Infrastructure for collaborative science and societal applications in the Columbia River estuary

To meet societal needs, modem estuarine science needs to be interdisciplinary and collaborative, combine discovery with hypotheses testing, and be responsive to issues facing both regional and global stakeholders. Such an approach is best conducted with the benefit of data-rich environments, where information from sensors and models is openly accessible within convenient timeframes. Here, we introduce the operational infrastruc- ture of one such data-rich environment, a collaboratory created to support （a） interdisciplinary research in the Columbia River estuary by the multi-institutional team of investigators of the Science and Technology Center for Coastal Margin Observation ＆ Prediction and （b） the integration of scientific knowledge into regional decision making. Core components of the operational infrastructure are an observation network, a modeling system and a cyber-infrastructure, each of which is described. The observation network is anchored on an extensive array of long-term stations, many of them interdisciplinary, and is complemented by on-demand deployment of temporary stations and mobile platforms, often in coordinated field campaigns. The modeling system is based on finite- element unstructured-grid codes and includes operational and process-oriented simulations of circulation, sediments and ecosystem processes. The flow of information is managed through a dedicated cyber-infrastructure, con- versant with regional and national observing systems.

哥伦比亚河跨界水利益共享实践研究

哥伦比亚河是全球276条跨界河流中实现了跨界水利益共享的成功典范。《哥伦比亚河条约》明确了美加双方的权利和义务,确定了利益共享的范围和内容,建立了平等分配、责任共担和利益交换的利益共享模式。常设工程委员会作为执行条约的常设机构,负责协调双方在技术或管理事宜上可能出现的分歧。美加通过水文气象委员会、运行调度委员会制定运行调度等规则,确定双方分享的利益,并根据实际情况,适时签署相关协议和补充协定,保证哥伦比亚河跨界水利益共享机制的有效运转。

1951—2016年哥伦比亚河流域水文气象要素演变特征分析

基于哥伦比亚河流域1951—2016年的气温、降水和流量资料,采用Mann-Kendall检验法、有序聚类分析法、滑动T检验法、小波分析法等,分析了1951—2016年哥伦比亚河流域水文气象要素的变化趋势及变异特征。结果表明:1951—2016年,哥伦比亚河流域气温呈显著的上升趋势,年尺度上周期性不明显;降水量呈现非显著性减少趋势,存在33年的主周期和23年的副周期;径流深呈显著性减少趋势,其周期性与降水量的周期性保持一致。受气候和其他环境要素变化的综合影响,实测径流深序列在1973年、1986年、2000年存在较为明显的突变性特征。

哥伦比亚Magdalena盆地V油田沉积及演化特征

通过岩心、录井、测井等资料分析认为研究区为辫状河三角洲沉积,沉积主体为辫状河三角洲前缘亚相,只在研究区北端为辫状河三角洲平原沉积。研究区Guaduas组经历了两期湖平面的升降旋回,十几个短期旋回。由于辫状河道频繁改道,河漫滩以及水下分流河道间湾沉积形成的隔夹层分布广泛,储层的连通性变差,形成非常复杂的油水系统。储集砂体主要是水下分流河道与河口坝,物性受沉积微相的控制,河口坝砂体储层物性最好,水下分流河道次之,辫状河道最差。

浅析美国哥伦比亚河水电开发背景下的鱼类保护

通过对美国境内哥伦比亚河上的瓦纳普姆、石河段、韦尔斯、大古力等水电站进行实地考察,重点关注了过鱼通道、鱼类孵化场等鱼类保护工程实践。美国在20世纪30—70年代完成了哥伦比亚河干流水电资源开发,河流生态保护理念贯穿始终,多措并举保护鱼类资源,其水电开发理念、生态保护策略及实践措施等,均可为我国水电开发提供参考,具有一定的借鉴意义。

