Technical and Economic Aspects and Experience from 6 Years of Operating the Technology Using the Waste Heat from the Exhaust Gases of Heat Sources and 3 Years of Operating a Heating Plant in an Autonomous, Island Regime

This article is focused on technical and economic evaluation of more than 6-years experiences of operating the Waste Heat Recovery technology—the manner and system of flue gas processing generated in the combustion process in heat & power plants, cogeneration units, etc., which burn the gaseous fuel, primarily natural gas, or methane, biogas, geothermal gas, or other gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen. The solution proposes a more effective and non-traditional use of gaseous fuel for heating, the flue gases of which are processed in order to extract additional utilisable heat, with potential elimination of CO2 from them. Deploying of the heating plant in an island regime (OFF-GRID) enables definition of the benefits brought by the 3 years of operational experience and presents visions for the future offering the possibility to utilise the support energy services at the municipal as well as regional level.

CCPP机组余热锅炉高压蒸发器泄漏分析与处理

燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组(CCPP)作为高效能源转换系统,在钢铁等工业领域得到广泛应用。余热锅炉作为CCPP机组的核心部件,其稳定运行直接关系到整个机组的效率和安全性。文章针对某钢厂燃气轮机组配套余热锅炉高压蒸发器上部迎烟气面频繁泄漏问题进行了深入研究,分析泄漏原因为其下联箱内沉积物导致蒸发器管内水流量减小,进而产生汽水混合物的冲击腐蚀,同时炉膛局部区域的“烟气走廊”现象加剧了这一腐蚀过程。针对这一问题,采取更换泄漏管段、改造下联箱定排管系统以提高排污效率、修复和完善烟气挡板以减少“烟气走廊”形成、优化定期排污操作以及制定定期的检查和维护计划等措施,有效地解决了高压蒸发器的泄漏问题,提高了设备的稳定性和安全性。

考虑碳市场风险的热电联产虚拟电厂低碳调度

燃煤热电机组“以热定电”的运行模式会导致新能源消纳能力不足,且运行过程中会产生过高碳排放。为此,建立了考虑地源热泵、电转气(P2G)和碳捕集与封存(CCS)的热电联产虚拟电厂模型,并提出了基于碳市场风险的虚拟电厂低碳调度策略。利用自回归滑动平均模型及广义自回归条件异方差模型预测碳市场的次日碳价,并用条件风险价值模型衡量其波动风险;引入电制热设备地源热泵,协同P2G-CCS解耦热电联产“以热定电”运行约束;提出以各设备的运行成本、弃风弃光惩罚成本、碳交易及碳市场风险成本之和最小为目标函数的优化调度策略。算例结果表明:所提调度策略不仅能促进新能源消纳,提高经济效益,还可以降低系统碳排放。

火电厂源侧综合能源系统集成及性能评估研究

本文建立了以火电厂为核心,消纳可再生能源并提供冷热电汽综合能源服务的一套能源系统,通过对整体系统及关键子系统热力性能分析,验证了提出模型和方法的有效性。并研究了一些关键运行参数对系统综合性能的影响,验证了提出模型和方法的有效性和优越性。结果表明:通过改变火电厂的源侧参数,可以提高综合能源系统荷侧的输出量;且生物质转化气对汽轮机发电功率的影响最大。热泵系统的负荷随着进入系统中的给水流量的增大而增大,利用汽轮机中的部分抽汽来驱动热泵系统,虽然发电功率下降了10.88%,但是却为用户提供了16.8MW的热负荷和16.2MW的冷负荷以及27.78t/h的蒸汽量。

基于船舶总能系统及余热利用的主机选型研究

以主推进发动机(又称“主机”)的定义及类型作为切入点,本文介绍了汽轮机、柴油机及燃气轮机等几类常规热力发动机,以及相关联合动力装置的技术特点。考虑到对民用船舶的经济性要求,开发充分利用余热的总能系统势在必行,从几类主机的技术特点出发,重点对其在总能系统中的应用可行性进行了分析。就目前而言,燃气轮机虽然单机热效率较低,但由于具有较高的排气温度及较大的流量,在船舶总能系统领域有着较好应用前景。燃气轮机与汽轮机联合组成的燃气-蒸汽联合动力装置(COGAS型联合动力装置)能显著提升系统热效率,达到与低速柴油机相近的水平。

