To solve the problem of data fusion for prior information such as track information and train status in train positioning,an adaptive H∞filtering algorithm with combination constraint is proposed,which fuses prior in...To solve the problem of data fusion for prior information such as track information and train status in train positioning,an adaptive H∞filtering algorithm with combination constraint is proposed,which fuses prior information with other sensor information in the form of constraints.Firstly,the train precise track constraint method of the train is proposed,and the plane position constraint and train motion state constraints are analysed.A model for combining prior information with constraints is established.Then an adaptive H∞filter with combination constraints is derived based on the adaptive adjustment method of the robustness factor.Finally,the positioning effect of the proposed algorithm is simulated and analysed under the conditions of a straight track and a curved track.The results show that the positioning accuracy of the algorithm with constrained filtering is significantly better than that of the algorithm without constrained filtering and that the algorithm with constrained filtering can achieve better performance when combined with track and condition information,which can significantly reduce the train positioning error.The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified.展开更多
The 20,000-ton combined train running has greatly promoted China’s heavy-haul railway transportation capability. The application of controllable train-tail devices could improve the braking wave of the train and brak...The 20,000-ton combined train running has greatly promoted China’s heavy-haul railway transportation capability. The application of controllable train-tail devices could improve the braking wave of the train and braking synchronism, and alleviate longitudinal impulse.However, the characteristics of the controllable train-tail device such as exhaust area, exhaust duration and exhaust action time are not uniform in practice, and their effects on the longitudinal impulse of the train are not apparent,which is worth studying. In this work, according to the formation of the Datong-Qinhuangdao Railway, the train air brake and longitudinal dynamics simulation system(TABLDSS) is applied to establish a 20,000-ton combined train model with the controllable train-tail device, and the braking characteristics and the longitudinal impulse of the train are calculated synchronously with changing the air exhaust time, exhaust area, and action lag time under initial braking. The results show that the maximum coupler force of the combined train will decrease with the extension of the continuous exhaust time, while the total exhaust time of the controllable train-tail device remains unchanged;the maximum coupler force of the combined train reduces by32.5% with the exhaust area increasing from 70% to 140%;when the lag time between the controllable train-tail device and the master locomotive is more than 1.5 s, the maximum coupler force of the train increases along with the time difference enlargement.展开更多
in order to improve the acquired level of heat acclimatization (HA) by training, on the basis of singlemode march training (SMT) or single-mode cross-country race training (SCT) , combined training method of march and...in order to improve the acquired level of heat acclimatization (HA) by training, on the basis of singlemode march training (SMT) or single-mode cross-country race training (SCT) , combined training method of march and cross-country race in the heat was adopted in this experiment ,and the effect of the training on heat tolerance was analyzed. Eight young males were asked to perform a simulated SMT and SCT for 90 min on a treadmill in a hot climate chamber (Td 32. 7℃ , WBGT 28. 4℃ ) once daily for 10 to 12 d within two weeks. The results showed that rectal temperature (Tr) was reduced by 0. 61℃ , heart rate (Hr) by 8. 5 b/min,sweat volume (SV)by 0. 220 kg, physiological strain index (PSI)by 0. 620,systolic pressure (SP)and diastolic pressure (DP) had a little change, pulse pressure (PP) and stroke volume (StV) increased , and cardiac output (CO) decreased a little at the middle stage and increased at the late stage due to Hr change. The standardized bicycle ergometer test (SBE test) in the heat (Td 37℃)has proved that these physiological indexes post-training had significant improvements ,as compared with those pre-training, suggesting that the combined training could raise heat-tolerance and was superior to the SMT in improving acquired heat acclimatization in same training duration and times , and to the SCT in regulating body temperature and cardiovascular function and in prolonging heat tolerance duration.展开更多
This study aimed to review combined training (CT) effects on HbA1c levels in patients with T2DM. Searches were conducted in PubMed via MEDLINE and Google Scholar. Of the 14 selected studies, 11 found reductions in HbA...This study aimed to review combined training (CT) effects on HbA1c levels in patients with T2DM. Searches were conducted in PubMed via MEDLINE and Google Scholar. Of the 14 selected studies, 11 found reductions in HbA1c levels. The interventions that performed both aerobic and resistance training in the same sessions were highlighted. In aerobic training, the best results were in the interventions between 30 and 45 minutes per session, with intensities between 60 and 80% of maximal parameters. In resistance training, the interventions with sets from 8 to 12 repetitions with intensities of 80% and 60% of 1RM respectively, or prescribed by maximal repetitions, were highlighted. We conclude that CT can result in better glycaemic control than AT and RT conducted alone.展开更多
