Clinical efficacy of intradermal type Ⅰ collagen injections in treating skin photoaging in patients from high-altitude areas

BACKGROUND Photoaging,a result of chronic sun exposure,leads to skin damage and pigmentation changes.Traditional treatments may have limitations in high-altitude areas like Yunnan Province.Intradermal Col Ⅰ injections stimulate collagen production,potentially improving skin quality.This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of this treatment for photoaging.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intradermal typeΙcollagen(ColΙ)injection for treating photoaging.METHODS This prospective,self-controlled study investigated the impact of intradermal injections of ColΙon skin photodamage in 20 patients from the Yunnan Province.Total six treatment sessions were conducted every 4 wk±3 d.Before and after each treatment,facial skin characteristics were quantified using a VISIA skin detector.Skin thickness data were assessed using the ultrasound probes of the Dermalab skin detector.The Face-Q scale was used for subjective evaluation of the treatment effect by the patients.RESULTS The skin thickness of the right cheek consistently increased after each treatment session compared with baseline.The skin thickness of the left cheek significantly increased after the third through sixth treatment sessions compared with baseline.The skin thickness of the right zygomatic region increased after the second to sixth treatment sessions,whereas that of the left zygomatic region showed a significant increase after the fourth through sixth treatment sessions.The skin thickness of both temporal regions significantly increased after the fifth and sixth treatment sessions compared with baseline(P<0.05).These findings were also supported by skin ultrasound images.The feature count for the red areas and wrinkle feature count decreased following the treatment(P<0.05).VISIA assessments also revealed a decrease in the red areas after treatment.The Face-QSatisfaction with Facial Appearance Overall and Face-Q-Satisfaction with Skin scores significantly increased after each treatment session.The overall appearance of the patients improved after treatment.CONCLUSION Intradermal ColΙinjection improves photoaging,with higher patient satisfaction and fewer adverse reactions,and could be an effective treatment method for populations residing in high-altitude areas.

Developmental Changes of Col3a1 mRNA Expression in Muscle and Their Association with Intramuscular Collagen in Pigs

Eighty-four castrated boars including Laiwu Black （LW） （weight 30-90 kg, n = 6） and Lulai Black （LL） （weight 40-100 kg, n = 6） were used to study the developmental changes of collagen type Ⅲ alpha 1 （Col3al） mRNA expression in the muscle and their association with intramuscular collagen （IMC）. The muscle total RNA was extracted to determine the abundance of Col3al mRNA using relative quantitative RT-PCR with β-actin mRNA as the internal standard. The results indicated that the developmental patterns of muscle Col3al mRNA in LW and LL pigs were similar. The abundance of Col3al mRNA increased with body weight, but decreased a little at 70 kg and 80 kg phases for LW and LL, respectively. On the whole, the expression level of Col3al mRNA in muscle of LW was higher than that of LL （P 〈 0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that the expression of Col3al mRNA in muscle was positively correlated with total and insoluble IMC, but was negatively correlated with IMC solubility for LW pigs （P 〈 0.01） and LL pigs （P 〈 0.05）, respectively. These results suggest that the muscle Col3al gene expression is affected by body weight and genotype and has important effect on IMC content and characteristics.

