Effects of Organic Manure Application with Chemical Fertilizers on Nutrient Absorption and Yield of Rice in Hunan of Southern China

To evaluate the effect of organic manure application with chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil fertility under long-term double-rice cropping system, a six year field experiment was conducted continually in the paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay in Hunan Province of southern China. Four different treatments, i.e., no nitrogen with chemical P and K （PK）, swine manure only （M）, N, P and K chemical fertilizers only （NPK）, and half chemical fertilizers combined with half swine manure （NPKM） with four replications were included. Each N, P and K application rate was the same at all the treatments （except the N application rate at PK） and N application rate was 150 kg N ha^-1. All fertilizers were applied to soil tillage layer with once application as baseal fertilizers. The nutrients uptake rate, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil organic matter content at each treatment were investigated. The NPKM treatment achieved the highest mean annual yield of 12.2 t ha^-1 （68% higher than that of PK）. Higher dry matter accumulation and nutrients absorption were observed during the middle-late growth period in the NPKM treatment, with higher panicle number per unit and filled-grain number per panicle. Its average nitrogen use efficiency was 36.3% and soil organic matter increased by 18.5% during the experimental period in the NPKM treatment, which were significantly higher than those in the NPK treatment. Organic manure application with chemical fertilizers increased the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice, reduced the risk of environmental pollution and improved soil fertility greatly. It could be a good practical technique that protects the environment and raises the rice yield in this region.

Carbon sequestration rate,nitrogen use efficiency and rice yield responses to long-term substitution of chemical fertilizer by organic manure in a rice–rice cropping system

Combined application of chemical fertilizers with organic amendments was recommended as a strategy for improving yield,soil carbon storage,and nutrient use efficiency.However,how the long-term substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic manure affects rice yield,carbon sequestration rate(CSR),and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)while ensuring environmental safety remains unclear.This study assessed the long-term effect of substituting chemical fertilizer with organic manure on rice yield,CSR,and NUE.It also determined the optimum substitution ratio in the acidic soil of southern China.The treatments were:(i)NPK0,unfertilized control;(ii)NPK1,100%chemical nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizer;(iii)NPKM1,70%chemical NPK fertilizer and 30%organic manure;(iv)NPKM2,50%chemical NPK fertilizer and 50%organic manure;and(v)NPKM3,30%chemical NPK fertilizer and 70%organic manure.Milk vetch and pig manure were sources of manure for early and late rice seasons,respectively.The result showed that SOC content was higher in NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments than in NPK0 and NPK1 treatments.The carbon sequestration rate increased by 140,160,and 280%under NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments,respectively,compared to NPK1 treatment.Grain yield was 86.1,93.1,93.6,and 96.5%higher under NPK1,NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments,respectively,compared to NPK0 treatment.The NUE in NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments was higher as compared to NPK1 treatment for both rice seasons.Redundancy analysis revealed close positive relationships of CSR with C input,total N,soil C:N ratio,catalase,and humic acids,whereas NUE was closely related to grain yield,grain N content,and phenol oxidase.Furthermore,CSR and NUE negatively correlated with humin acid and soil C:P and N:P ratios.The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)showed that NPKM3 treatment was the optimum strategy for improving CSR and NUE.Therefore,substituting 70%of chemical fertilizer with organic manure could be the best management option for increasing CSR and NUE in the paddy fields of southern China.

Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Black Soil Fertility and Maize Yield

By two years （2007-2008） located fertilizer experiment, the effect of long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on black soil fertility and crop yield was investigated in Shuangcheng City, Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could increase the organinc matter, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. At the same time, the increasing application of organic fertilizer could reduce the soil bulk density and improve the field moisture capacity. Field moisture capacity and organic matter of the combined application of high quantities of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers AtB5 treatment increased the fhstest, organic matter increased by 3.33 g. kg and field moisture capacity increased by 11.25% than the beginning of the experiment. Under the same fertilization, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers＇ increasing production range was higher than the single chemical fertilizers＇ which was from 0.8% to 9.4%. The results showed that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could increase the nutrient contents of soil and also was the highest productivity contribution to black soil fertility. It was the best fertilization structure of increasing productivity level and improving the soil fertility.

Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in a Subtropical Paddy Soil

A long-term experiment beginning in 1981 in Jinxian County of Jiangxi Province, subtropical China, was conducted in a paddy field under a double rice cropping system with four different fertilization regimes, including 1) no fertilizer as control (CK), 2) balanced chemical N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), 3) organic manure using milk vetch and pig manure in the early and late rice growing season, respectively (OM), and 4) balanced chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure (NPKM). Samples (0-17 cm) of the paddy field soil, which was derived from Quaternary red clay, were collected after the late rice harvest in November 2003 for determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and fractions of organic C and N. Results showed that TOC and TN in the NPKM and OM treatments were significantly higher than those in other two treatments (CK and NPK). Application of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizers significantly increased the contents of all fractions of organic C and N, whereas chemical fertilizer application only increased the contents of occluded particulate organic C (oPOC) and amino acid N. In addition, application of organic manure significantly enhanced the proportions of free particulate organic carbon (fPOC) and oPOC in total C, and those of amino sugar N and amino acid N (P < 0.01) in total N. In contrast, chemical fertilizer application only increased the proportions of oPOC and amino acid N (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in either contents or proportions of soil organic C and organic N fractions between the NPKM and OM treatments. These indicated that organic manure application with or without chemical fertilizers played the most significant role in enhancing soil organic C and N quantity and quality in the paddy field studied.

Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Organic Nitrogen Forms in a Calcareous Alluvial Soil on the North China Plain

In order to illustrate the change of nitrogen （N） supply capacity after long-term application of manure and chemical fertilizer, as well as to properly manage soil fertility through fertilizer application under the soil-climatic conditions of the North China Plain, organic N forms were quantified in the topsoil with different manure and chemical fertilizer treatments in a 15-year fertilizer experiment in a Chinese calcareous alluvial soil. Soil total N （TN） and various organic N forms were significantly influenced by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure. TN, total hydrolysable N, acid-lnsoluble N, amino acid N and ammonium N in the soil increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） with increasing manure and fertilizer N rates, but were not influenced by increasing P rates. Also, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence either the quantity of amino sugar N or its proportion of TN. Application of manure significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） hydrolysable unknown N, but adding N or P did not. In addition, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence the proportions of different soil organic N forms.

有机肥与化肥配施对夏播玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响

为探索有机肥与化肥配施对全株玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响,以乐玉1号玉米为试材,通过田间试验,设置不施肥(CK)、全部化肥(HF)、牛粪单施(N1)、牛粪替代20%化肥(N2)、牛粪替代30%化肥(N3)、羊粪单施(Y1)、羊粪替代20%化肥(Y2)、羊粪替代30%化肥(Y3)共8个处理,测定全株玉米干草产量、氮磷钾素积累量和重金属含量以及土壤理化性质等相关指标。结果表明,Y2和Y3处理的全株玉米干草产量和氮磷钾积累量优于其他处理;N2处理的Cu积累量和Y1处理的Zn积累量最高;0~20cm土层以N3处理的有机质、速效磷、铵态氮、硝态氮和阳离子交换含量最高。可见,低总氮水平下,羊粪替代20%和30%化肥处理对全株玉米生长及养分积累有积极作用,牛粪替代30%化肥改良土壤肥力效果较好。

有机无机肥配施对西北地区不同土壤类型氮素矿化影响

为揭示不同施肥措施和土壤类型对我国西北地区典型农田土壤氮素矿化特征的影响,通过室内恒温好气培养法,分别研究不施肥(CK)、单施尿素(U)、单施有机肥(M)和尿素配施有机肥(U+M)施肥模式对土壤氮素矿化动态过程的影响,并对土壤累积矿化氮量进行一级动力学方程拟合及相关性分析。结果表明,施肥和土壤类型均显著影响土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量和累积矿化氮量,且两者之间存在显著的交互作用。不同类型土壤累积矿化氮量和矿化速率由大到小依次为塿土、黄绵土、黄河灌淤土、灰棕漠土。与CK处理相比,不同施肥处理显著增加土壤累积矿化氮量、矿化速率常数(k)和矿化势(N0),处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。单施尿素和尿素配施有机肥处理的累积矿化氮量和矿化速率分别较CK处理增加2.83~6.71倍和3.83~7.70倍。相关分析表明,土壤累积矿化氮量与土壤有机质含量和全氮含量呈显著正相关关系。研究结果表明,有机无机肥配施处理可显著促进西北地区不同土壤类型氮素矿化,提高氮素有效性和供氮能力,有利于保持土壤矿质氮含量,对农田氮素高效利用有重要作用。