美国哥伦比亚河历史路修复重生对我国干线道路升级改造的借鉴与启示

作为我国重要交通基础设施的"五纵七横"国道干线公路,如何应对生态文明发展需要,如何响应国际上道路工程技术与美学、哲学、社会学、景观学、游憩学等完美融合的发展趋势,以实现新时期的成功转型和改造升级,成为当下讨论热点,并呈现出前所未有的必要性和紧迫性。干线公路如何升级改造,升级改造后的干线公路应该是怎样的风貌?都是目前需要认真研究的重大问题。美国哥伦比亚河历史路是道路通过成功修复与改造提升,获得重生的杰出典范,为我国干线公路升级改造提供了一种新的发展方向,能够为有效地指导和服务于我国干线公路升级改造的重大实践提供借鉴与启示。首先,文章简述了我国干线公路升级改造的现实要求;其次,以哥伦比亚河历史路为案例,从概况与发展历程,道路修复与改造提升方案二方面进行了深入论述;最后,提出了哥伦比亚河历史路对我国干线公路升级改造的借鉴与启示。

Wind farm potential is higher in prime habitat for uncommon soil crust lichens

Introduction:Biotic soil crust communities contribute valuable ecosystem services and biodiversity in steppe ecosystems.The uncommon crust lichens Acarospora schleicheri,Fuscopannaria cyanolepra,Rhizocarpon diploschistidina,and Texosporium sancti-jacobi are associated with fine-textured soils along rivers of the Columbia Basin.A.schleicheri and R.diploschistidina indicate late-successional habitat and may serve as indicators for other rare or cryptic species associated with similar habitats.Much of the most favorable habitat for these species has been lost to urban and agricultural development.We sought to overlay favorable habitats with wind farm development potential to assess whether these species are likely to be affected by renewable energy development.Methods:We overlaid habitat models for four lichen species on land use and wind farm potential maps.Using a sample of 5,000 points,we determined whether there were differences in probability of occurrence among wind farm potential classes within developed and natural lands using Multi-Response Permutation Procedures.Sites with modeled probability of occurrence greater than 60%were considered“favorable”habitats;for these,aχ2 test allowed us to determine whether favorable habitats were associated with wind farm potential categories.Results:Sites that are developed for agriculture or have higher wind farm potential coincide with more favorable habitats for uncommon soil crust lichens.Of the favorable habitats for the four focal lichens,28–42%are already affected by development or agriculture;5–14%of favorable habitats remain in natural vegetation and are considered sites with fair or good potential for wind farms.Conclusions:Development of wind energy has the potential to negatively impact uncommon soil crust lichen species because favorable sites coincide with especially good habitat for these species.However,as these renewable energy resources are developed,we have the opportunity to ensure that valuable soil crust functions and diversity are maintained by surveying before construction and planning new facilities such that disturbance to existing habitat is minimized.

美国哥伦比亚河下游及河口地区基于生态系统的湿地保护与恢复工作——哥伦比亚河口生态系统恢复工程

美国西北太平洋地区进行的哥伦比亚河河口生态系统恢复项目可以为中国三峡库区消落带的友好型利用的研究和开发活动提供借鉴经验,该项目提出了基于生态系统的理论与方法降低联邦哥伦比亚河电力系统开发活动带来的环境影响,并开展哥伦比亚河下游及河口地区的生态系统研究、保护与恢复工作。哥伦比亚河流域的农业、工业以及水利开发等人类活动给哥伦比亚河下游至河口地区长达235 km的河口湿地区域以及区域内80%的潮感淡水水系带来了严重影响,表现在食物网的破坏,大型碎屑物流的减少以及供三文鱼育幼及避难的栖息地破坏等方面。恢复项目主要包括5个方面的目标:1)理解影响生态系统的主要控制因素,比如水利工程对湿地生态系统的影响;2)保护和恢复影响生态系统结构和功能的因素,比如重建湿地区域与主航道的连通性;3)增加生态系统结构的稳定性,比如清除入侵物种以及恢复受威胁的盐沼湿地;4)维护和增强系统过程,比如重建食物网;5)增强鲑鱼的生态系统功能,比如增加生活史多样性,提高孵化率、增长率和成活率。为了达到以上目标,CEERP实施了一项适应性管理的一系列工程项目。本文介绍了适应性管理的一个年度中5个循环阶段:即制定战略、决策、行动、监测/研究以及评估。本文结尾处对三峡库区的生态保护和恢复工作提出了一些可供借鉴的经验。