Simulation of CIECAM02 color appearance model based on Chinese color system

Color appearance model （CAM） can be used to determine the required colors for repro- duction across changes in cross-media. CIECAM02 color appearance model prediction is implemen- ted by artificial neural networks in this paper, which includes forward and reversed prediction. 1333 color samples as training samples and other 1332 color samples as test samples are selected in the Chinese color system. In order to test the prediction accuracy of neural networks after simulation of CIECAM02 color appearance model, the color-difference formula can be used for the evaluation of forward and reversed models. Results have shown that BP neural-network has acceptable accuracy in simulation of CIECAM02 color appearance model for colors of Chinese color system.

An Efficient Text Recognition System from Complex Color Image for Helping the Visually Impaired Persons

The challenge faced by the visually impaired persons in their day-today lives is to interpret text from documents.In this context,to help these people,the objective of this work is to develop an efficient text recognition system that allows the isolation,the extraction,and the recognition of text in the case of documents having a textured background,a degraded aspect of colors,and of poor quality,and to synthesize it into speech.This system basically consists of three algorithms:a text localization and detection algorithm based on mathematical morphology method(MMM);a text extraction algorithm based on the gamma correction method(GCM);and an optical character recognition(OCR)algorithm for text recognition.A detailed complexity study of the different blocks of this text recognition system has been realized.Following this study,an acceleration of the GCM algorithm(AGCM)is proposed.The AGCM algorithm has reduced the complexity in the text recognition system by 70%and kept the same quality of text recognition as that of the original method.To assist visually impaired persons,a graphical interface of the entire text recognition chain has been developed,allowing the capture of images from a camera,rapid and intuitive visualization of the recognized text from this image,and text-to-speech synthesis.Our text recognition system provides an improvement of 6.8%for the recognition rate and 7.6%for the F-measure relative to GCM and AGCM algorithms.

Voice Guidance System for Color Recognition Based on IoT

We often need to identify the colors of such objects as buildings,clothing,photos,and traffic signs in everyday life.Some people cannot distinguish among such colors.This study proposes a method to help people,including colorblind people,identify colors.We establish a platform for color identification that is connected by the Internet of Things(IoT).The Espressif Systems 32(ESP32)single chip is connected to a Wi-Fi communication network to transmit data to the color identification platform.The system interface is displayed in the form of color code and color name display.The speech synthesis module Speech Synthesizer Node 6288(SYN6288)is used to broadcast color-related information.Since there are many color conversion technologies in modern times,or other color recognition methods are not applicable to the guide-blind function.Therefore,the authors use the method of reading out color-related information to directly enable colorblind people to conveniently identify the colors of objects.After experiments:the accuracy of various colors,the accuracy of environmental impact,the comparison of the original sensing experiment and the effect of adding interference light sources,the time required for color sensing to identify various colors,and the interference test results of any color light source,it is proved that the research mentioned in this research.The proposed method can not only improve the rate of recognition of the system in different environments,but can also accurately identify a variety of colors.The platform is integrated with the IoT to allow users to quickly monitor the displayed data.

Clinical usefulness of linked color imaging in identifying Helicobacter pylori infection:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Accurate diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection status is a crucial premise for eradication therapy,as well as evaluation of risk for gastric cancer.Recent progress on imaging enhancement endoscopy(IEE)made it possible to not only detect precancerous lesions and early gastrointestinal cancers but also to predict H.pylori infection in real time.As a novel IEE modality,linked color imaging(LCI)has exhibited its value on diagnosis of lesions of gastric mucosa through emphasizing minor differences of color tone.AIM To compare the efficacy of LCI for H.pylori active infection vs conventional white light imaging(WLI).METHODS PubMed,Embase,Embase and Cochrane Library were searched up to the end of April 11,2022.The random-effects model was adopted to calculate the diagnostic efficacy of LCI and WLI.The calculation of sensitivity,specificity,and likelihood ratios were performed;symmetric receiver operator characteristic(SROC)curves and the areas under the SROC curves were computed.Quality of the included studies was chosen to assess using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies-2 tool.RESULTS Seven original studies were included in this study.The pooled sensitivity,specificity,positive likelihood rate,and negative likelihood rate of LCI for the diagnosis of H.pylori infection of gastric mucosa were 0.85[95%confidence interval(CI):0.76-0.92],0.82(95%CI:0.78-0.85),4.71(95%CI:3.7-5.9),and 0.18(95%CI:0.10-0.31)respectively,with diagnostic odds ratio=26(95%CI:13-52),SROC=0.87(95%CI:0.84-0.90),which showed superiority of diagnostic efficacy compared to WLI.CONCLUSION Our results showed LCI can improve efficacy of diagnosis on H.pylori infection,which represents a useful endoscopic evaluation modality for clinical practice.