不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤有机碳固存的影响

为探究不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥影响植烟土壤有机碳固存的长期效应,基于连续9年的田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK)、100%化肥(CF-1,当地常规推荐施肥)、80%化肥(CF-2)、80%化肥配施有机肥(OF-1)、60%化肥配施有机肥(OF-2)、70%化肥配施有机肥+生物有机肥(BOF)处理,对植烟土壤有机碳储量盈亏、固碳速率、有机碳组分含量、有机碳敏感指数、土壤碳库活度和土壤碳库管理指数进行对比,探讨不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤有机碳固存的长期效应。与CF-1处理相比,连续不施肥(CK)处理植烟土壤有机碳组分、储量和土壤碳固存速率显著下降。不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥的OF-1、OF-2和BOF处理,植烟土壤有机碳含量分别增加9.6%、20.9%和13.9%,土壤活性有机碳含量分别增加43.4%、68.0%和41.7%,土壤可溶性有机碳含量分别增加14.8%、19.1%和25.4%,土壤微生物量碳含量分别增加22.8%、37.2%和36.4%,土壤有机碳储量分别增加15.3%、30.2%和31.2%,年平均固碳速率分别提高191.3%、382.6%和391.3%,碳库管理指数分别提高100.8%、159.8%和79.6%。不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥显著提升土壤活性有机碳敏感指数。与CF-1相比,OF-1、OF-2和BOF处理的烟叶产量分别提高10.3%、33.5%和35.3%,中上等烟叶比例分别提高14.6%、22.0%和18.0%。连续9年化肥减量配施有机肥显著提高植烟土壤有机碳组分含量和土壤有机碳固存速率,促进烟叶产质量提升,是烟叶绿色优质生产、农田土壤固碳增效的有效途径,以OF-2和BOF效应更好。

化肥有机肥配施对黑土团聚体稳定性及其富里酸结构的影响

为探讨化肥有机肥配施对黑土团聚体稳定性及其富里酸结构的影响,依托中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站2001年设置的长期定位试验,分析不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥+15000 kg·hm-2有机肥(NPKM1)及化肥+22500 kg·hm-2有机肥(NPKM2)处理对土壤团聚体稳定性、团聚体富里酸结构及光学特性的影响。结果表明:(1)化肥有机肥配施显著提高了0~40 cm土层>0.25 mm团聚体分布比例,增强了土壤团聚体稳定性;与CK相比,NPKM1和NPKM2处理的0~20 cm土层>0.25 mm团聚体分布比例分别增加6.2%~26.3%和8.4%~50.2%。(2)土壤各粒径团聚体富里酸包含类富里酸、类胡敏酸和类蛋白质共3种荧光组分,化肥有机肥配施提高了类富里酸、类胡敏酸组分荧光强度及百分比和类蛋白质组分荧光强度,降低了类蛋白质组分荧光强度百分比;与CK相比,NPKM1和NPKM2处理>0.25 mm团聚体富里酸的类富里酸和类胡敏酸组分荧光强度分别提高7.0%~30.5%和12.8%~45.4%。同时土壤各粒径团聚体富里酸均受自生源和外生源共同作用的影响(FI(荧光指数)>1.4,0.8<BIX(自生源系数)<1.0),呈现强腐殖化和新近自生源特征(3.0<HIX(腐殖化指数)<6.0)。(3)土壤各粒径团聚体富里酸的SUVA 254、SUVA 280和E 4/E 6值随有机肥施用量增加而增加,芳香性增强,分子结构变简单。相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体富里酸荧光组分、芳香性(SUVA 254)、腐殖化程度(HIX、E 4/E 6)是影响团聚体稳定性的重要因素。因此,化肥有机肥配施通过增加团聚体富里酸荧光组分强度,提高团聚体芳香性和腐殖化程度,进而提高土壤团聚体稳定性。

