Two land surface schemes, one the standard Biosphere / Atmosphere Transfer Scheme Version ie (BOZ) and the other B1Z based on B0Z and heterogeneously-treated by' combined approach' , were co 'pled to the m...Two land surface schemes, one the standard Biosphere / Atmosphere Transfer Scheme Version ie (BOZ) and the other B1Z based on B0Z and heterogeneously-treated by' combined approach' , were co 'pled to the meso-scale model MM4, respectively. Through the calculations of equations from the companion paper, parameters representing land surface heterogeneity and suitable for the coupling models were found out. Three cases were simulated for heavy rainfalls during 36 hours, and the sensitivity of short-term weather modeling to the land surface heterogeneity was tested. Through the analysis of the simulations of the three heavy rainfalls, it was demonstrated that BIZ, compared with BOZ, could more realistically reflect the features of the land surface heterogeneity, therefore could more realistically reproduce the circulation and precipitation amount in the heavy rainfall processes of the three cases. This shows that even short-term weather is sensitive to the land surface heterogeneity, which is more obvious with time passing, and whose influence is more pronounced in the lower layer and gradually extends to the middle and upper layer. Through the analysis of these simulations with BlZ, it is suggested that the bulk effect of smaller-scale fluxes (i.e., the momentum, water vapor and sensible heat fluxes) near the s ig nificantly-heterogeneous land surface is to change the larger-scale (i.e., meso-scale) circulation, and then to influence the development of the low-level jets and precipitation. And also, the complexity of the land-atmosphere interaction was shown in these simulations.展开更多
A method based on Giorgi (1997a, 1997b) and referred to as ’ combined approach’, which is a combi-nation of mosaic approach and analytical-statistical-dynamical approach, is proposed. Compared with those of other ap...A method based on Giorgi (1997a, 1997b) and referred to as ’ combined approach’, which is a combi-nation of mosaic approach and analytical-statistical-dynamical approach, is proposed. Compared with those of other approaches, the main advantage of the combined approach is that it not only can represent both interpatch and intrapatch variability, but also cost less computational time when the land surface heterogeneity is considered. Because the independent variable of probability density function (PDF) is ex-tended to the single valued function of basic meteorological characteristic quantities, which is much more universal, the analytical expressions of the characteristic quantities (e.g., drag coefficient, snow coverage, leaf surface aerodynamical resistance) affected by roughness length are derived , when the roughness length(and / or the zero plane displacement) heterogeneity has been mainly taken into account with the approach. On the basis of the rule which the PDF parameters should follow, we choose a function y of the roughness length z 0 as the PDF independent variable, and set different values of the two parameters width ratio αn and height ratio γ of PDF (here a linear, symmetric PDF is applied) for sensitivity experiments, from which some conclusions can be drawn, e.g., relevant characteristic terms show different sensitivities to the heterogeneous characteristic (i.e., roughness length), which suggests that we should consider the heterogeneities of the more sensitive terms in our model instead of the heterogeneities of the rest, and which also implies that when the land surface scheme is coupled into the global or regional atmospheric model, sensitivity tests against the distribution of the heterogeneous characteristic are very necessary; when the parameter αn is close to zero, little heterogeneity is represented, and αn differs with cases, which have an upper limit of about 0.6; in the reasonable range of αn, a peak-like distribution of roughness length can be depicted by a small value of γ, etc.. Key words Representation of land surface heterogeneity - “ Combined approach” - Numerical experiment This work was supported by the National Sciences Foundation of China, Grant No.49875005 and the State Key Project (973) G19990434 (03).展开更多