Physiological and psychological responses to tended plant communities with varying color characteristics

Exposure to plants has been reported to promote health and reduce stress,and plant color has direct impacts on physical and mental health.We used images of common types of tended plant communities in Shenyang,China,with combinations of yellow,green,and red foliage,as experimental stimuli.A total of 27 images were used as visual stimuli.We used electroencephalography to measureαwave activity(8-13 Hz)in 40 subjects while they viewed visual stimuli.These data were combined with subjective questionnaire data to analyze the relaxing effect of images of tended plant communities with different color types and proportions on people.The results revealed that,although there were slight differences between the electroencephalography and psychological findings,women were significantly more relaxed than men after viewing the images.Physiological and psychological responses varied with the types and proportions of colors in the tended plant communities:those of foliage with combinations of two or three colors induced stronger responses than images with a single color.Specifically,(1)for one-color plant communities,green or yellow plant communities induced a stronger relaxation effect than red plant communities;(2)for two-color plant communities,the optimal color proportion was 55%+45%,and the green+yellow and green+red color combinations induced a stronger relaxation effect;(3)for three-color plant communities,the relaxation effect was strongest when the color proportion was 55%green+25%yellow+20%red.These data would provide a plant color matching in future plant landscape design,which may be helpful for creating healthy and relaxing environments.

Non-volatile dynamically switchable color display via chalcogenide stepwise cavity resonators

High-resolution multi-color printing relies upon pixelated optical nanostructures,which is crucial to promote color display by producing nonbleaching colors,yet requires simplicity in fabrication and dynamic switching.Antimony trisulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a newly rising chalcogenide material that possesses prompt and significant transition of its optical characteristics in the visible region between amorphous and crystalline phases,which holds the key to color-varying devices.Herein,we proposed a dynamically switchable color printing method using Sb_(2)S_(3)-based stepwise pixelated Fabry-Pérot(FP)cavities with various cavity lengths.The device was fabricated by employing a direct laser patterning that is a less timeconsuming,more approachable,and low-cost technique.As switching the state of Sb_(2)S_(3) between amorphous and crystalline,the multi-color of stepwise pixelated FP cavities can be actively changed.The color variation is due to the profound change in the refractive index of Sb_(2)S_(3) over the visible spectrum during its phase transition.Moreover,we directly fabricated sub-50 nm nano-grating on ultrathin Sb_(2)S_(3) laminate via microsphere 800-nm femtosecond laser irradiation in far field.The minimum feature size can be further decreased down to~45 nm(λ/17)by varying the thickness of Sb_(2)S_(3) film.Ultrafast switchable Sb_(2)S_(3) photonic devices can take one step toward the next generation of inkless erasable papers or displays and enable information encryption,camouflaging surfaces,anticounterfeiting,etc.Importantly,our work explores the prospects of rapid and rewritable fabrication of periodic structures with nano-scale resolution and can serve as a guideline for further development of chalcogenide-based photonics components.