When combined aerobic and resistance training into the same session is performed, the exercise order may lead to different effects with respect to factors such as muscle strength, hormone responses, energy metabolism,...When combined aerobic and resistance training into the same session is performed, the exercise order may lead to different effects with respect to factors such as muscle strength, hormone responses, energy metabolism, and vascular function. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise order of combined aerobic and resistance training into the same session on body composition, muscle strength and arterial stiffness in the elderly. Thirty-one elderly subjects （70.5 ± 3.5 years） were randomly assigned to 3 groups; AR： aerobic before resistance training, RA： resistance before aerobic training and CON： no training. Subjects trained 2 times per week for 10 weeks. Resistance training consisted of 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions for 5 different exercises, 70%-80% of one repetition maximum （1RM）. Aerobic exercise consisted of cycling at 60% of heart rate reserve （HRR）. Significant interaction effects were observed in body fat percentage （P 〈 0.01） and 1RM （P 〈 0.01）. However, no significant differences were observed between AR and RA. In contrast, pulse wave velocity （PWV） significantly reduced in the RA （8.8± 2.1 m/s to 7.6 ± 1.9 m/s, P 〈 0.05）, while PWV increased in the AR （7.9 ± 2.8 m/s to 10.0 ± 2.6 m/s, P 〈 0.01）, and there was significant difference between AR and RA （P 〈 0.05）. In conclusion, no effects of the exercise order were observed in body composition and muscle strength. However, aerobic exercise after resistance training reduced arterial stiffness and difference of exercise order was observed.展开更多
Datong-Qinhuangdao line, as the first electrified double-track heavy-haul line dedicated to coal transport in China, extends from Datong in the west, and reaches Qinhuangdao in the east, opened to traffic in December,...Datong-Qinhuangdao line, as the first electrified double-track heavy-haul line dedicated to coal transport in China, extends from Datong in the west, and reaches Qinhuangdao in the east, opened to traffic in December, 1992, totaling 653 km with the designed annual traffic volume of 1×108 t. In order to meet the demands of national economic development, the transport capacity of the line must be enhanced greatly. Depending on independent innovation, MOR, for the first time in the world,realizes the integration between GSM-R and Locotrol, the integration between 800 MHz digital radio and Locotrol, and the integration between a single set of Locotrol and SS4 locomotive. Meanwhile, CR develops equipment portfolio for heavy-haul through combining 2 high power locomotives of HXD series (means harmony) with controllable EOT. Relying on integration and innovation, it succeeds in operating 20 kt-level combined heavy-haul train on Datong-Qinhuangdao line, which tripled the annual traffic volume of the line from 1×108 t in 2002 to 3×108 t in 2007.展开更多
The sports teaching and the movement training all is Our country University sports important constituent, between both in essentially already has one kind to promote and the development relations mutually, simultaneou...The sports teaching and the movement training all is Our country University sports important constituent, between both in essentially already has one kind to promote and the development relations mutually, simultaneously also is the sports academic circles always disputes the continuous topic. But speaking of some kind of degree, its both goal is and improves university student＇ s physical quality for the full scale development, enables the student to grasp the basic sports knowledge and the sports skill. Between the two only together to develop, in order to better promote the healthy development of college sports and therefore, this article on the physical education and sports training interactive development strategy in-depth discussion.展开更多
Purpose–The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of longitudinal forces on extreme-long heavy-haul trains,providing new insights and methods for their design and operation,thereby enhancing safety,ope...Purpose–The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of longitudinal forces on extreme-long heavy-haul trains,providing new insights and methods for their design and operation,thereby enhancing safety,operational efficiency and track system design.Design/methodology/approach–A longitudinal dynamics simulation model of the super long heavy haul train was established and verified by the braking test data of 30,000 t heavy-haul combination train on the long and steep down grade of Daqing Line.The simulation model was used to analyze the influence of factors on the longitudinal force of super long heavy haul train.Findings–Under normal conditions,the formation length of extreme-long heavy-haul combined train has a small effect on the maximum longitudinal coupler force under full service braking and emergency braking on the straight line.The slope difference of the long and steep down grade has a great impact on the maximum longitudinal coupler force of the extreme-long heavy-haul trains.Under the condition that the longitudinal force does not exceed the safety limit of 2,250 kN under full service braking at the speed of 60 km/h the maximum allowable slope difference of long and steep down grade for 40,000 t super long heavy-haul combined trains is 13‰,and that of 100,000 t is only 5‰.Originality/value–The results will provide important theoretical basis and practical guidance for further improving the transportation efficiency and safety of extreme-long heavy-haul trains.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Fund of China(61471080)Training Plan for Young Backbone Teachers in Colleges and Universities of Henan Province(2018GGJS171).