A novel anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drug CP-25 alleviated collagen induced arthritis by down-regulating BAFF-NF-κκB signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE To investigated the regulatory effect of paeoniflorin-6′-O-benzene sulfonate(CP-25) on B cell activating factor(BAFF)/BAFF receptor-nuclear factor of kappa B(NF-κB) signaling in B cell of collagen induced-arthritis(CIA) mice.METHODS Mice CIA was induced by injection of typeⅡcollagen(CⅡ).The arthritis index(AI) and swollen joint count(SJC) were assessed,and histopathology of spleen and joints were observed.The percentage of B cells subsets,BAFF receptor expressions were analyzed by flow cytometry.BAFF and immunoglobulin(Ig) levels were measured by protein antibody array.The expressions of TRAF2,MKK3,MKK6,p-P38,and p-NF-κB65 in NF-κB signaling mediated by BAFF were analyzed by western blot.RESULTS CP-25 decreased AI and SJC,restored abnormal weights,reduced thymus index and spleen index,inhibited T/B cells proliferation,alleviated the histopathology of spleen and joints in CIA mice.CP-25 also reduced high levels of serum BAFF and immunoglobulin,decreased CD19+B cells,CD19+CD27+B cells,and CD19-CD27+CD138+plasma cells,inhibited BAFFR and TACI expressions,decreased the expressions of TRAF2,MKK3,MKK6,p-P38,and p-NF-κB65.Compared with biological agents etanercept and rituximab,CP-25 restored high T cells proliferation and percentages of B subsets to normal level,and recovered the high levels of IgA,IgD,IgG1,IgG2 a and high expressions molecules in NF-κB signaling to normal levels.The action intensity of rituximab and etanercept was more strong than CP-25.The inhibitor effects of rituximab and etanercept on AI and SJC,thymus index,proliferation of T cells and B cells subsets were strong,and down-regulated the indexes to under normal levels.CONCLUSION CP-25 might be a promising anti-inflammatory immune and regulation drug,which alleviated CIA and regulated the functions of B cells through BAFF/BAFF receptor-NF-κB signaling.

Studies on Structural Changes of Collagen in Silicosis

In order to provide scientific information on the prevention and treatment of silicosis,studies about changes of silicotic collagen in lungs were carried out. In this paper, we present experiments about the structural changes of collagen in silicotic lungs of rats and patients. These included electron microscopy, circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopy studies of collagen fibers. The results indicated that fibers of silicotic collagen were shorter in length, smaller in diameter and decreased in α-helix content. The -Si-O-R- group and -OH group were found increased and -C-C- backbone shortened. The increase of -Si-O-R-group indicated that silica formed linking bridges between collagens which may be the cause of progressive enlargement of nodules

盆腔脏器脱垂患者阴道壁组织MMP-1、TIMP-1和Collagen I表达的研究

目的:探讨盆腔脏器脱垂(POP)患者盆底支持结构胶原代谢与疾病发生发展的关系。方法:选择无压力性尿失禁(SUI)POP手术治疗患者30例为POP组,以同期无SUI和POP,因子宫良性病变行阴式全子宫切除术患者30例为对照组。采用免疫组化三步法检测阴道壁组织基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP-1)、组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)和Ⅰ型胶原(CollagenⅠ)的表达情况。结果:POP组阴道前壁组织中MMP-1表达显著高于对照组(P<0.05),TIMP-1的表达显著低于对照组(P<0.05),CollagenⅠ的表达显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。3者之间存在相关关系,其中CollagenⅠ与MMP-1呈负相关(r=-0.961,P<0.05),CollagenⅠ与TIMP-1呈正相关(r=0.982,P<0.05),MMP-1与TIMP-1呈负相关(r=-0.977,P<0.05)。结论:POP患者阴道壁组织中MMP-1表达增强而其抑制剂TIMP-1表达降低,导致CollagenⅠ分解增加可能是POP的发病机制之一。

Dynamic changes of activator protein 1 and collagen I expression in the sclera of myopia guinea pigs

AIM: To investigate the dynamic changes of activator protein 1(AP1) and collagen I expression in the sclera of form-deprivation myopic model in guinea pigs. METHODS: A form-deprivation myopic model in guinea pigs were established with the left eye covered for 2 to 6 wk(FDM group). Normal control group(n=25) were untreated. Changes in refractive power and axial length(AL) were measured and recorded at different time points. Expressions of AP1 and collagen 1 of the sclera were measured with Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The relationship between AP1 and collagen I levels was analyzed. RESULTS: After 0, 2, 4, 6 wk, and 4/-1 wk of form-deprivation, the diopter in the FDM group was gradually changed(2.08±0.31,-1.23±0.68,-4.17±0.58,-7.07±0.55, and-2.67±0.59 D, respectively, P<0.05), and the AL was gradually increased(5.90±0.38, 6.62±0.37, 7.30±0.35, 7.99±0.31, and 6.97±0.32 mm, respectively, P<0.05). With the prolongation of covered time, the protein expressions of AP1 and collagen I in the FDM group were gradually down-regulated(all P<0.05);the mRNA expressions of them were also gradually down-regulated(all P<0.05);and there was positive correlation between them. The control group had no obvious change in each index(all P>0.05). CONCLUSION: AP1 may be an important transcription factor involved in the regulation of collagen I synthesis and degradation during myopic scleral remodeling.