Background For the purpose of utilising hybrid vigour to produce possible hybrids with a suitable level of stability,the knowledge of gene activity and combining ability is a crucial prerequisite before choosing desir...Background For the purpose of utilising hybrid vigour to produce possible hybrids with a suitable level of stability,the knowledge of gene activity and combining ability is a crucial prerequisite before choosing desirable parents.The present study was carried out with six parents crossed in full diallel fashion and generated 30 F1 hybrids.These hybrids were evaluated in two replications in Randomized Block Design at Department of Cotton,TNAU for combining ability and gene action.Diallel analysis was carried out according to Griffing’s method-I(parents + F_(1) + reciprocals) and model-I and Hayman’s graphical approach by using INDOSTAT software.Results Analysis of variance for combining ability indicated that mean square values of GCA,SCA and reciprocals were highly significant for all the traits except for the uniformity index.RG763 and K12 showed highly positively significant GCA effects for most of the yield traits while PA838 and K12 for fibre quality traits,so they were found as best general combiners.PAIG379 × K12 and PDB29 × K12 for yield traits,and PDB29 × PA838,RG763 × PA838,and CNA1007 × RG763 cross combinations for fibre quality traits could be recommended for future breeding programms.Conclusion The results of both Griffing’s and Hayman’s approaches showed that non-additive gene action predominates as SCA variance was bigger than GCA variance,so heterosis breeding is thought to be a more fruitful option for enhancing GCA of many traits.展开更多
To the Editor:We read with tremendous interest the paper by Del Fabbroet al. [1]. In this thorough article, the authors meticulously underlinethe advantages of a modified j-shaped incision for the simultaneoustreatme...To the Editor:We read with tremendous interest the paper by Del Fabbroet al. [1]. In this thorough article, the authors meticulously underlinethe advantages of a modified j-shaped incision for the simultaneoustreatment of difficult liver colorectal metastases (CRM) and right-lung CRM, reporting their experience in a cohort of 11 patients.展开更多
This paper develops a quadratic function convex approximation approach to deal with the negative definite problem of the quadratic function induced by stability analysis of linear systems with time-varying delays.By i...This paper develops a quadratic function convex approximation approach to deal with the negative definite problem of the quadratic function induced by stability analysis of linear systems with time-varying delays.By introducing two adjustable parameters and two free variables,a novel convex function greater than or equal to the quadratic function is constructed,regardless of the sign of the coefficient in the quadratic term.The developed lemma can also be degenerated into the existing quadratic function negative-determination(QFND)lemma and relaxed QFND lemma respectively,by setting two adjustable parameters and two free variables as some particular values.Moreover,for a linear system with time-varying delays,a relaxed stability criterion is established via our developed lemma,together with the quivalent reciprocal combination technique and the Bessel-Legendre inequality.As a result,the conservatism can be reduced via the proposed approach in the context of constructing Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals for the stability analysis of linear time-varying delay systems.Finally,the superiority of our results is illustrated through three numerical examples.展开更多
The Author Reply:We thank Dr. Sucameli et al. for the interest toward our article[1] and for the opportunity for further discussing on this issue,providing a case report of single metastastic fore sites in the livera...The Author Reply:We thank Dr. Sucameli et al. for the interest toward our article[1] and for the opportunity for further discussing on this issue,providing a case report of single metastastic fore sites in the liverand lung both treated in a minimal access fashion. However, giventhe interest of the authors insight, it appears misleading when related to that discussed in our report which was clearly referred toother patients' profiles. Indeed, they described a case with a singleperipheral nodule in the right lung and a single liver metastasesin segment 5. This uncommon situation (less than 2% of patientsaccording to the LiverMetSurvey registry [2]), is obviouslya more than reasonable indication for a mini-invasive approach.However, our patients received surgery for complex oncological involvementof the liver: as described, this means large and/or multiplelesions, in contact or invading the hepatic veins at caval confluence.For such conditions we have introduced original surgicalapproaches [3,4]: in such conditions we would select a J-shapedthoracophrenolaparotomy for the liver per se [5]. This incision forsuch complex conditions other than allowing the liver clearance in a single operation rather than in staged approach [6], allows justin case the removal of lung nodules. Therefore, we thank again theauthors for their interest to our report, and furthermore we congratulatefor the original management of the shared clinical case.However, the condition recalled by the authors is related to a scenariooncologically and surgically at the opposite side of that discussedin our paper and for that somehow suggesting a comparisonis misleading.展开更多