文摘To solve the problem of data fusion for prior information such as track information and train status in train positioning,an adaptive H∞filtering algorithm with combination constraint is proposed,which fuses prior information with other sensor information in the form of constraints.Firstly,the train precise track constraint method of the train is proposed,and the plane position constraint and train motion state constraints are analysed.A model for combining prior information with constraints is established.Then an adaptive H∞filter with combination constraints is derived based on the adaptive adjustment method of the robustness factor.Finally,the positioning effect of the proposed algorithm is simulated and analysed under the conditions of a straight track and a curved track.The results show that the positioning accuracy of the algorithm with constrained filtering is significantly better than that of the algorithm without constrained filtering and that the algorithm with constrained filtering can achieve better performance when combined with track and condition information,which can significantly reduce the train positioning error.The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified.
基金China National Railway Group Co.,Ltd(N2020J037).
文摘The 20,000-ton combined train running has greatly promoted China’s heavy-haul railway transportation capability. The application of controllable train-tail devices could improve the braking wave of the train and braking synchronism, and alleviate longitudinal impulse.However, the characteristics of the controllable train-tail device such as exhaust area, exhaust duration and exhaust action time are not uniform in practice, and their effects on the longitudinal impulse of the train are not apparent,which is worth studying. In this work, according to the formation of the Datong-Qinhuangdao Railway, the train air brake and longitudinal dynamics simulation system(TABLDSS) is applied to establish a 20,000-ton combined train model with the controllable train-tail device, and the braking characteristics and the longitudinal impulse of the train are calculated synchronously with changing the air exhaust time, exhaust area, and action lag time under initial braking. The results show that the maximum coupler force of the combined train will decrease with the extension of the continuous exhaust time, while the total exhaust time of the controllable train-tail device remains unchanged;the maximum coupler force of the combined train reduces by32.5% with the exhaust area increasing from 70% to 140%;when the lag time between the controllable train-tail device and the master locomotive is more than 1.5 s, the maximum coupler force of the train increases along with the time difference enlargement.
文摘in order to improve the acquired level of heat acclimatization (HA) by training, on the basis of singlemode march training (SMT) or single-mode cross-country race training (SCT) , combined training method of march and cross-country race in the heat was adopted in this experiment ,and the effect of the training on heat tolerance was analyzed. Eight young males were asked to perform a simulated SMT and SCT for 90 min on a treadmill in a hot climate chamber (Td 32. 7℃ , WBGT 28. 4℃ ) once daily for 10 to 12 d within two weeks. The results showed that rectal temperature (Tr) was reduced by 0. 61℃ , heart rate (Hr) by 8. 5 b/min,sweat volume (SV)by 0. 220 kg, physiological strain index (PSI)by 0. 620,systolic pressure (SP)and diastolic pressure (DP) had a little change, pulse pressure (PP) and stroke volume (StV) increased , and cardiac output (CO) decreased a little at the middle stage and increased at the late stage due to Hr change. The standardized bicycle ergometer test (SBE test) in the heat (Td 37℃)has proved that these physiological indexes post-training had significant improvements ,as compared with those pre-training, suggesting that the combined training could raise heat-tolerance and was superior to the SMT in improving acquired heat acclimatization in same training duration and times , and to the SCT in regulating body temperature and cardiovascular function and in prolonging heat tolerance duration.
文摘This study aimed to review combined training (CT) effects on HbA1c levels in patients with T2DM. Searches were conducted in PubMed via MEDLINE and Google Scholar. Of the 14 selected studies, 11 found reductions in HbA1c levels. The interventions that performed both aerobic and resistance training in the same sessions were highlighted. In aerobic training, the best results were in the interventions between 30 and 45 minutes per session, with intensities between 60 and 80% of maximal parameters. In resistance training, the interventions with sets from 8 to 12 repetitions with intensities of 80% and 60% of 1RM respectively, or prescribed by maximal repetitions, were highlighted. We conclude that CT can result in better glycaemic control than AT and RT conducted alone.