Process Control for Production of Human-like Collagen in Fed-batch Culture of Escherichia coli BL 21

Recombinant E. coli BL 21 was cultivated in high cell density to produce human-like collagen. The effects of the feeding of nitrogen source, controlled by an auto on/off-feeding mode with two different cycles of 0.5min and 4min intervals, oxygen-enrichment methods and inducement strength on the cell yield and human-like collagen production were investigated. The studies showed that nitrogen source feeding in fast cycle could result in higher human-like collagen production than that in slow cycle; and the feedback regulation of glucose, increase of the pressure of fermentation bioreactor, and supply of oxygen-enriched air could all increase cell yield and human-like collagen production. The effects of inducement strength on protein expression were found important. When OD600 reached 90-100, the cultivation temperature was increased to 42℃ to begin induction for 2-3 h, and then shifted to 39℃ for 5-6h induction, the cell density and human-like collagen production could reach 96g·L-1 [DCW (dry cell mass)] and 19.8% (g·g-1 DCW) respectively.

Analysis of Metabolic Products by Response Surface Methodology for Production of Human-like Collagen II

Recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 is used to produce human-like collagen. The key constituents of media are optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Before thermal induction, the highest biomass production and the lowest production of some hazardous by-products, especially acetic acid, were obtained in the media containing 0.085 mol·L-1 glucose and 0.019 mol·L-1 nitrogen (carbon-nitrogen ratio, 4.47:1). After thermal induction, when the concentrations of glucose and nitrogen in the media were 0.065 mol·L-1 and 0.017 mol·L-1 , respectively (carbon-nitrogen ratio, 3.82:1), the productivity of human-like collagen per cell was the highest while that of acetic acid was the lowest. The extended analysis showed that the production of lactic acid and propionic acid increased while that of some intermediate acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle decreased if the dose of glucose increased.

Effects of Icariin on Expression of OPN mRNA and Type ⅠCollagen in Rat Osteoblasts in Vitro

To study the effects of Icariin on expression of osteopontin （OPN） mRNA and type Ⅰ collagen in rat osteoblasts in vitro and to explore its possible mechanisms in preventing osteoporosis. OB was isolated from calvaria of new-born new-born fetal Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats by means of modified sequential collagenase digestion and incubated in MEM medium and the cell morphology was observed under inverted phase contrast microscope, OB was identified by alkaline phosphatase （ALP） staining. Different concentration （0.1μg/mL, 1.0 μg/mL, 10 μ/mL） of Icariin was added to the OB and incubated. The effect of Icariin on the proliferation and osteogenesis of OB was monitored by MTT analysis. The expression of type l collagen was estimated with immunohistochemistry techniques. The expression levels of mRNA of OPN in the cells in every group were examined by reverse-transcriptase ploymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. The expression of OPN mRNA and type Ⅰ collagen was strengthened gradually with the increase of Icariin concentration and peaked with 10 μg/mL Icariin on the 5th day. Icariin could significantly promote the expression of OPN mRNA and type Ⅰ collagen in rat osteoblasts in vitro. The levels of expression of OPN mRNA and type Ⅰ collagen were changed with different concentration of Icariin. Icariin could effectively prevent and treat osteoporosis and promote the bone formation.

