History Teacher Training from Decolonial Curriculum Practices to Combat Racism at UniProjeção in the Federal District-A Secondary Publication

This article aims to understand the training process of history undergraduates,to see if there are decolonial curricular practices to combat racism at the Centro Universitário e Faculdade Projeção(UniProjeção)in the Federal District,to understand how coloniality has corroborated the exclusion of different epistemologies and the erasure of different cultures,and how this exclusionary process of coloniality interferes in the training of history teachers.In order to combat this practice,we are looking for alternatives that can break these suppressions carried out by Europeans.In this way,we turn to decolonial ideas that aim to break with the logic of coloniality.We can conclude that these practices are poorly developed in the institution,so we proposed active problem-based methodology and music as a didactic resource.As playful educational tools that strengthen the teaching-learning process,they are active agents in the decolonial work of combating racism,and it is essential to train responsible and ethical teachers in the fight against racism and any form of oppression.

Decolonizing African Agriculture

William Moseley o!ers a critical examination of why Westernled agricultural policies have often fallen short in Sub-Saharan Africa.Supported with compelling analysis,he argues that these failures stem from a colonial-based agricultural science,which prioritises power and political agendas over the unique needs of African communities.To e!ectively address food security,Moseley calls for a shift towards an indigenous agronomy that supports small-scale farmers through social innovation and local knowledge.

A Post-colonial Approach to The Last of the Mohicans

The Last of the Mohicans is one of the five frontier novels written by famous American novelist James Fenimore Cooper in the early 19thcentury.Although it has been criticized for its narrative flaws,its length and formal prose style,it was one of the most popular in its time and is of a high literary value nowadays.With the coming of the white European colonialists,the Indians underwent various changes.Some Indians submitted themselves to the white while some Indians rebelled against the invaders and sought their revenge.With a post-colonial approach,the changes of the Indians will be better understood,and people nowadays will also have a better understanding of the Indian history and culture in early American history.

Performance in Caribbean and African Literatures as Subversion of the Colonial Order

In the past oral Caribbean and African cultures,performances by the“griots”reminded the community of its heroic past.In colonial studies,performance is a way for the colonized people to reconnect with its original soul and language and to become magnificent of creativity like the storyteller Solibo in Chamoiseau’s Solibo Magnifique(Caribbean).In Chamoiseau’s novel,the Black policemen who came to investigate on Solibo’s sudden death during the performance look grotesque.They mimic the French colonizers with their“baton”and their racism at thinking evil of the Black community and they provoke laughter.Mimicry and the irony it conveys,subverts the formerly ironclad authority of the colonial order(Homi K.Bhabha in Location of Culture).The Cameroonian writer Werewere Liking-Gnépo also warns the Africans of the danger of wearing the White Mask of the colonizers(like Fanon in Black Skin,White Masks).She demonstrates in her Song/Novel She will be of Jasper and Coral,that while the African Mask empowers the performer of metaphysical powers,the White Mask of colonialism on the contrary weakens the performer who internalizes his inferiority and becomes complicit of his subjugation.Fortunately,Werewere Liking-Gnépo shows ithat the White Mask of colonialism can be used to mimic the harshness and corruption of the Colonial order and in doing so to bring back regeneration of Africa.

