According to the theory of crystal field, the existing state of chromium ions in β-C_2S was studied with optical spectra and EPR. The energy levels of chromium ions were calculated. Chromium ions exist in form of Cr^...According to the theory of crystal field, the existing state of chromium ions in β-C_2S was studied with optical spectra and EPR. The energy levels of chromium ions were calculated. Chromium ions exist in form of Cr^(4+) and Cr^(5+) coordinated with distorted octahedra. The reason of fading of β-C_2S hydrate is that the strength of light absorption declines be- cause of the valence change of chromium ions and chroninm dissolves out and loses in water.展开更多
The paper studied the relationship between microstructure and shape recovery characteristics by using colored microstructure analysis under polarized light on the thermomechanical cycled CuAlNi single crystals. The tw...The paper studied the relationship between microstructure and shape recovery characteristics by using colored microstructure analysis under polarized light on the thermomechanical cycled CuAlNi single crystals. The two-way shape memory effect in quenched thin bar resulted from the preferential formation/extinction of martensite variant due to the internal quench stress, and the variant was formed at an angle of about 45 deg. with the tension direction ([001] of the βphase). Initial thermomechanical cycling under relatively low stress single variant stress-induced martensite was formed at an angle of 45 deg. with the tension and its morphology was a lath of parallel twins. More than one group of variants were formed after several training cycles and such variants also caused tilting of some thermally formed accommodated martensite. By overheating the trained sample containing stabilized multi-variants of stress-induced martensite, very coarse martensite structure with a strong asymmetry was produced, which caused the reverse two-way shape memory effect.展开更多
Reactions 13 wheat cultivars to 18 Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates, collected from three distinct localities, were in average different but differences among individual cultivars were small. All cultivars were sus...Reactions 13 wheat cultivars to 18 Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates, collected from three distinct localities, were in average different but differences among individual cultivars were small. All cultivars were susceptible to septoria tritici blotch. Reactions of wheat cultivars to M. graminicola isolates varied from 31% to 41%. Some cultivars had low differences but the other high in reactions to used isolates in average. Variance of individual cultivars to all isolates in reactions of maximal and minimal values fluctuated between 44-80%. More differences were in reactions between individual isolates to single cultivars. Aggressiveness individual isolates to all tested cultivars oscillated in average from 9% to 66% of necrotic leaf area covered by pycnidia. Three isolates had very low, whereas five isolates had high aggressiveness in average to all cultivars. Difference in maximal and minimal aggressiveness of individual isolates to all cultivars was between 13 and 60%. Avirulent reaction was ascertained in the cultivar Rexia to one isolate. Isolates showed wide differences in colored and morphological characteristics. Dissimilarity and similarity was in border shape, cultivation types, surface and coloration of isolate colony also.展开更多
文摘According to the theory of crystal field, the existing state of chromium ions in β-C_2S was studied with optical spectra and EPR. The energy levels of chromium ions were calculated. Chromium ions exist in form of Cr^(4+) and Cr^(5+) coordinated with distorted octahedra. The reason of fading of β-C_2S hydrate is that the strength of light absorption declines be- cause of the valence change of chromium ions and chroninm dissolves out and loses in water.
文摘The paper studied the relationship between microstructure and shape recovery characteristics by using colored microstructure analysis under polarized light on the thermomechanical cycled CuAlNi single crystals. The two-way shape memory effect in quenched thin bar resulted from the preferential formation/extinction of martensite variant due to the internal quench stress, and the variant was formed at an angle of about 45 deg. with the tension direction ([001] of the βphase). Initial thermomechanical cycling under relatively low stress single variant stress-induced martensite was formed at an angle of 45 deg. with the tension and its morphology was a lath of parallel twins. More than one group of variants were formed after several training cycles and such variants also caused tilting of some thermally formed accommodated martensite. By overheating the trained sample containing stabilized multi-variants of stress-induced martensite, very coarse martensite structure with a strong asymmetry was produced, which caused the reverse two-way shape memory effect.
文摘Reactions 13 wheat cultivars to 18 Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates, collected from three distinct localities, were in average different but differences among individual cultivars were small. All cultivars were susceptible to septoria tritici blotch. Reactions of wheat cultivars to M. graminicola isolates varied from 31% to 41%. Some cultivars had low differences but the other high in reactions to used isolates in average. Variance of individual cultivars to all isolates in reactions of maximal and minimal values fluctuated between 44-80%. More differences were in reactions between individual isolates to single cultivars. Aggressiveness individual isolates to all tested cultivars oscillated in average from 9% to 66% of necrotic leaf area covered by pycnidia. Three isolates had very low, whereas five isolates had high aggressiveness in average to all cultivars. Difference in maximal and minimal aggressiveness of individual isolates to all cultivars was between 13 and 60%. Avirulent reaction was ascertained in the cultivar Rexia to one isolate. Isolates showed wide differences in colored and morphological characteristics. Dissimilarity and similarity was in border shape, cultivation types, surface and coloration of isolate colony also.