Unsupervised Color Segmentation with Reconstructed Spatial Weighted Gaussian Mixture Model and Random Color Histogram

Image classification and unsupervised image segmentation can be achieved using the Gaussian mixture model.Although the Gaussian mixture model enhances the flexibility of image segmentation,it does not reflect spatial information and is sensitive to the segmentation parameter.In this study,we first present an efficient algorithm that incorporates spatial information into the Gaussian mixture model(GMM)without parameter estimation.The proposed model highlights the residual region with considerable information and constructs color saliency.Second,we incorporate the content-based color saliency as spatial information in the Gaussian mixture model.The segmentation is performed by clustering each pixel into an appropriate component according to the expectation maximization and maximum criteria.Finally,the random color histogram assigns a unique color to each cluster and creates an attractive color by default for segmentation.A random color histogram serves as an effective tool for data visualization and is instrumental in the creation of generative art,facilitating both analytical and aesthetic objectives.For experiments,we have used the Berkeley segmentation dataset BSDS-500 and Microsoft Research in Cambridge dataset.In the study,the proposed model showcases notable advancements in unsupervised image segmentation,with probabilistic rand index(PRI)values reaching 0.80,BDE scores as low as 12.25 and 12.02,compactness variations at 0.59 and 0.7,and variation of information(VI)reduced to 2.0 and 1.49 for the BSDS-500 and MSRC datasets,respectively,outperforming current leading-edge methods and yielding more precise segmentations.

Coupling of reduced inorganic fertilizer with plant-based organic fertilizer as a promising fertilizer management strategy for colored rice in tropical regions

Colored rice is a type of high-quality,high-added-value rice that has attracted increasing attention in recent years.The use of large amounts of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in rice fields results in low fertilizer use efficiency and high environmental pollution.Organic fertilizer is a promising way to improve soil quality and sustain high yields.However,most studies focus on the effect of animal-based organic fertilizers.The effects of different ratios of plantbased organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on the grain yield and quality of colored rice have rarely been reported.Therefore,a two-year field experiment was conducted in 2020 and 2021 to study the effects of replacing inorganic N fertilizers with plant-based organic fertilizers on the yield,nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),and anthocyanin content of two colored rice varieties in a tropical region in China.The experimental treatments included no nitrogen fertilization(T1),100% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer(T2),30%inorganic nitrogen fertilizer substitution with plant-based organic fertilizer(T3),60%inorganic nitrogen fertilizer substitution with plant-based organic fertilizer(T4),and 100% plantbased organic fertilizer(T5).The total nitrogen provided to all the treatments except T1 was the same at 120 kg ha-1.Our results showed that the T3 treatment enhanced the grain yield and anthocyanin content of colored rice by increasing nitrogen use efficiency compared with T2.On average,grain yields were increased by 9 and 8%,while the anthocyanin content increased by 16 and 10% in the two colored rice varieties under T3 across the two years,respectively,as compared with T2.Further study of the residual effect of partial substitution of inorganic fertilizers showed that the substitution of inorganic fertilizer with plant-based organic fertilizer improved the soil physiochemical properties,and thus increased the rice grain yield,in the subsequent seasons.The highest grain yield of the subsequent rice crop was observed under the T5 treatment.Our results suggested that the application of plantbased organic fertilizers can sustain the production of colored rice with high anthocyanin content in tropical regions,which is beneficial in reconciling the relationship between rice production and environmental protection.

A chromosome-level genome assembly for Chinese plum‘Wushancuili'reveals the molecular basis of its fruit color and susceptibility to rain-cracking

Chinese plum(Prunus salicina Lindl.)originates from China and makes a large contribution to the global production of plums.The P.salicina‘Wushancuili'has a green coloration and high fruit quality and is economically important in eliminating poverty and protecting ecology in the Yangtze River Three Gorges Reservoir.However,rain-induced cracking(rain-cracking,literally skin cracking caused by rain)is a limitation to‘Wushancuili'fruit production and causes severe losses.This study reported a high-quality‘Wushancuili'genome assembly consisting of a 302.17-Mb sequence with eight pseudo-chromosomes and a contig N50 of 23.59 Mb through the combination of Illumina sequencing,Pacific Biosciences HiFiⅢsequencing,and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture technology.A total of 25109 protein-coding genes are predicted and 54.17%of the genome is composed of repetitive sequences.‘Wushancuili'underwent a remarkable orthoselection during evolution.Gene identification revealed that loss-of-function in four core MYB10 genes results in the anthocyanin deficiency and absence of red color,revealing the green coloration due to the residual high chlorophyll in fruit skin.Besides,the occurrence of cracking is assumed to be closely associated with cell wall modification and frequently rain-induced pathogen enrichment through transcriptomic analysis.The loss of MYB10 genes might render fruit more susceptible to pathogen-mediated cracking by weakening the epidermal strength and reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging.Our findings provided fundamental knowledge regarding fruit coloration and rain-cracking and will facilitate genetic improvement and cultivation management in Chinese plums.