Sublimated Colonialism： The Persistence of Actually Existing Settler-Colonialism

In my paper, “Sublimated Colonialism： The Persistence of Actually Existing Settler-Colonialism,” I interrogate the remaining settler-colonialisms that refused to disappear during the epoch of decolonization. I am most concerned with those settler-colonialisms that persist at the centers of world capitalism, and examine bow this social context often produces an ideology that relegates the concrete reality of settler-colonialism to the past, pushing its existence under supposedly “modem” social relations. Since Frantz Fanon＇s analysis of settler-colonialism, and the class contradiction between colonizer and colonized, was developed in an era where settler-colonialism was partially defined by the relationship between motherland and colony, some often imagine that the era of settler-colonialism is over. Clearly settler-colonialism did not vanish along with this distinction; internal colonies are retained in North America, for example, and the state of Israel is perhaps the most recent historical of this type of colonialism since it was settled and established in the 20th century. Moreover, there is often talk of a “world-wide indigenous movement” which claims to represent a global anti-colonialist front. The point of my paper, therefore, is to examine how settler-colonialism functions and persists when the settler-colony has become synonymous with the motherland. In this social context, colonizers often imagine themselves as the native inhabitants, while those who remain colonized are pushed even further out of history than they were during the previous era of settler-colonialism.

Simone de Beauvoir on the Situation and Rights of French Women Colonizer

The goal of this paper is to establish from Simone de Beauvoir＇s perspective what happens when the situation and rights of French women are examined from the purview of their position as colonial subjects--as women colonizer. Following the analysis of Beauvoir as featured in The Ethics of Ambiguity and The Second Sex, the author first begins by examining the situation and rights of French women colonizer as it relates to the situation of the colonized. And then, the author examines the situation and rights of these women from their own stands as women and in relationships to the situation and rights of white French men. The paper concludes that while French women may have experienced white privilege, they suffered from gender oppression deriving from their second-class status as French colonial subjects.

＂Cunning Tactics＂： Indigenous Responses to the Imposition of German Colonial Rule in East Africa

Examinations of the German colonial empire often focus on questions of ideology, metropolitan politics, or seek to address questions related to the ＂special path＂ of German history. All too often, the German invaders are portrayed as omnipotent and intellectually superior to their African allies and opponents. This paper argues for the primacy of ＂events on the ground＂, and instead focuses on the initiative and choices made by local African actors during the protracted conflict between the Germans and the Hehe in German East Africa （modem Tanzania） in the 1890s. During this conflict, African elites sought to maximize their own power, wealth, and prestige by utilizing German resources to their own ends. Overall, this work argues for the centrality of African politics and policy-making during early colonialism.

In Quest of＂Answers＂ in the Colonial Sands： A Comparative Study of Waliullah and Camus＇ ＂Absurd＂ Protagonists

Syed Waliullah （1922-1971） and Albert Camus （1913-1960） are two distinct writers from two different continents. These writers have interesting commonness, especially in two of their novels—Chander Amabasya （Night of No Moon）, by Walilullah and The Outsider by Camus. The protagonists in both of these novels, ArifAli and Meursault respectively, suffer from existentialist crisis, mainly fueled by the impacts of the tarnished history of colonialism and the aftermaths. Even though the stories of the these protagonists take place almost halfway round the world in entirely different settings, the impacts and facades of the crisis are strikingly similar. This paper is a comparative study of soul-searching Arif Ali and Meursault.

Defining Landscape： Resolving Contradictions at Postcolonial Omhedi, the Oukwanyama Royal Palace, Namibia

The history of Omhedi in north-central Namibia is not simply about place but is a site that internalizes conflictual and contradictory social forces which are inscribed in place. While Omhedi was a contested site of conflict during the war of liberation and served as a stage for ethnographic tours and photography, it has in post-colonial period come to represent a segment of important local power as it is currently the seat of the new Oukwanyama kingship. The central aim of this paper is to explain the transformation of Omhedi as a site of＂spectacles＂ of culture during the colonial period and as the seat of Oukwanyama monarchy in post-colonial Namibia. It centrally asks how the colonial politics of the time influenced the way Omhedi was organized and accessed and the ways in which people attach meaning to and organize a sense of space and place in the postcolonial era. This paper is significant as it explores how political legitimacy can be reactivated at such a contradictory site of＂traditional＂ power like Omhedi and what meanings these hold in terms of access in postcolonial Namibia. I conclude by raising issues of the past with the restoration of the Oukwanyama monarchy and its installation at Omhedi after independence, posing key questions about shifts in political legitimacy in both the colony and the post-colony. My analysis utilizes theories on the important use of landscape as a physical ＂space＂ for living, but also as a ＂place＂ with its meanings and contributions to societal identity. Consequently the place identity is a particular element contributing to sense of place. I argue that there exists a sense of nostalgia that many Ovakwanyama people have for a precolonial past, and the Omhedi landscape serves that purpose. In analyzing these sentiments against the construction of Omhedi as a space and place, this highlights a sense of identity and belonging that many Ovakwanyama people have towards Omhedi in default of any site with deeper legitimation or authenticity.