增施微藻和牛粪有机肥对土壤化学性质和细菌群落以及烤烟产质量的影响

【目的】研究增施微藻和牛粪有机肥对烟草生长、产质量及土壤细菌群落的影响。【方法】设置微藻、牛粪有机肥、微藻+牛粪有机肥和空白对照(CK)4个田间试验处理,监测烟株农艺性状、烤后烟叶产量和化学成分,测定土壤化学性质,运用荧光定量PCR、Illumina Miseq测序等分子生物学技术分析土壤细菌群落丰度和组成。【结果】与CK相比,增施微藻+牛粪有机肥可显著增加土壤硝态氮、溶解性有机碳、有效磷和速效钾含量,改善土壤pH;烟株圆顶期株高和叶数显著增加,烤后烟叶中总氮、钾、烟碱、总糖和还原糖含量以及氮碱比和钾氯比显著增加,烟叶产量和产值分别提高13.70%和16.78%;可提高土壤细菌群落多样性,优化土壤细菌群落结构,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的相对丰度升高,提升了土壤细菌群落抑制青枯病害的能力。典型对应分析结果表明:土壤pH以及硝态氮和速效钾含量是影响土壤细菌群落结构组成的关键因素。【结论】增施微藻和牛粪有机肥可提高土壤养分含量,活化土壤有益微生物,提高细菌群落抑制青枯病菌的能力,改善土壤微生态环境,促进烟草生长,提高烟叶产量和品质。

牛粪与化肥配施比例对苹果园土壤有机碳库和酶活性的影响

【目的】研究牛粪化肥配施比例对苹果园土壤活性有机碳组分和酶活性的影响,揭示不同配施比例对土壤碳库的影响,为苹果园牛粪与化肥的科学配施及土壤质量改善提供理论支撑。【方法】选取中国农业科学院果树研究所砬山施肥试验平台中不施肥(CK)、100%化肥(CF100)、25%牛粪配施75%化肥(CM25CF75)、50%牛粪配施50%化肥(CM50CF50)、75%牛粪配施25%化肥(CM75CF25)、100%牛粪(CM100)6个处理,分别测定施肥区(F)与非施肥区(NF)土壤活性有机碳组分(颗粒有机碳,POC;微生物量碳,MBC;易氧化有机碳,ROC)和酶活性(α-D-葡萄糖苷酶,AG;β-D-葡萄糖苷酶,BG;纤维素酶,CBH;过氧化物酶,PER;脲酶,UR)等相关指标。【结果】(1)牛粪化肥配施后施肥区土壤SOC、POC和ROC的含量随着牛粪施入比例的增加而增加;CM50CF50处理的MBC含量最高,比CK提高了139.7%。非施肥区,CF100、CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25处理与CK相比土壤POC含量分别下降了32.8%、28.4%、21.6%、14.7%,CM50CF50和CM75CF25处理ROC含量分别下降了31.5%和17.4%。同一处理施肥区活性有机碳组分含量明显高于非施肥区。(2)CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25、CM100处理施肥区土壤α-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性较CK分别提高了87.7%、68.4%、278.1%、331.6%;CM25CF75处理β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性最高(39.00μg·g^(-1)·h^(-1));脲酶活性随牛粪施入比例的增加先升高后降低。牛粪化肥配施非施肥区土壤α-D-葡萄糖苷酶和脲酶活性也显著提高。(3)牛粪化肥配施显著提高了施肥区土壤POC/SOC和碳库管理指数(CPMI),CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25、CM100处理的碳库管理指数分别提高了19.7%、38.3%、56.2%、103.5%。非施肥区牛粪化肥配施碳库管理指数显著下降。同一处理施肥区土壤碳库管理指数明显高于非施肥区。(4)相关分析和主成分分析表明,施肥区土壤中活性有机碳组分与α-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著正相关,牛粪比例的提高对土壤活性有机碳的提高贡献较大。【结论】牛粪化肥配施对于苹果园施肥区土壤的改善效果大于非施肥区。高比例的牛粪(配施比例在50%以上)能够提高土壤有机碳各组分含量和促进土壤酶活性增强,是苹果园科学施肥的较好的配施比例。