Dietary protein levels changed the hardness of muscle by acting on muscle fiber growth and the metabolism of collagen in sub-adult grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Background:Nutrient regulation has been proven to be an effective way to improve the flesh quality in fish.As a necessary nutrient for fish growth,protein accounts for the highest proportion in the fish diet and is expensive.Although our team found that the effect of protein on the muscle hardness of grass carp was probably related to an increased collagen content,the mechanism for this effect has not been deeply explored.Moreover,few studies have explored the protein requirements of sub-adult grass crap(Ctenopharyngodon idella).Therefore,the effects of different dietary protein levels on the growth performance,nutritional value,muscle hardness,muscle fiber growth,collagen metabolism and related molecule expression in grass carp were investigated.Methods:A total of 450 healthy grass carp(721.16±1.98 g)were selected and assigned randomly to six experimen-tal groups with three replicates each(n=25/replicate),and were fed six diets with 15.91%,19.39%,22.10%,25.59%,28.53%and 31.42%protein for 60 d.Results:Appropriate levels of dietary protein increased the feed intake,percentage weight gain,specific growth rate,body composition,unsaturated fatty acid content in muscle,partial free amino acid content in muscle,and muscle hardness of grass carp.These protein levels also increased the muscle fiber density,the frequency of new muscle fibers,the contents of collagen and IGF-1,and the enzyme activities of prolyl 4-hydroxylases and lysyloxidase,and decreased the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2.At the molecular level,the optimal dietary protein increased col-lagen type Iα1(Colα1),Colα2,PI3K,Akt,S6K1,La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 6a(LARP6a),TGF-β1,Smad2,Smad4,Smad3,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2,MyoD,Myf5,MyoG and MyHC relative mRNA levels.The levels of the myostatin-1 and myostatin-2 genes were downregulated,and the protein expression levels of p-Smad2,Smad2,Smad4,p-Akt,Akt,LARP6 and Smad3 were increased.Conclusions:The appropriate levels of dietary protein promoted the growth of sub-adult grass carp and improved muscle hardness by promoting the growth of muscle fibers,improving collagen synthesis and depressing collagen degradation.In addition,the dietary protein requirements of sub-adult grass carp were 26.21%and 24.85%according to the quadratic regression analysis of growth performance(SGR)and the muscle hardness(collagen content),respectively.

Covalent and Ionic Bonding between Tannin and Collagen in Leather Making and Shrinking:A MALDI-ToF Study

Collagen powder hydrolysates were reacted with a solution of commercial mimosa bark tannin extract.The mixture was prepared at ambient temperature and prepared at 80°C to determine what reactions,if any,did occur between the collagen protein through its amino acids and the polyphenolic condensed tannin.The reaction products obtained were analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight(MALDI ToF)mass spectrometry.Reactions between the two materials did appear to occur,with the formation of a relatively small proportion of covalent and ionic linkages at ambient temperature but a considerable proportion of covalent linkages tannin-protein amino acids and the disappearance of ionic bonds.The linkages between the two materials appeared to be by amination of the phenolic–OHs of the tannin by the amino groups of the non-skeletal side chains of arginine,and by esterification by the–COOH groups of glutamic and aspartic acid of the aliphatic alcohol-OH on the C3 site of the flavonoid units heterocycle of the tannin.The proportion of covalent linkages increases markedly and predominate with increasing temperatures.This tightening of the tannin-protein covalent network formed may be an additional contributing factor both to leather wear resistance and performance as well to leather shrinking when this is subjected to excessive temperatures.

Attenuation of Collagen Induced Arthritis by Centella asiatica Methanol Fraction via Modulation of Cytokines and Oxidative Stress

Objective To investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-arthritic effects of Centello asiatica methanolfraction （CAME） on collagen-induced arthritis （ClA）, an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Arthritis was induced in female wistar rats by immunization with porcine type II collagen. The CIA rats were treated orally with CaME （50, 150, and 250 mg/kg/day） for 15 d （beginning on day 21 of the experimental period）. The clinical, histological, biochemical, and immunological parameters were assessed. Results CaME treatment （150 and 250 mg/kg） significantly attenuated the severity of CIA and reduced the synovial inflammation, cartilage erosion, and bone erosion as evident from both histological and radiographic data. The escalated plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 alongwith nitric oxide in CIA rats decreased significantly on CaME treatment. The serum levels of type-Ⅱ collagen antibody were significantly lower in rats of CaME （150 and 250 mg/kg） treated group than those in the arthritic group. Furthermore, by inhibiting the above mediators, CaME also contributed towards the reversal of the disturbed antioxidant levels and peroxidative damage. Conclusion Our results clearly indicate that oral administration of CaME suppresses joint inflammation, cytokine expression as well as antioxidant imbalance, thereby contributing to an amelioration of arthritis severity in CIA rats.