涉及长输供热管网的热电联产改造研究

文章以呼和浩特市托克托电厂为例,从电厂的供热潜力、长输供热管网的敷设方案等角度详细分析了涉及长输供热管网的热电联产改造。结果表明:托克托电厂能满足城市的远期供热负荷;传统供热方式与大温差供热方式相结合的综合供热方式更适合该项目;相比于DN1400管道,采用DN1600的输送管道,不仅能节约输送能耗,而且在供热年限内经济性更高;包裹110 mm厚的保温层后,整个管道热损失仅占3%。

Optimization Potentials for the Waste Heat Recovery of a Gas-Steam Combined Cycle Power Plant Based on Absorption Heat Pump

A new waste heat recovery system is presented to recover exhausted steam waste heat from the steam turbine by absorption heat pump(AHP) in a gas-steam combined cycle(GSCC) power plant. The system can decrease energy consumption and further improve the energy utilization. The performance evaluation criteria are calculated, and exergy analysis for key components are implemented in terms of the energy and exergy analysis theory. Besides, the change of these criteria is also revealed before and after modification. The net power output approximately increases by 21738 kW, and equivalent coal consumption decreases by 5.58 g/kWh. A 1.81% and 1.92% increase in the thermal and exergy efficiency is respectively obtained in the new integrated system as the heating load is 401095 kJ at 100% condition. Meanwhile, the appropriate extraction parameters for heating have been also analyzed in the two systems. The proposed scheme can not only save energy consumption but also reduce emission and gain great economic benefit, which is proven to be a huge potential for practical application.

Low-carbon Operation of Combined Heat and Power Integrated Plants Based on Solar-assisted Carbon Capture

Accelerating the development of renewable energy and reducing CO_(2)emissions have become a general consensus and concerted action of all countries in the world. The electric power industry, especially thermal power industry, is the main source for fossil energy consumption and CO_(2)emissions. Since solvent-based post-combustion carbon capture technology would bring massive extra energy consumption, the application of solar-assisted carbon capture technology has attracted extensive attention. Due to the important role of coal-fired combined heat and power plants for serving residential and industrial heating districts, in this paper, the low-carbon operation benefits of combined heat and power integrated plants based on solar-assisted carbon capture(CHPIP-SACC) are fully evaluated in heat and power integrated energy system with a high proportion of wind power. Based on the selected integration scheme, a linear operation model of CHPIP-SACC is developed considering energy flow characteristics and thermal coupling interaction of its internal modules. From the perspective of system-level operation optimization, the day-ahead economic dispatch problem based on a mix-integer linear programming model is presented to evaluate the low-carbon benefits of CHPIP-SACC during annual operation simulation. The numerical simulations on a modified IEEE 39-bus system demonstrate the effectiveness of CHPIP-SACC for reducing CO_(2)emissions as well as increasing the downward flexibility. The impact of different solar field areas and unit prices of coal on the low-carbon operation benefits of CHPIP-SACC is studied in the section of sensitivity analysis.

Carbon emission impact on the operation of virtual power plant with combined heat and power system

A virtual power plant （VPP） can realize the aggregation of distributed generation in a certain region, and represent distributed generation to participate in the power market of the main grid. With the expansion of VPPs and ever-growing heat demand of consumers, managing the effect of fluctuations in the amount of available renewable resources on the operation of VPPs and maintaining an economical supply of electric power and heat energy to users have been important issues. This paper proposes the allocation of an electric boiler to realize wind power directly converted for supplying heat, which can not only overcome the limitation of beat output from a combined heat and power （CHP） unit, but also reduce carbon emissions from a VPP. After the electric boiler is considered in the VPP operation model of the combined heat and power system, a multi-objective model is built, which includes the costs of carbon emissions, total operation of the VPP and the electricity traded between the VPP and the main grid. The model is solved by the CPLEX package using the fuzzy membership function in Matlab, and a case study is presented. The power output of each unit in the case study is analyzed under four scenarios. The results show that after carbon emission is taken into account, the output of low carbon units is significantly increased, and the allocation of an electric boiler can facilitate the maximum absorption of renewable energy, which also reduces carbon emissions from the VPP.