化肥配施有机液体肥对香梨产量、品质及土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构的影响

旨在探究化肥配施有机液体肥对香梨产量和质量、土壤理化性质以及细菌群落结构的影响。以单施化肥(CF)为对照,化肥全量配施有机液体肥(CF100OFL)及化肥减量20%配施有机液体肥(CF80OFL)两种处理,利用Illumina MiSeq平台对土壤细菌群落进行测序分析,同时测定香梨产量和品质以及土壤基本理化性质。结果表明,与CF相比,CF100OFL和CF800OFL处理显著增加香梨单果质量、可溶性固形物含量并降低可滴定酸的含量,CF100OFL和CF800OFL处理的土壤速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量较CF分别提高59.63%、38.52%、12.03%和7.48%、7.29%%、5.92%。同时,两者土壤细菌群落多样性指数(Chao1)分别提高26.91%和13.77%,也提高土壤变形菌门、拟杆菌门、棒状杆菌门以及浮霉菌门的相对丰度,降低放线菌门、酸杆菌门和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度。此外,化肥配施有机液体肥显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶的活性。冗余分析及线性回归分析表明,速效磷、速效钾和土壤含水量是影响细菌群落的主要因子,速效磷、速效钾也是香梨单果质量和单株产量、可溶性固形物含量的主要影响因子。综合考虑产量、品质、土壤以及投入产出等因素,CF80OFL处理通过改变土壤微生物群落结构、提高微生物活性,可有效改善香梨园土壤质量,亦可增加香梨产量和品质。

部分有机肥代替化肥对中强筋小麦产量及品质的影响

为探索淮北麦区高产、优质中强筋小麦在保持产量和品质情况下的绿色施肥方式。以中强筋小麦‘徐麦44’为材料,研究设计3种施肥方式:单施化肥(T_(1))、1/3有机肥+2/3化肥配施(T_(2))、单施有机肥(T_(3)),通过对籽粒蛋白质含量、粉质质量指数、面粉吸水率、面团的形成时间和稳定时间、粉质质量指数等粉质参数、淀粉含量、淀粉糊化特性、籽粒容重进行测定,并进行差异显著性检验,分析施肥对产量及品质的影响。结果表明,T_(2)处理的产量及其三因素、籽粒容重、沉降值、吸水率、淀粉含量、糊化特性与T_(1)处理相比均无显著差异,而籽粒蛋白质含量、形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数均显著高于T_(1)处理,弱化度显著低于T_(1)处理;与T_(1)、T_(2)处理相比,T_(3)处理显著降低了中强筋小麦的产量及其三因素、蛋白质含量、容重、沉降值以及粉质参数,但是增加了籽粒的淀粉含量和糊化特性相关参数。T_(2)处理在减少化肥施用量的情况下能够稳定小麦产量与品质,甚至在有些品质参数上有所提升,提高了中强筋小麦的面筋强度及加工品质,这在淮北麦区高产、优质中强筋小麦生产绿色施肥方式的探索上有一定指导意义。

有机-无机肥配施对新疆核桃园土壤和叶片养分的影响

[目的]研究有机-无机肥配施对核桃园土壤和叶片养分的影响,筛选影响叶片养分的主要土壤化学因子,为新疆核桃园土壤养分资源高效管理提供科学依据。[方法]以新疆喀什地区叶城县核桃主栽区的10年生‘温185’核桃为研究对象,采用单因素完全随机区组设计,以当地主要的化肥施用类型(磷酸氢二铵和硫酸钾,YD)为对照,探究有机-无机肥配施(矿源黄腐酸钾和中量元素水溶肥,YZ)对核桃园土壤化学特性和叶片矿质元素的影响。[结果]与YD施肥措施相比,YZ处理显著降低了土壤pH、盐离子含量,提高了叶片矿质元素含量,但具有季节性差异。其中,5月,YZ处理显著提高了土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N(460.22%)、AK(46.46%)和叶片N(12.16%)、K(17.46%)、Zn(21.88%)元素含量;7月,YZ处理显著降低了土壤pH(2.21%)、EC(27.25%)、Cl^(-)-S(23.37%)、NH_(4)^(+)-N(61.09%)、AP(30.03%)、Na^(+)(13.24%)和叶片Cl^(-)-L(15.94%)元素含量(p<0.05),相反,显著提高了叶片N(4.16%)、P(13.25%)、Ca(20.73%)、Mg(44.04%)、Na(66.67%)、Fe(24.62%)、Mn(52.47%)、B(31.85%)元素含量(p<0.05);9月,YZ处理显著降低了土壤EC(20.45%)、NH_(4)^(+)-N(37.31%)、AP(21.74%)、Na^(+)(11.36%)含量(p<0.05),相反,显著提高了OM(22.17%)、NO_(3)^(-)-N(59.09%)、AK(56.47%)含量(p<0.05)。线性回归分析结果表明,土壤pH、Na+和Cl^(-)-S是新疆核桃园中影响核桃叶片矿质元素含量的重要土壤化学因子,增施有机肥并且降低土壤pH,有利于叶片N、P、K、Na、Fe、Zn元素的积累。[结论]YD处理提高了土壤EC、Na^(+)、Cl^(-)-S、NH_(4)^(+)-N等盐离子含量,长期施用可能会加剧新疆核桃园的土壤盐渍化水平;YZ处理可显著降低土壤pH、Na^(+)、EC、NH_(4)^(+)-N等盐离子含量,提高了叶片N、P、K、Fe等矿质元素含量,建议在新疆核桃主栽区核桃园,7月之前可通过有机-无机肥配施降低土壤盐渍化水平来减轻盐碱危害,同时平衡叶片矿质元素含量,而应尽量避免长期单一施用化肥。