Clinical effects of injectable collagen in lower-lid pretarsal fullness rejuvenation

Background: Lower-lid pretarsal fullness rejuvenation is a popular surgery for Asian women. However, the current procedures have clinical complications and are not stable in the long-term. Here, we analyzed the effect of injectable collagen on lower-lid pretarsal fullness rejuvenation.Methods: To investigate the clinical effect of injectable collagen in lower-lid pretarsal fullness rejuvenation, we observed 32 Chinese Han female patients aged 18–55 years with non-distinctive lower-lid pretarsal fullness and no history of lower eyelid surgery or trauma. The injectable collagen products were used for local filling correction. After surgery, the patients were followed up for 12 months. A correction effect was evaluated through an analysis of volume changes using a visual analog scale. Adverse reactions were also recorded.Results: All patients achieved good aesthetic outcomes and strong stereoscopic impressions of lower-lid pretarsal fullness. Complications, such as edema and bruising, were not observed after the injection. Immediately after the operation, the average visual analog score was 2.65 ± 0.56. Six months after the operation, the average visual analog score was 2.96 ± 0.41. The patients reported high satisfaction levels. Immediately after the operation, the average lower-lid pretarsal fullness volume increase was 0.19 ± 0.04 m L on the left side and 0.21 ± 0.03 m L on the right side. After a 12-month follow-up, the average residual volume was 0.17 ± 0.06 m L on the left side and 0.19 ± 0.04 m L on the right side, suggesting that the injected collagen impact was stable.Conclusion: Injectable collagen promotes a vivid, natural appearance and is highly effective in rejuvenating lowerlid pretarsal fullness with low absorption rates in later stages. Therefore, injectable collagen should be considered in correcting congenital, non-distinctive, lower-lid pretarsal fullness in clinical practice.

Which form of collagen is suitable for nerve cell culture?

In this study, we investigated the effects of hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed collagen and two-di- mensional and three-dimensional collagen matrices on cell survival, attachment and neurite out- growth of primary cultured nerve cells using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） colorimetric assay and inverted microscopy. Hydrolyzed collagen facilitated nerve cell survival and neurite outgrowth, but it had no obvious influences on cell attachment. In contrast, non-hydrolyzed two-dimensional collagen matrix had no obvious effects on neurite outgrowth. These findings suggest that hydrolyzed collagen is an ideal nerve cell culture media.

Promotion of minTBP-1-PRGDN on the attachment,proliferation and collagen I synthesis of human keratocyte on titanium

AIM: To investigate the influence of minTBP-1-PRGDN on the attachment,proliferation and collagen I synthesis of human keratocyte on titanium(Ti) surface. · METHODS: The chimeric peptide RKLPDAPRGDN(minTBP-1-PRGDN) was synthesized by connecting RKLPDA(minTBP-1) to the N-terminal of PRGDN,the influence of minTBP-1-PRGDN on the attachment,proliferation and collagen I synthesis of human keratocyte on Ti surface were tested using PRGDN and minTBP-1 as controls. The keratocytes attached to the surface of Ti were either stained with FITC-labeled phalloidin and viewed with fluorescence microscope or quantified with alamar Blue method. The proliferation of keratocytes on Ti were quantified with 3-(4,5-dim-ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide uptaking methods. The secretion of type I collagen was determined using an ELISA kit. ·RESULTS: The results showed that minTBP-1-PRGDN at a concentration of 100ng/mL was the most potent peptide to enhance the attachment of human keratocytes to the surface of Ti(1.40±0.03 folds,P =0.003),to promote the proliferation(1.26 ±0.05 folds,P =0.014) and the synthesis of type I collagen(1.530 ±0.128,P =0.008). MinTBP-1 at the same concentration could only promote the attachment(1.13±0.04 folds,P =0.020) and proliferation(1.15±0.06 folds,P =0.021),while PRGDN had no significant influence(P 】0.05). ·CONCLUSION: Our data show that the novel chimericpeptide minTBP-1-PRGDN could promote the attachment,proliferation and type I collagen synthesis of human keratocytes on the surface of titanium.