MXenes for Bioinspired Soft Actuators:Advancements in Angle-Independent Structural Colors and Beyond

Soft actuators have garnered substantial attention in current years in view of their potential appliances in diverse domains like robotics,biomedical devices,and biomimetic systems.These actuators mimic the natural movements of living organisms,aiming to attain enhanced flexibility,adaptability,and versatility.On the other hand,angle-independent structural color has been achieved through innovative design strategies and engineering approaches.By carefully controlling the size,shape,and arrangement of nanostructures,researchers have been able to create materials exhibiting consistent colors regardless of the viewing angle.One promising class of materials that holds great potential for bioinspired soft actuators is MXenes in view of their exceptional mechanical,electrical,and optical properties.The integration of MXenes for bioinspired soft actuators with angle-independent structural color offers exciting possibilities.Overcoming material compatibility issues,improving color reproducibility,scalability,durability,power supply efficiency,and cost-effectiveness will play vital roles in advancing these technologies.This perspective appraises the development of bioinspired MXene-centered soft actuators with angleindependent structural color in soft robotics.

Unraveling the regulatory network of flower coloration in soybean:Insights into roles of GmMYBA3 and GmMYBR1

Anthocyanins play crucial roles in pollen protection and pollinator attraction in flowering plants.However,the mechanisms underlying flower color determination and whether floral anthocyanin regulators participate in other processes remain largely unresolved in soybeans(Glycine max).In this study,we investigated the genetic components and mechanisms governing anthocyanin biosynthesis in soybean flowers.Molecular and genetic studies have characterized two antagonistic regulators,the positive activator GmMYBA3 and the negative repressor GmMYBR1,that modulate the gene expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis in soybean flowers.Further findings revealed a regulatory interplay between GmMYBA3 and GmMYBR1 bridged by GmTT8a,highlighting the complexity of anthocyanin regulation in different soybean organs.Exploration of additional soybean cultivars demonstrated the universality of GmMYBA3 and GmMYBR1 in regulating floral anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes,with GmF3’5’H identified as a crucial determinant of white flower color.This study provides a molecular mechanism underlying soybean flower color determination,paving the way for the molecular modification of soybean flowers to probably enhance their resistance to abiotic stresses and attractiveness to pollinators.

CmMYB3-like negatively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and flower color formation during the post-flowering stage in Chrysanthemum morifolium

Color fading caused by a decrease in anthocyanin accumulation during the post-flowering stage significantly affects postharvest quality of chrysanthemum.However,the underlying mechanism by which anthocyanin accumulation decreases during the post-flowering stage still unclear,which greatly restricts design of molecular breeding in chrysanthemum.Here,a chrysanthemum SG7 R2R3 MYB transcription factor(TF),CmMYB3-like,was identified to have a function in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis during the post-flowering stage.Quantitative real time PCR(qRT-PCR)assays showed that the expression of CmMYB3-like was gradually downregulated when anthocyanin content increased during the flowering stage and was significantly upregulated during the post-flowering stage.Genetic transformation of chrysanthemum and dual-luciferase assays in N.benthamiana leaves showed that CmMYB3-like suppressed anthocyanin accumulation by inhibiting the transcription of CmCHS and CmANS directly and that of CmF3H indirectly.However,overexpression or suppression of CmMYB3-like did not affect the biosynthesis of flavones or flavonols.Genetic transformation of chrysanthemum revealed that the overexpression of CmMYB3-like inhibited anthocyanin accumulation,but its suppression prevented the decrease in anthocyanin accumulation during the post-flowering stage.Our results revealed a crucial role of CmMYB3-like in regulating the color of petals during the post-flowering stage and provided a target gene for molecular design breeding to improve the postharvest quality of chrysanthemum.