化肥减量配施羊粪有机肥对烤烟生长、产质量及土壤养分的影响

为探究羊粪有机肥与传统无机肥配施在烤烟生产中的效应,并为洛阳烟区合理利用羊粪有机肥提供理论依据,本研究以中烟101为材料,采用田间小区等氮量施肥(各处理施氮量均为60 kg/hm^(2))对比试验,设置单施100%化肥N(T0)、25%羊粪有机肥N+75%化肥N(T25)、50%羊粪有机肥N+50%化肥N(T50)、75%羊粪有机肥N+25%化肥N(T75)4个处理,研究化肥减量配施不同比例羊粪有机肥对烤烟农艺性状、光合特性、经济性状、烟叶品质及土壤养分的影响。结果表明:化肥减量配施羊粪有机肥处理较T0能够改善烤烟农艺性状和叶片光合特性,有利于烟田土壤养分的均衡供应和肥力水平的提高。与T0相比,配施羊粪有机肥处理烤烟圆顶期的株高、茎围、最大叶面积、有效叶片数、SPAD值、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高5.49%~8.63%、2.78%~7.46%、0.71%~19.67%、4.82%~9.64%、15.41%~20.42%、21.78%~24.11%、17.05%~24.03%、33.33%~50.00%、13.02%~30.63%、30.08%~68.57%、31.54%~45.51%和14.67%~20.73%,其中以T50处理效果最优。化肥减量配施羊粪有机肥处理也能够提升烤后烟叶的经济性状、感官评吸质量及化学成分的协调性。与T0相比,T50的上等烟比例、均价、产值和B2F等级烟叶感官质量总分值分别提高9.10%、5.36%、7.20%和4.77%,提升效果最佳,烤后烟叶的化学成分更为协调。综合来看,等氮量施肥条件下,羊粪有机肥N替代50%化肥N更有利于促进洛阳烟区烟株的生长发育、提升烤后烟叶产量和品质,以及维持烟田土壤肥力,保障洛阳烟区烟叶的可持续发展。

化肥减量配施有机肥对木薯生长及根际土壤细菌菌群的影响

为了研究化肥减量配施有机肥对木薯根际土壤细菌多样性和群落结构及产量的影响,采用Illumina Nova 6000测序平台,对未施肥(CK)、有机肥(T_(1))、常规施肥+有机肥(T_(2))和化肥减施+有机肥(T_(3))等施肥方式处理下的华南12号木薯根际土壤进行16S rRNA高通量测序分析。结果表明,与CK相比,T_(3)处理不仅能显著增加木薯株高和茎粗,还能提高木薯产量。在相似水平为97%下聚类分析得到木薯根际土壤OTUs,分别为3603个(CK)、1688个(T_(1))、1276个(T_(2))和3317个(T_(3))。不同施肥方式改变土壤细菌的多样性和丰度,其物种多样性由高到低依次为:CK>T_(3)>T_(1)>T_(2)。基于土壤细菌群落的PCoA和聚类分析,CK和T_(3)细菌群落结构组成较为相似,T_(1)与T_(2)细菌群落结构组成相似。不同施肥处理下木薯根际土壤中优势菌门为变形菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门。化肥减施配施有机肥增加了变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度,降低了厚壁菌门和绿弯菌门的相对丰度。冗余性分析结果表明速效钾是影响木薯根际土壤菌群的主要效应因子。研究表明,化肥减量配施有机肥不仅能增加木薯的产量,还能改变木薯根际土壤细菌群落结构和多样性,为发展绿色、高效、可持续的木薯产业提供坚实的理论支撑。