Background:Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma(CHC)is a rare subtype of primary hepatic malignancies,with variably reported incidence between 0.4%–14.2%of primary liver cancer cases.This study aimed to systema...Background:Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma(CHC)is a rare subtype of primary hepatic malignancies,with variably reported incidence between 0.4%–14.2%of primary liver cancer cases.This study aimed to systematically review the epidemiological,clinicopathological,diagnostic and therapeutic data for this rare entity.Data sources:We reviewed the literature of diagnostic approach of CHC with special reference to its clinical,molecular and histopathological characteristics.Additional analysis of the recent literature in order to evaluate the results of surgical and systemic treatment of this entity has been accomplished.Results:The median age at CHC’s diagnosis appears to be between 50 and 75 years.Evaluation of tumor markers[alpha fetoprotein(AFP),carbohydrate antigen 19–9(CA19–9)and carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)]along with imaging patterns provides better opportunities for CHC’s preoperative diagnosis.Reported clinicopathologic prognostic parameters possibly correlated with increased tumor recurrence and grimmer survival odds include advanced age,tumor size,nodal and distal metastases,vascular and regional organ invasion,multifocality,decreased capsule formation,stem-cell features verification and increased GGT as well as CA19–9 and CEA levels.In case of inoperable or recurrent disease,combinations of cholangiocarcinoma-directed systemic agents display superior results over sorafenib.Liver-directed methods,such as transarterial chemoembolization(TACE),percutaneous ethanol injection(PEI),hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC),radioembolization and ablative therapies,demonstrate inferior efficacy than in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)due to CHC’s common hypovascularity.Conclusions:CHC demonstrates an overlapping clinical and biological pattern between its malignant ingredients.Natural history of the disease seems to be determined by the predominant tumor element.Gold standard for diagnosis is histology of surgical specimens.Regarding therapeutic interventions,major hepatectomy is acknowledged as the cornerstone of treatment whereas minor hepatectomy and liver transplantation may be applied in patients with advanced cirrhosis.Despite all therapeutic attempts,prognosis of CHC remains dismal.展开更多
以无人驾驶小巴为代表的客运自动驾驶工具在公交微循环中发挥着重要作用,为实现无人驾驶技术的商业化规模运用,除了传统的车辆性能测试外,还需评估其在复杂场景下的表现。由于测试数据缺乏,评价模型适用场景单一和评价方法主观等问题,...以无人驾驶小巴为代表的客运自动驾驶工具在公交微循环中发挥着重要作用,为实现无人驾驶技术的商业化规模运用,除了传统的车辆性能测试外,还需评估其在复杂场景下的表现。由于测试数据缺乏,评价模型适用场景单一和评价方法主观等问题,导致以往评价偏差较大。本文针对无人驾驶小巴的表现构建综合评价体系,并在实测数据的基础上,采用博弈论组合赋权的优劣解距离法(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution,TOPSIS)模型,对车辆在复杂场景下的表现进行综合评价。选取驾驶安全性、乘坐舒适性、车辆智能性及车辆高效性这4个评价维度,并细分为12个客观评价指标。首先,通过实地测试采集无人驾驶小巴在运行场景中的数据;其次,利用基于博弈论的组合赋权法,对层次分析法和熵权法获得的权重进行组合;最后,为验证模型的有效性,运用TOPSIS模型对3条具有不同复杂度的测试路线进行综合评价值的计算。结果显示,无人驾驶小巴表现评价中,准则层的重要程度排序为车辆智能性、驾驶安全性、乘坐舒适性、车辆高效性,指标层敏感指标则为自动驾驶状态、平均角速度。基于博弈论组合赋权的TOPSIS模型对不同场景复杂度路线进行的无人驾驶小巴表现评价结果与实际运行情况一致,展示了方法的有效性。展开更多
基金the NKBRSF Project! G 1999043400 the CNSF Project! 49735180.
文摘Two land surface schemes, one the standard Biosphere / Atmosphere Transfer Scheme Version ie (BOZ) and the other B1Z based on B0Z and heterogeneously-treated by' combined approach' , were co 'pled to the meso-scale model MM4, respectively. Through the calculations of equations from the companion paper, parameters representing land surface heterogeneity and suitable for the coupling models were found out. Three cases were simulated for heavy rainfalls during 36 hours, and the sensitivity of short-term weather modeling to the land surface heterogeneity was tested. Through the analysis of the simulations of the three heavy rainfalls, it was demonstrated that BIZ, compared with BOZ, could more realistically reflect the features of the land surface heterogeneity, therefore could more realistically reproduce the circulation and precipitation amount in the heavy rainfall processes of the three cases. This shows that even short-term weather is sensitive to the land surface heterogeneity, which is more obvious with time passing, and whose influence is more pronounced in the lower layer and gradually extends to the middle and upper layer. Through the analysis of these simulations with BlZ, it is suggested that the bulk effect of smaller-scale fluxes (i.e., the momentum, water vapor and sensible heat fluxes) near the s ig nificantly-heterogeneous land surface is to change the larger-scale (i.e., meso-scale) circulation, and then to influence the development of the low-level jets and precipitation. And also, the complexity of the land-atmosphere interaction was shown in these simulations.