The Actualization of Post-colonialism in Movies

The post-colonialism is a theory proposed by the eastern colonial academist Edward W. Said. With the understanding and the definition of post-colonialism, the paper is to analyze phenomena of the movie 2012 and Avatar from several aspects. Firstly, the ＂other＂ is the first angle to be talked about. In the Westerners＇ perspective, they are the center of the world, and they dominate the world. Their rules are the accepted rules, and people of different origin or different cultures are all called ＂other＂. Secondly, it is the degeneration of eastern culture. In the complex of the degeneration of the culture, the demonization of the under-developed nations, the dominant language of English in the communication with the people around, feminization of the characters in the movies, and the updated colonialism of the colonized countries are to be mentioned.

Conrad's growing criticism of British colonialism in Youth volume

In Youth volume,Conrad shows his growing criticism of British colonialism.But because of his special favor to Britain,his disaffection with British colonialism is implicit,which is presented by a western voice in Youth,Kurtz’s non-pure British heritage in Heart of Darkness,and Whalley’s pure English seaman in The End of the Tether.

A Brief Examination of India-Africa Relations in the Western Colonial Period

Ancient India and Africa had thousands of years of early economic and cultural exchanges based on the basis of spontaneous equality.As the two sides gradually became colonies of Western countries,they passively changed their original communication methods and modes,and even partly changed them.The relationship between India and Africa during this period was linked to the growth and decline of Western powers in the Indian Ocean region,reflecting the internal governance methods and foreign relations concepts of the non-colonial rulers of India.It has generally experienced the Portuguese colonial period,the period of hegemony and the period of British rule.In a large period of time,the sub-stages such as the rule of the Mughal Empire and the British East India Company can also be detailed.Together,they present a relatively unique picture of historical exchanges between colonial Indo-African countries or regions.

Some Thoughts on the Portuguese Colonial City and Architecture in Post-Colonial Times

The research on the architecture and urbanism of the former Portuguese Africa allows us to consider and to establish the real intrinsic value, typological and morphological diversity, and the lengthy duration of the legacy of this architectural/urban heritage. Portuguese colonization in Africa produced more recently, mostly in the period 1950-1975, some vast and great material values, of which seven or eight main cities, including the vast contents of their modern architecture, are striking examples. We can evaluate the most positive aspects with future impact represented by this Portuguese architects＇ practice （cultural ethics, use of modern technology, and service to society） and the architectonic work produced during that era. Although these cities and its architecture were created within a late colonial context of indisputable discrimination, they have prevailed despite wars and circumstantial abandonment. Now they represent a consistent material basis for the modernization and/or revitalization of urban life in these countries. Architects that are at present working and intervening in these countries should understand this ambivalence and complementary nature between the ex-colonial ＂concrete city＂ and the ＂informal city＂ pre- and post-colonial, so that their performance is socially and culturally informed, correct, and positive.

Phylogenetic Relationships and Status Quo of Colonies for Gayal Based on Analysis of Cytochrome b Gene Partial Sequences

Thirty-three mutations and four different haplotypes were found when cytochrome b（Cytb） gene partial sequences of 12 gayals were analyzed. Together with sequences of Bos indicus, Bos taurus, Bos grunniens, and Bos gaurus with Bubalus bubalis as the out group, the partial sequences of Cytb gene of gayals were aligned and base composition and nucleotide variation of Cytb gene were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by the NJ method and the MP method respectively, both supporting almost the same topology. Gayal is an independent species of Bos from Bos indicus, Bos taurus, and Bos gaurus. The results also indicate that a great proportion of gayal bloodline was invaded by other species, and the protection of gayal is facing a formidable situation.

