平较高、网络基础设施较为完善的长三角地区形成“高-高”集聚。数字乡村发展呈现次热点区和热点区围绕高热点区集聚的“中心-外围”结构形态。在热点区与冷点区之间形成“T”字形狭长地带,将热点区与冷点区分隔开。3)中国县域数字乡村发展的总体基尼系数为0.0359,其中数字乡村的区域间差距是数字乡村发展总体差异的主要来源。4)产业经济、人口教育、财政金融和基础设施的空间分异特征对数字乡村空间分布具有较强的影响。

Suitability and Construction of Self-Insulation Walls in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone of Southern Shaanxi

In this paper, the suitability and construction technology of self-insulation walls were studied under the specific climatic conditions and regional resources of Hanzhong and Ankang in the hot summer and cold winter zone of Southern Shaanxi. Through the calculation of heat transfer coefficient and thermal inertia index, combined with the specifications of the shale hollow brick and aerated concrete block of Hanzhong and Ankang in southern Shaanxi, the thermal performance and suitable thickness of the external wall using self-insulation materials that meet the Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings(DBJ61-65-2011) in Shaanxi Province were obtained. The results showed that the self-insulation wall had technical suitability in the hot summer and cold winter zone. The research results provide not only a theoretical basis for the external wall insulation design of urban residential buildings in the hot summer and cold winter zone of southern Shaanxi, but also a reference for designers to carry out energy-saving design of external walls of residential buildings in other similar climate zones.

Research on Passive Design Optimization about an Experimental Rural Residence in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region of China

In China, rural residential environment under the poor construction measures has not been satisfactory due to the backward infrastructure of countryside and the lacking of professional planning, which will result in considerable amount of energy consumption in the future. The economy of rural residences in the hot summer and cold winter region of China is relative developed, but the indoor thermal environmental quality is not so good. In this paper, the design strategies directed by passive design ideas for a small experimental rural residential building located in Hangzhou city was introduced and researched in response to hot summer and cold winter climate. Through modeling solution undertaken by Ecotect software, the building performance was simulated and analyzed for the optimization of design factors, such as shape, roof angle, insulation system, shading devices, as well as day-lighting system. Based on the above study, a set of appropriate energy-saving technologies were provided for improving the new rural residences construction in Hangzhou, which should also be recommended to other projects constructed in the same climate region.

The Theoretically Studies and Field Testing of Self-Insulation Exterior Wall in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone

The energy efficiency design of the exterior wall in the buildings of the hot summer and cold winter zone of China should consider the heat prevention in summer and the heat insulation in winter. The self-insulation of the exterior?wall is a more feasible design to satisfy the energy efficiency of buildings in the?zone. However, the systematic research is urgently needed for the self-insulation of the exterior wall in the hot summer and cold winter zone of China. The paper tested the thermal performance of the common non-clay materials such as shale sintered hollow brick, sand autoclaved aerated concrete block, etc. by means of indoor experiments. The energy efficiency effect of the common materials was verified using dynamic calculation soft PKPM and several constitutions of exterior wall with different main bricks and insulation materials on the heat bridge were simulated, too. Besides, the tests of the thermal performance of exterior wall in real constructions were carried out to testify the practical effect of the recommended constitutions of exterior wall with different main bricks and insulation materials on the heat bridge. The conclusions are: the physical and thermal properties of the six non-clay wall material are better than the clay porous brick;the thermal performance of the non-clay brick can be improved obviously through the rational arrangement of the holes;shale sintered hollow brick after increasing the holes and rationalizing the hole arrangement and sand autoclaved aerated concrete block are recommended for buildings in the hot summer and cold winter area of China. The dynamic calculation results show that the thermal performances?of the non-clay materials are all satisfied with the energy efficiency;The heat transfer coefficient of the exterior wall with composition?③,?in which?the main wall was sand autoclaved aerated concrete block and the material on the heat bridge was sand autoclaved aerated concrete plate, is the smallest among the three recommended compositions.

钛合金薄壁构件快速加热冷模热冲压成形技术进展

为了解决钛合金薄壁构件热成形效率低、成本高、组织性能控制难度大等问题,近年来钛合金冷模热冲压成形技术受到关注。在该新技术中利用室温模具对加热后的钛合金板材进行快速冲压成形和模内快速冷却,由于取消了模具加热,可以变革性地提高钛合金薄壁构件成形效率、降低成本。然而,与传统等温成形不同,在冷模热冲压成形过程中,钛合金板材温度不断下降,这对钛合金成形极限、回弹及组织性能等的控制提出了全新的挑战。分析了钛合金薄壁构件冷模热冲压成形技术特点及存在的问题,归纳了快速加热对钛合金组织性能的影响规律,综述了钛合金薄壁构件快速加热冷模热冲压成形工艺进展,最后对该技术未来的发展方向进行了展望。

半轴齿轮的热—冷复合锻造中冷锻充不满缺陷的成形数字仿真及工艺研究

针对半轴齿轮热—冷复合锻造中冷锻整形时出现的充不满缺陷,利用UG、Geomagic-Design和Deform-3D等软件,对冷锻毛坯(热锻成形的工件)进行了重新设计和冷锻整形工序仿真模拟,全面考查齿厚、齿高参数变化对产品质量的影响。从模拟结果来看,当冷锻整形开始合模时,毛坯初始位置齿顶和冷锻模具型腔之间的间隙越大(齿厚增加越大/齿高减小越大)时,终锻时所需的锻压力越大,在产品小端齿顶处越易形成折叠缺陷。毛坯初始位置齿顶与型腔贴合(齿厚增加量为零或为负),则不易产生折叠缺陷,齿侧和冷锻模具型腔之间的间隙越大(实际齿厚越小),所需锻压力越大。经过实际生产验证,在相应的齿轮参数条件下,冷锻毛坯比冷锻模具型腔轮廓的齿高增加0.1 mm、齿厚不变时,冷锻整形后齿槽和齿高全部压满,成型质量好,产品废品率达到预期要求。