文摘A method based on Giorgi (1997a, 1997b) and referred to as ’ combined approach’, which is a combi-nation of mosaic approach and analytical-statistical-dynamical approach, is proposed. Compared with those of other approaches, the main advantage of the combined approach is that it not only can represent both interpatch and intrapatch variability, but also cost less computational time when the land surface heterogeneity is considered. Because the independent variable of probability density function (PDF) is ex-tended to the single valued function of basic meteorological characteristic quantities, which is much more universal, the analytical expressions of the characteristic quantities (e.g., drag coefficient, snow coverage, leaf surface aerodynamical resistance) affected by roughness length are derived , when the roughness length(and / or the zero plane displacement) heterogeneity has been mainly taken into account with the approach. On the basis of the rule which the PDF parameters should follow, we choose a function y of the roughness length z 0 as the PDF independent variable, and set different values of the two parameters width ratio αn and height ratio γ of PDF (here a linear, symmetric PDF is applied) for sensitivity experiments, from which some conclusions can be drawn, e.g., relevant characteristic terms show different sensitivities to the heterogeneous characteristic (i.e., roughness length), which suggests that we should consider the heterogeneities of the more sensitive terms in our model instead of the heterogeneities of the rest, and which also implies that when the land surface scheme is coupled into the global or regional atmospheric model, sensitivity tests against the distribution of the heterogeneous characteristic are very necessary; when the parameter αn is close to zero, little heterogeneity is represented, and αn differs with cases, which have an upper limit of about 0.6; in the reasonable range of αn, a peak-like distribution of roughness length can be depicted by a small value of γ, etc.. Key words Representation of land surface heterogeneity - “ Combined approach” - Numerical experiment This work was supported by the National Sciences Foundation of China, Grant No.49875005 and the State Key Project (973) G19990434 (03).
文摘Background For the purpose of utilising hybrid vigour to produce possible hybrids with a suitable level of stability,the knowledge of gene activity and combining ability is a crucial prerequisite before choosing desirable parents.The present study was carried out with six parents crossed in full diallel fashion and generated 30 F1 hybrids.These hybrids were evaluated in two replications in Randomized Block Design at Department of Cotton,TNAU for combining ability and gene action.Diallel analysis was carried out according to Griffing’s method-I(parents + F_(1) + reciprocals) and model-I and Hayman’s graphical approach by using INDOSTAT software.Results Analysis of variance for combining ability indicated that mean square values of GCA,SCA and reciprocals were highly significant for all the traits except for the uniformity index.RG763 and K12 showed highly positively significant GCA effects for most of the yield traits while PA838 and K12 for fibre quality traits,so they were found as best general combiners.PAIG379 × K12 and PDB29 × K12 for yield traits,and PDB29 × PA838,RG763 × PA838,and CNA1007 × RG763 cross combinations for fibre quality traits could be recommended for future breeding programms.Conclusion The results of both Griffing’s and Hayman’s approaches showed that non-additive gene action predominates as SCA variance was bigger than GCA variance,so heterosis breeding is thought to be a more fruitful option for enhancing GCA of many traits.
文摘To the Editor:We read with tremendous interest the paper by Del Fabbroet al. [1]. In this thorough article, the authors meticulously underlinethe advantages of a modified j-shaped incision for the simultaneoustreatment of difficult liver colorectal metastases (CRM) and right-lung CRM, reporting their experience in a cohort of 11 patients.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62273058,U22A2045)the Key Science and Technology Projects of Jilin Province(20200401075GX)the Youth Science and Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Outstanding Talents Project of Jilin Province(20230508043RC)。
文摘This paper develops a quadratic function convex approximation approach to deal with the negative definite problem of the quadratic function induced by stability analysis of linear systems with time-varying delays.By introducing two adjustable parameters and two free variables,a novel convex function greater than or equal to the quadratic function is constructed,regardless of the sign of the coefficient in the quadratic term.The developed lemma can also be degenerated into the existing quadratic function negative-determination(QFND)lemma and relaxed QFND lemma respectively,by setting two adjustable parameters and two free variables as some particular values.Moreover,for a linear system with time-varying delays,a relaxed stability criterion is established via our developed lemma,together with the quivalent reciprocal combination technique and the Bessel-Legendre inequality.As a result,the conservatism can be reduced via the proposed approach in the context of constructing Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals for the stability analysis of linear time-varying delay systems.Finally,the superiority of our results is illustrated through three numerical examples.