The protective effect of cyclodextrin on the color quality and stability of Cabernet Sauvignon red wine

The impact of cyclodextrins(CDs)on wine quality and stability remains largely unknown.This study systematically assessed the protective effect of the post-fermentation addition of CDs on color stability of red wine from the viewpoints of color characteristics,copigmentation and phenolic profiles.The grey relational analysis(GRA)and principal component analysis(PCA)methods were employed to dissect the key effective determinants related to color quality.The addition of CDs induced a significant hyperchromic effect of 8.19-25.40%,a significant bathochromic effect and an enhancement of the color intensity.Furthermore,the evolution of anthocyanin forms and the content of monomeric anthocyanins revealed that β-CD is a superior favorable cofactor during wine aging,but for long-term aging,2-HP-β-CD and 2-HP-γ-CD are more beneficial in promoting the formation of polymerized anthocyanins and color stability.This work provides an important reference for the use of CDs to enhance the color quality and stability of red wines.

First record of abnormal body coloration in a rockfish Sebastes koreanus(Scorpaenoidei:Sebastidae)from coastal water of China based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding

The first record of abnormal body coloration in Sebastes koreanus Kim and Lee,1994,from the Yellow Sea of China,was documented based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding.The two rockfish specimens were collected from the coastal waters of Qingdao,China,and the whole body and all fins of them were red.Of the two red-colored rockfish,there were tiny deep red spots on each fin,2 red radial stripes behind and below the eyes and 1 large deep red blotch on the opercula,while the similar stripe and spot patterns are also present in the S.koreanus specimens with normal body coloration.The countable characteristics of the two specimens are in the range of the morphometry of S.koreanus.To further clarify the species identity and taxonomic status of the two specimens,DNA barcode analysis was carried out.The genetic distance between the red-colored rockfish and S.koreanus was 0,and the minimum net genetic distances between the red-colored rockfish and other Sebastes species except for S.koreanus were 3.0%,which exceeds the threshold of species delimitation.The phylogenetic analysis showed that the DNA barcoding sequences of the two red-colored rockfish clustered with the S.koreanus sequences.The above results of DNA barcode analysis also support that the two red-colored rockfish could be identified as the species of S.koreanus.The mechanism of color variation in S.koreanus is desirable for further research and the species could be an ideal model to study the color-driven speciation of the rockfishes.

Intelligent diagnosis of retinal vein occlusion based on color fundus photographs

AIM:To develop an artificial intelligence(AI)diagnosis model based on deep learning(DL)algorithm to diagnose different types of retinal vein occlusion(RVO)by recognizing color fundus photographs(CFPs).METHODS:Totally 914 CFPs of healthy people and patients with RVO were collected as experimental data sets,and used to train,verify and test the diagnostic model of RVO.All the images were divided into four categories[normal,central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO),branch retinal vein occlusion(BRVO),and macular retinal vein occlusion(MRVO)]by three fundus disease experts.Swin Transformer was used to build the RVO diagnosis model,and different types of RVO diagnosis experiments were conducted.The model’s performance was compared to that of the experts.RESULTS:The accuracy of the model in the diagnosis of normal,CRVO,BRVO,and MRVO reached 1.000,0.978,0.957,and 0.978;the specificity reached 1.000,0.986,0.982,and 0.976;the sensitivity reached 1.000,0.955,0.917,and 1.000;the F1-Sore reached 1.000,0.9550.943,and 0.887 respectively.In addition,the area under curve of normal,CRVO,BRVO,and MRVO diagnosed by the diagnostic model were 1.000,0.900,0.959 and 0.970,respectively.The diagnostic results were highly consistent with those of fundus disease experts,and the diagnostic performance was superior.CONCLUSION:The diagnostic model developed in this study can well diagnose different types of RVO,effectively relieve the work pressure of clinicians,and provide help for the follow-up clinical diagnosis and treatment of RVO patients.