Deadly oasis:Recurrent annihilation of Cretaceous desert bryophyte colonies;the role of solar,climate and lithospheric forcing

Many oases(wet interdunes)are sedimentary systems characterized by high-frequency water-level oscillations,marked changes in salinity and intense biological activity at their margins.They are considered to be one of the most challenging environments on Earth for ecosystem development.These dynamic,depositional settings are usually unfavourable for fossilization and subsequent preservation of vegetal remains.This paper describes bryophyte(liverwort)assemblages occurring in three successive horizons interpreted to represent(i)recurrent early successional phases of biological soil crust colonization of wet interdune margins or(ii)exceptional preservation of floating or riparian liverworts in oasis pond waters associated with a progressive fall of the interdune water level.The record of in situ colonization surfaces characterized by delicate(e.g.lignin-free)three-dimensional structures represents an exceptional type of preservation herein associated with a rapid variation in phreatic interdune water level and the subsequent establishment of anoxic and reducing conditions.The occurrence of exceptionally preserved liverwort colonies coincides with the sedimentary record of,at least,three seismite levels in the oasis.Data gathered from the site suggests that the water table of the oasis was controlled by a combination of(i)a positive creation of accommodation space due to subsidence associated with movement on syn-sedimentary extensional faults,and(ii)the rise and fall of the oasis water table controlled by the oscillations of the groundwater system due to orbital changes which appear to drive the variability of the climate system.Rising groundwater levels flooded the oasis soil crusts and lead to the exceptional recurrent preservation of liverwort colonies at the oasis margins.Alternatively,considering the hypothesis of floating or riparian liverworts in the oasis pond waters,the fall in the level of the oasis water table placed the floating liverworts in contact with the oasis bottom sediments.This fall in the level of the oasis water table could indicate a cessation of accommodation space by syn-sedimentary extensional faults and/or a regional lowering of the groundwater system level associated with drought periods.Preliminary results indicate that oasis lamination between liverwort colonies records decadal and sub-decadal cyclicity,related with 11-year Schwabe sunspot and sub-decadal NAO cyclicities,conferring for every sedimentary cycle between liverwort colonies a duration of approximately 200 years,that otherwise matches the expected recurrence period for the De Vries cycle of solar activity.

Growth of Circulating Tumor Cell-Derived Colonies from Peripheral Blood of Melanoma Patients: Preliminary Characterization of Colony Composition

Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are rarely detected in the blood of cancer patients, even though they are a direct harbinger of eventual patient demise. We developed an innovative CTC culture technology to allow more sensitive isolation, expansion, and characterization of viable colonies from patient blood. In this assay, the entire leukocyte fraction from 10 ml of anticoagulated patient blood is placed into culture medium without any pre-selection. After 16 days in culture, CTC derived colonies are counted. As a proof-of-principle, blood samples from 58 Stage IIa-IV melanoma patients were tested. Ninety percent of these samples grew colonies. The colony numbers ranged from 0 - 308 (mean 63 ± 9.5 SEM). Ten normal volunteers had virtually no growth (mean 0.5 ± 1.4 colonies). Colonies were harvested using a micropipette for characterization. Tumor-cell containing spheroids were embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with melanoma-specific mAb for histologic characterization. MITF proved to be the most consistent immunostain that identified melanoma cells in these colonies. A host-cell component in colonies was also identified using CD68 and CD43 mAb staining. Following enzymatic dissociation of colonies, a variety of immunostains were tested. Papanicolau staining proved most useful for identifying the abnormal nuclei of tumor cells. Flow cytometry could readily distinguish host and tumor cell populations based on DNA content and forward/side scatter in dissociated colonies. The stem cell marker ALDH1A1 associated with the aneuploid population, but CD45 was expressed on both diploid and aneuploid cells. The ability to repeatedly isolate CTC derived colonies from cancer patient blood samples opens the door to a novel type of long-term clinical monitoring. This novel CTC culture technology may prove useful to perform molecular characterization, assessment of treatment response, and testing of drug sensitivity and resistance in patients during treatment.