Long-time Fulvic Acid Supplementation Modulates Hydroxylysyl Glycosylation of Collagen in Mice

In order to investigate the impact of fulvic acid (FA) on the hydroxylysyl glycosylation in collagen bio-synthesis, 40 NMRI mice were divided into two groups (n=20 in each group, consisting 10 females and 10 males). The animal was maintained for two generations by different diets: control group with normal water and food and study group with water containing 30mg/L FA and normal food. The second generation of the animal was slaughtered, and the biochemical parameters of collagen content and the degree of collagen hydroxylysyl glycosylation in skin, rib and tibia were detected by biochemical methods. The mean value of collagen in the study group was increased slightly, and no significant difference between study group and control group was found (P> 0.05), but the content of glucose-glactose-hydroxylysine (GGH) was significantly decreased in the study group in comparison with the control group (P<0.01). It was suggested that through the decrease of GGH 30 mg/L FA could inhibit the activity of galactosyl-hydroxylysylglucosyl-transferase and further disturb the post-translational modification of collagen intracellularly.

The effect of Nifedipine on the expression of type I collagen in gingival fibroblasts

Objective：To investigate the effect of nifedipine（calciumchannel blocker） on the expression of collagen in gingival fibroblasts invitro. Methods：Primarily gingival fibroblasts were cultured and incubated with various concentrations of nifedipine（108 μg/L, 360 μg/L and 1200 μg/L）for 5 days. Gingival fibroblasts were primarily cultured derived from nifedipine responders and nonresponders in the presence of 360 μg/L nifedipine. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate the amount of type I collagen. Cell proliferation was measured by cell counting with evaluating MTT value. Results：The expressions of collagen and cell proliferation were significantly different among the high concentration groups and the others on the fifth day, especially higher in 360 μg/L and 1200 μg/L groups and also different among nifedipine responders and non-responders. Conclusion：The expression of collagen and cell proliferation may be concerned with the biological mechanism for gingival overgrowth.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN DIFFERENT EXPRESSION AND ORGANIZATION OF COLLAGEN IN SKIN WOUNDS OF ADULT AND FETAL RATS

Objective To observe the spatial and temporal distribution of collagen in fetal and adult rats wounds. Methods The organization of collagen deposition in fetal and adult rats skin wounds were observed by using van Gieson stain. The methods of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were applied to examine collagen type Ⅰ and Ⅲ peptide and mRNA localization at serial time point during wound healing. Results Collagen type Ⅰ and Ⅲ were present in wounds of both fetal and adult rats, but the timing and pattern of collagen deposition varied. In the fetus, collagen wes detected by 48h postwounding (PW), but uns not present in the adult wounds until 5d PW. N in situ hybridization, signals in the area of the fetal wound were clearly greater and with increased number of cells as compered to that in the adjacent unwounded tissue. Adult rat wounds had evidence in increased signals of procollagen type Ⅰ and Ⅲ production by wound fibroblasts on day 5. Collagen deposited and wes arranged in reticular pattern as that of the nounal in fetal wounds. While in the adult wound, collagen deposited in the fashion of course bundles. bundles Conclusion Fetal rat wounds appeared to produce collagen mainly by an increased number offibroblasts in the area of the wound. In contrast, adult rat wounds underwent fibroblast migration and induction of procollagen mRNA synthesis. Our results Suggest that the deposition of collagen type Ⅰ and Ⅲ is regulated by their gene expression. Chllagen type Ⅲ plays an important role in the arrangement of collagen depoition.

From Lab to Market:The Rising Recombinant Collagen in the Cosmetic Industry

1 Introduction to recombinant collagen1.1 What recombinant collagen is?In the cosmetics industry,innovation is largely driven by breakthroughs in ingredients.Historically,many brands have achieved significant success by harnessing the potential of exclusive ingredients.Examples include Pro-Xylane for L’Oréal,nicotinamide for Olay,etc.Currently,recombinant collagen is the rising star in the cosmetics industry.Collagen widely exists in tissues such as skin,bones,and muscles.Its supportive,reparative,and protective properties make it a vital substance in maintaining skin elasticity and moisture.As Dr.J.Brandt-the father of collagen,stated,the skin aging process is the process of collagen breakdown and loss.Therefore,how to supplement the continuous loss of collagen has long been a focus of dermatological research.