灌溉与有机肥处理对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

探究不同灌溉量和有机无机肥配施的组合处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响,为冬小麦的科学施肥管理提供参考。以关中地区冬小麦‘小偃22’为研究对象,通过田间试验,采用等氮原则对有机肥与无机肥进行不同比例配施(F1,100%无机肥;F2,24%有机肥+76%无机肥;F3,48%有机肥+52%无机肥),结合2个水平的灌溉(充分灌溉W1和亏缺灌溉W2),共设计6个灌溉施肥组合处理(W1F1、W1F2、W1F3、W2F1、W2F2和W2F3)。通过测定冬小麦的生长指标(植株株高和叶面积指数)、0~200 cm土层土壤体积含水率(以20 cm为深度间隔)和小麦的产量及构成要素(干物质量、穗长、有效穗数、千粒质量和籽粒产量),分析灌水量与有机无机肥配施对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:(1)充分灌溉(W1)条件下,F2、F3处理株高较F1处理分别提高3.4%~21.2%和0.8%~15.9%,叶面积指数提高5.7%~18.5%和16.8%~47.4%,干物质量提高12.1%~26.1%和21.1%~36.0%,穗长提高12.5%和14.5%,有效穗数提高6.6%和9.3%,千粒质量提高18.3%和24.4%,籽粒产量提高14.8%和28.6%,WUE提高14.6%和27.5%;亏缺灌溉(W2)条件下,与F1处理相比,F2、F3处理株高分别提高8.5%~16.2%和0.5%~10.6%,叶面积指数提高4.9%~20.7%和17.0%~50.0%,干物质量提高7.7%~25.7%和15.0%~34.6%,穗长提高12.3%和18.5%,有效穗数提高7.4%和18.0%,千粒质量提高15.3%和25.1%,籽粒产量提高13.1%和31.8%,WUE提高21.4%和35.2%。在相同灌溉水平下,有机无机肥配施处理可以提高土壤体积含水率。(2)W2F2处理对冬小麦株高增长最有效,灌浆期达最大值,较W1F1处理增长10.4%;W2F3处理对冬小麦叶面积指数、干物质量、穗长、有效穗数、千粒质量影响最大,成熟期较W1F1处理分别提高23.6%、39.0%、20.3%、18.4%和33.1%。(3)W2F3处理对冬小麦籽粒产量和WUE的影响最为显著,W1F1、W1F2、W1F3、W2F1和W2F2处理籽粒产量分别提高了35.5%、18.0%、5.3%、31.8%和16.6%;W1F1、W1F2、W1F3、W2F1和W2F2处理WUE分别提高了52.6%、33.2%、19.7%、35.2%和21.4%。亏缺灌溉与48%有机肥+52%无机肥组合处理的冬小麦籽粒产量和WUE最高,该灌溉施肥管理方案为关中平原及环境相似地区冬小麦的科学施肥管理提供了科学依据。

牛粪有机肥与化肥配施对土壤重金属形态的影响

为缓解畜牧业产能的提高和日益严峻的畜禽粪污污染之间的矛盾,充分挖掘畜禽粪污肥料化利用的潜力,避免过量施用对环境带来的潜在重金属危害,本试验采用牛粪有机肥为研究对象进行盆栽试验,根据牛粪有机肥和化肥的不同配施比例,设置5个处理,测定收获后不同处理土壤中重金属铜、锌各形态质量分数,并进行土壤有机碳和pH的测定。结果表明,与CK组相比,配施牛粪有机肥可以降低土壤中重金属Cu、Zn的总质量分数,DF1处理组降低幅度最大,分别下降了25.54%、39.20%;与CK组相比,DF1和DF2处理组可交换态Cu分配率从15.86%分别提高至28.13%、42.02%,促进残渣态向可交换态转化,DF2处理组对分配率的提高幅度最大;与CK组相比,CD和DF1处理组残渣态Zn分配率分别降低至39.27%、38.40%,DF2处理组变化幅度最大,降低至24.33%。配施牛粪有机肥后,土壤pH、有机碳含量有上升趋势,其中土壤有机碳与土壤中有效态铜、锌的分配率变化趋势呈正相关,相关性显著(P<0.05),同时土壤有效态锌与土壤pH的变化趋势呈正相关,相关性显著(P<0.05),但重金属铜的有效态与pH的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。施用牛粪有机肥时应严格遵循测土配方算出的实际需求量,避免过量施用,增加土壤环境的重金属污染风险。