Ardeid nesting colonies in central Guizhou,southwestern China

A survey of Ardeid nesting colonies in central Guizhou,southwestern China in May 2006,which covered about one-third of the area of this province,recorded a total of 1587 nests of five species,i.e.,Little Egret (Egretta garzetta),Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis),Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus),Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) at 11 nesting colonies.The largest colonies were recorded at Fengyunyan and Yanfu resorts,the smallest one at Luobolin.The Little Egret was the dominant nesting species (49.7% of the total number of nests) and the Grey Heron was the least abundant (0.1%).All nesting colonies were located in the northern and central parts of Guizhou;no colonies were found in the Leigongshan area,the southern part of this province.The distribution of nesting colonies in central Guizhou appears to be affected by the relative composition of winter (wheat and vegetable) and summer (rice) crops during the breeding season (between late March and June).No colonies were found around farmlands with winter crops and most colonies were situated around rice paddies.The farmland use pattern is affected by rainfall.The summer crop is delayed if the rainy season starts late and the rainfall is light.Priority for conservation of the Ardeids in central Guizhou should be given to the larger colonies i.e.,Yanfu and Fengyunyan resorts.

Prediction of Clostridium difficile infection based on gut microbial traits in patients with Clostridium difficile colonization

To the Editor : Cirrhotic patients usually require multiple hospitalizations due to upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, abdominal infection, and hepatic encephalopathy. These patients need long-term hospital stay, and long-term application of proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics, which may result in Clostridium difficile infection(CDI) [1]. To our best knowledge, Clostridium difficile colonization(CDC) is the major risk factor for the pathogenesis of CDI.

Iodine deficiency and women’s health: Colonialism’s malign effect on health in Oromia region, in Ethiopia

Objectives: Iodine is an essential nutrient needed for the synthesis of hormone thyroxin. Hormone thyroxin is involved in the metabolism of several nutrients, the regulation of enzymes and differentiation of cells, tissues and organs. Iodine deficiency (ID) impairs the development of the brain and nervous system. It affects cognitive capacity, educability, productivity and child mortality. ID hinders physical strength and causes reproductive failure. The objective of this paper is to explore if the health impacts of ID are more common and severe among women. Design: Using primary data (notes from a visit) and secondary data, this paper examines if the effects of ID are more common and severe among Oromo women inEthiopia. Findings: The health impacts of ID are more common and severe among women. Conclusions: ID is an easily preventable nutritional problem. In Oromia, the persistence of ID is explained by the Ethiopian government’s colonial social policies. Preventing ID should be seen as part of the efforts we make to enhance capacity building, promote health, gender equity and social justice. Implications: Iodine deficiency has a wide range of biological, social, economic and cultural impacts. Preventing ID can be instrumental in bringing about gender equity and building the capacity of people.

An analysis of The Last Emperor from the perspective of Post-colonialism

The Italian film The Last Emperor has strong color of post-colonialism,therefore,my paper will analyze the film from the perspective of post-colonialism.The two important terms in post-colonialism theory closely related to the film are "Orientalism",and "the other".My paper focus on analyzing the China's image in European films from the angles of "Oriental ism" and "the other".My paper reveals that the China's image in European films can't break away from Orientalism,and the western world describe the oriental world according to its own imagination and think itself as a savior to the oriental world.Therefore,what we Chinese should do is being initiative to describe ourselves to shape a new image of real China.