文摘When combined aerobic and resistance training into the same session is performed, the exercise order may lead to different effects with respect to factors such as muscle strength, hormone responses, energy metabolism, and vascular function. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise order of combined aerobic and resistance training into the same session on body composition, muscle strength and arterial stiffness in the elderly. Thirty-one elderly subjects （70.5 ± 3.5 years） were randomly assigned to 3 groups; AR： aerobic before resistance training, RA： resistance before aerobic training and CON： no training. Subjects trained 2 times per week for 10 weeks. Resistance training consisted of 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions for 5 different exercises, 70%-80% of one repetition maximum （1RM）. Aerobic exercise consisted of cycling at 60% of heart rate reserve （HRR）. Significant interaction effects were observed in body fat percentage （P 〈 0.01） and 1RM （P 〈 0.01）. However, no significant differences were observed between AR and RA. In contrast, pulse wave velocity （PWV） significantly reduced in the RA （8.8± 2.1 m/s to 7.6 ± 1.9 m/s, P 〈 0.05）, while PWV increased in the AR （7.9 ± 2.8 m/s to 10.0 ± 2.6 m/s, P 〈 0.01）, and there was significant difference between AR and RA （P 〈 0.05）. In conclusion, no effects of the exercise order were observed in body composition and muscle strength. However, aerobic exercise after resistance training reduced arterial stiffness and difference of exercise order was observed.
文摘Datong-Qinhuangdao line, as the first electrified double-track heavy-haul line dedicated to coal transport in China, extends from Datong in the west, and reaches Qinhuangdao in the east, opened to traffic in December, 1992, totaling 653 km with the designed annual traffic volume of 1×108 t. In order to meet the demands of national economic development, the transport capacity of the line must be enhanced greatly. Depending on independent innovation, MOR, for the first time in the world,realizes the integration between GSM-R and Locotrol, the integration between 800 MHz digital radio and Locotrol, and the integration between a single set of Locotrol and SS4 locomotive. Meanwhile, CR develops equipment portfolio for heavy-haul through combining 2 high power locomotives of HXD series (means harmony) with controllable EOT. Relying on integration and innovation, it succeeds in operating 20 kt-level combined heavy-haul train on Datong-Qinhuangdao line, which tripled the annual traffic volume of the line from 1×108 t in 2002 to 3×108 t in 2007.
文摘The sports teaching and the movement training all is Our country University sports important constituent, between both in essentially already has one kind to promote and the development relations mutually, simultaneously also is the sports academic circles always disputes the continuous topic. But speaking of some kind of degree, its both goal is and improves university student＇ s physical quality for the full scale development, enables the student to grasp the basic sports knowledge and the sports skill. Between the two only together to develop, in order to better promote the healthy development of college sports and therefore, this article on the physical education and sports training interactive development strategy in-depth discussion.
基金subsidized by CHINA RAILWAY Scientific and Technological Research and Development Project(No.2018J008)CHN ENERGY Investment Group Co.,LTD(No.GJNY-20-232),to which,the authors hereby express our appreciation.
文摘Purpose–The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of longitudinal forces on extreme-long heavy-haul trains,providing new insights and methods for their design and operation,thereby enhancing safety,operational efficiency and track system design.Design/methodology/approach–A longitudinal dynamics simulation model of the super long heavy haul train was established and verified by the braking test data of 30,000 t heavy-haul combination train on the long and steep down grade of Daqing Line.The simulation model was used to analyze the influence of factors on the longitudinal force of super long heavy haul train.Findings–Under normal conditions,the formation length of extreme-long heavy-haul combined train has a small effect on the maximum longitudinal coupler force under full service braking and emergency braking on the straight line.The slope difference of the long and steep down grade has a great impact on the maximum longitudinal coupler force of the extreme-long heavy-haul trains.Under the condition that the longitudinal force does not exceed the safety limit of 2,250 kN under full service braking at the speed of 60 km/h the maximum allowable slope difference of long and steep down grade for 40,000 t super long heavy-haul combined trains is 13‰,and that of 100,000 t is only 5‰.Originality/value–The results will provide important theoretical basis and practical guidance for further improving the transportation efficiency and safety of extreme-long heavy-haul trains.