文摘The Author Reply:We thank Dr. Sucameli et al. for the interest toward our article[1] and for the opportunity for further discussing on this issue,providing a case report of single metastastic fore sites in the liverand lung both treated in a minimal access fashion. However, giventhe interest of the authors insight, it appears misleading when related to that discussed in our report which was clearly referred toother patients' profiles. Indeed, they described a case with a singleperipheral nodule in the right lung and a single liver metastasesin segment 5. This uncommon situation (less than 2% of patientsaccording to the LiverMetSurvey registry [2]), is obviouslya more than reasonable indication for a mini-invasive approach.However, our patients received surgery for complex oncological involvementof the liver: as described, this means large and/or multiplelesions, in contact or invading the hepatic veins at caval confluence.For such conditions we have introduced original surgicalapproaches [3,4]: in such conditions we would select a J-shapedthoracophrenolaparotomy for the liver per se [5]. This incision forsuch complex conditions other than allowing the liver clearance in a single operation rather than in staged approach [6], allows justin case the removal of lung nodules. Therefore, we thank again theauthors for their interest to our report, and furthermore we congratulatefor the original management of the shared clinical case.However, the condition recalled by the authors is related to a scenariooncologically and surgically at the opposite side of that discussedin our paper and for that somehow suggesting a comparisonis misleading.
文摘Background:Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma(CHC)is a rare subtype of primary hepatic malignancies,with variably reported incidence between 0.4%–14.2%of primary liver cancer cases.This study aimed to systematically review the epidemiological,clinicopathological,diagnostic and therapeutic data for this rare entity.Data sources:We reviewed the literature of diagnostic approach of CHC with special reference to its clinical,molecular and histopathological characteristics.Additional analysis of the recent literature in order to evaluate the results of surgical and systemic treatment of this entity has been accomplished.Results:The median age at CHC’s diagnosis appears to be between 50 and 75 years.Evaluation of tumor markers[alpha fetoprotein(AFP),carbohydrate antigen 19–9(CA19–9)and carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)]along with imaging patterns provides better opportunities for CHC’s preoperative diagnosis.Reported clinicopathologic prognostic parameters possibly correlated with increased tumor recurrence and grimmer survival odds include advanced age,tumor size,nodal and distal metastases,vascular and regional organ invasion,multifocality,decreased capsule formation,stem-cell features verification and increased GGT as well as CA19–9 and CEA levels.In case of inoperable or recurrent disease,combinations of cholangiocarcinoma-directed systemic agents display superior results over sorafenib.Liver-directed methods,such as transarterial chemoembolization(TACE),percutaneous ethanol injection(PEI),hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC),radioembolization and ablative therapies,demonstrate inferior efficacy than in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)due to CHC’s common hypovascularity.Conclusions:CHC demonstrates an overlapping clinical and biological pattern between its malignant ingredients.Natural history of the disease seems to be determined by the predominant tumor element.Gold standard for diagnosis is histology of surgical specimens.Regarding therapeutic interventions,major hepatectomy is acknowledged as the cornerstone of treatment whereas minor hepatectomy and liver transplantation may be applied in patients with advanced cirrhosis.Despite all therapeutic attempts,prognosis of CHC remains dismal.
文摘以无人驾驶小巴为代表的客运自动驾驶工具在公交微循环中发挥着重要作用,为实现无人驾驶技术的商业化规模运用,除了传统的车辆性能测试外,还需评估其在复杂场景下的表现。由于测试数据缺乏,评价模型适用场景单一和评价方法主观等问题,导致以往评价偏差较大。本文针对无人驾驶小巴的表现构建综合评价体系,并在实测数据的基础上,采用博弈论组合赋权的优劣解距离法(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution,TOPSIS)模型,对车辆在复杂场景下的表现进行综合评价。选取驾驶安全性、乘坐舒适性、车辆智能性及车辆高效性这4个评价维度,并细分为12个客观评价指标。首先,通过实地测试采集无人驾驶小巴在运行场景中的数据;其次,利用基于博弈论的组合赋权法,对层次分析法和熵权法获得的权重进行组合;最后,为验证模型的有效性,运用TOPSIS模型对3条具有不同复杂度的测试路线进行综合评价值的计算。结果显示,无人驾驶小巴表现评价中,准则层的重要程度排序为车辆智能性、驾驶安全性、乘坐舒适性、车辆高效性,指标层敏感指标则为自动驾驶状态、平均角速度。基于博弈论组合赋权的TOPSIS模型对不同场景复杂度路线进行的无人驾驶小巴表现评价结果与实际运行情况一致,展示了方法的有效性。