化肥减量配施有机肥对玉米产量、养分吸收及氮素利用效率的影响

【目的】探讨山西旱地玉米化肥减量配施有机肥的可行性与适宜化肥减量比例。【方法】于2021—2023年进行田间定位试验,研究CK(不施任何肥)、NPK(全化肥)、化肥减量(40%、30%、20%)生物炭有机肥替代(SWC40、SWC30、SWC20)和精致有机肥替代(JZ40、JZ30、JZ20)对玉米产量、养分吸收及氮素利用效率的影响。【结果】适当比例下化肥减量配施有机肥能显著增加玉米籽粒产量和地上部生物量,提高养分累积吸收量及氮素利用效率。与NPK处理相比,2021、2022、2023年,SWC40处理籽粒产量分别显著提高14.69%、9.88%、25.62%,JZ30处理籽粒产量与NPK处理无显著差异。2023年,SWC40处理籽粒氮、磷、钾素累积吸收量分别为145.64、38.30、38.07kg/hm^(2),与NPK处理相比,SWC40处理玉米籽粒氮、磷、钾素累积吸收量显著增加38.36%、56.14%、46.59%;SWC40处理地上部氮、磷、钾素累积吸收量分别为311.79、69.49、204.22 kg/hm^(2),较NPK处理显著增加了64.08%、84.32%、84.43%。SWC40处理氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥贡献率和氮肥表观利用率为6.80kg/kg、15.64kg/kg、43.53%、31.01%,较NPK处理显著提高了49.78%、16.80%、29.48%、165.49%。【结论】化肥减量配施生物炭有机肥相较精致有机肥效果更佳,化肥减量40%配施生物炭有机肥为最优处理,化肥减量30%配施精致有机肥化肥次之,可作为玉米增产、氮肥增效的合理施肥方案。

不同施肥措施臭氧浓度升高对不同水稻品种光合特性的影响

近地层臭氧(O_(3))已严重威胁到作物生产,而施肥可以调节土壤的养分平衡,进而促进作物生长。以两个水稻品种(徽两优898和南粳9108)为研究对象,利用开顶式气室,设置2个O_(3)浓度处理(NF:环境大气为对照;NF40:环境大气+40 nmol/mol O_(3)),每个O_(3)处理下嵌套设置3个肥料处理(Ino:施无机肥处理,270 kg N hm^(-2) a^(-1);Red:减施无机肥30%处理,189 kg N hm^(-2) a^(-1);Com:有机无机肥配施处理,Red+有机肥鸡粪5000 kg hm^(-2) a^(-1)),通过测定不同生育期水稻光合参数,探究不同肥料处理下O_(3)对水稻不同生育阶段光合生理的影响。结果表明,NF40对水稻营养生长阶段的饱和光合速率(A_(sat))没有显著影响,而显著地降低了水稻灌浆期的A_(sat)。基于两个水稻品种的A_(sat)和相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)相对减少量与O_(3)累积剂量关系的斜率,发现杂交稻徽两优898(A_(sat)和SPAD的斜率:-1.55和-0.98)比常规稻南粳9108(A_(sat)和SPAD的斜率:-0.92和0.06)对O_(3)更敏感。此外,基于不同O_(3)处理下水稻的气孔导度(g_(s))和胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_(i)),可以看出O_(3)造成南粳9108光合速率降低的主要是非气孔因素,而徽两优898光合的降低是由气孔因素和非气孔因素共同限制。与Ino处理相比,Red处理主要通过降低叶片SPAD进而显著地抑制两种水稻品种的A_(sat),但Ino处理和Com处理间A_(sat)没有显著差异,说明有机无机肥配施能部分缓解减施无机肥造成水稻光合的降低。O_(3)和肥料处理对两个水稻的所有光合参数都没有显著的交互影响,表明短期有机无机肥配施并不能有效缓解O_(3)对作物造成的负面影响。在O_(3)污染背景下,研究结果可以为通过合理的农田氮肥管理措施减缓O_(3)造成的作物减产提供理论依据。