Topic highlight on texture and color enhancement imaging in gastrointestinal diseases

Olympus Corporation developed texture and color enhancement imaging(TXI)as a novel image-enhancing endoscopic technique.This topic highlights a series of hot-topic articles that investigated the efficacy of TXI for gastrointestinal disease identification in the clinical setting.A randomized controlled trial demonstrated improvements in the colorectal adenoma detection rate(ADR)and the mean number of adenomas per procedure(MAP)of TXI compared with those of white-light imaging(WLI)observation(58.7%vs 42.7%,adjusted relative risk 1.35,95%CI:1.17-1.56;1.36 vs 0.89,adjusted incident risk ratio 1.48,95%CI:1.22-1.80,respectively).A cross-over study also showed that the colorectal MAP and ADR in TXI were higher than those in WLI(1.5 vs 1.0,adjusted odds ratio 1.4,95%CI:1.2-1.6;58.2%vs 46.8%,1.5,1.0-2.3,respectively).A randomized controlled trial demonstrated non-inferiority of TXI to narrow-band imaging in the colorectal mean number of adenomas and sessile serrated lesions per procedure(0.29 vs 0.30,difference for non-inferiority-0.01,95%CI:-0.10 to 0.08).A cohort study found that scoring for ulcerative colitis severity using TXI could predict relapse of ulcerative colitis.A cross-sectional study found that TXI improved the gastric cancer detection rate compared to WLI(0.71%vs 0.29%).A cross-sectional study revealed that the sensitivity and accuracy for active Helicobacter pylori gastritis in TXI were higher than those of WLI(69.2%vs 52.5%and 85.3%vs 78.7%,res-pectively).In conclusion,TXI can improve gastrointestinal lesion detection and qualitative diagnosis.Therefore,further studies on the efficacy of TXI in clinical practice are required.

Application of Color Psychology in Korean Brand Identity Design-Etude House

The purpose of this analysis is to delve into the application of color psychology in the logo design of Korean cosmetic brands,using Etude House as an example for an exhaustive analysis.By examining the history of the Etude House brand,the evolution of the logo design,and the changes in color choices,we analyze the traditional concepts of color symbolism in Korean culture and the culture of color in contemporary society in order to reveal the important role of color in cosmetic brand image.Through an in-depth analysis of the use of color in Etude House’s brand identity,we further analyze the impact of color on consumer emotions and purchasing behavior,as well as the potential impact of brand identity changes on market performance.Finally,the conclusions of the analysis summarize the practical application of color psychology in Etude House’s brand logo design,suggest recommendations for other Korean cosmetic brands to draw upon in their logo design,and discuss future directions.

A Cognitive Psychological Study on the Acquisition of Chinese Word’s Coloring Meaning--Chinese as a Second Language

Lexical meaning mainly includes rational meaning,grammatical meaning,and coloring meaning.Mastering the coloring meaning of vocabulary is of great significance for foreign students to use Chinese vocabulary correctly.This study mainly examines the psychological mechanism of Chinese second language learners mastering the coloring meaning of words,examines the psychological characteristics of students mastering the color meaning of words from the perspectives of second language learning theory and cognitive theory,establishes a cognitive schema for coloring meaning learning,and proposes corresponding learning models and teaching strategies.

Color Expression and Mood Creation in Imagery Oil Painting

Oil painting is a traditional Western painting form.With the introduction of China and the influence of China’s traditional painting and aesthetics,the painting style became more distinctive,expanding a new development direction of oil painting,and thus imagery oil painting came into being.Color,as the most important element in imagery oil painting,mainly plays the role of mood creation and emotional expression.Many creators are good at injecting their thoughts and emotions into the paintings through color matching,so as to enhance the artistic expression of the paintings.This paper analyzes the color expression characteristics of imagery oil painting and explores the color expression techniques in imagery oil painting and mood creation of imagery oil painting from several aspects.