Performance Improvement of Combined Cycle Power Plant Based on the Optimization of the Bottom Cycle and Heat Recuperation

Many F class gas turbine combined cycle （GTCC） power plants are built in China at present because of less emission and high efficiency. It is of great interest to investigate the efficiency improvement of GTCC plant. A combined cycle with three-pressure reheat heat recovery steam generator （HRSG） is selected for study in this paper. In order to maximize the GTCC efficiency, the optimization of the HRSG operating parameters is performed. The operating parameters are determined by means of a thermodynamic analysis, i.e. the minimization of exergy losses. The influence of HRSG inlet gas temperature on the steam bottoming cycle efficiency is discussed. The result shows that increasing the HRSG inlet temperature has less improvement to steam cycle efficiency when it is over 590℃. Partial gas to gas recuperation in the topping cycle is studied. Joining HRSG optimization with the use of gas to gas heat recuperation, the combined plant efficiency can rise up to 59.05% at base load. In addition, the part load performance of the GTCC power plant gets much better. The efficiency is increased by 2.11% at 75% load and by 4.17% at 50% load.

含吸收式热泵的高能效热电厂优化运行研究

针对乏汽余热利用方案的差异性对比,文章首先基于吸收式热泵整体建模,建立配置最佳容量吸收式热泵后抽凝机组的可行运行区间模型以及煤耗函数模型。以此为基础,量化分析配置吸收式热泵较低压缸可灵活切除改造、高背压改造二者在运行灵活性、调峰成本和供热能力方面的优劣,提出包含3种余热利用方案的高能效热电厂厂内机组优化调度通用模型。最后根据东北某热电厂的数据,在不同场景下校验了3种余热利用方案的差异,进一步总结不同余热利用方案并存时,厂内不同类型机组之间的协同运行规律。

Feasibility Study for Self-Sustained Wastewater Treatment Plants—Using Biogas CHP Fuel Cell, Micro-Turbine, PV and Wind Turbine Systems

This paper studies the application of renewable energy sources in wastewater treatment plants to achieve self-sustain- ability of power. The data of wastewater treatment plant in the rural city of Toukh-EGYPT are presented as a case-study. The primary objective is to provide an entirely renewable standalone power system, which satisfies lowest possible emissions with the minimum lifecycle cost. Mass balance principle is applied on the biodegradable components in the wastewater to evaluate the volume of digester gas that is produced from sludge through anaerobic digestion process. Using digester gas as a fuel lead to study combined-heat-and-power technologies, where fuel cell is selected in order to abide by the low emissions constraint. The study assessed the electrical power obtained from fuel cell and the utilization of the exhausted heat energy for additional electrical power production using a micro-turbine. After covering the major part of load demand, the use of other renewable energy sources was studied. The strength of both solar and wind energy was determined by the case-study location. Hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) software was used to simulate the hybrid system composed of combined-heat-and-power units, wind turbines and photovoltaic systems. Simulation results gave the best system configuration and optimum size of each component beside the detailed electrical and cost analysis of the model.

考虑碳捕集及需求响应的虚拟电厂热电联合优化调度

燃煤热电机组独特的以热定电工作方式与风电反调峰特性,导致虚拟电厂存在调峰能力不足的问题,且碳排放量居高不下。目前,通过碳捕集技术辅之合理的需求响应机制是实现虚拟电厂灵活低碳运行的重要手段。研究的虚拟电厂在包含热电厂、风电场、光伏电站的基础上加入碳捕集设备与电锅炉并考虑需求响应机制。基于虚拟电厂的源荷结构与工作原理,建立了考虑碳捕集及需求响应的虚拟电厂优化调度模型,并应用自适应免疫遗传算法对模型进行求解,分析了4种不同策略的调度情况。仿真结果表明,规划的虚拟电厂结构合理,提出的调度策略能通过协调源荷两侧资源,在提高系统新能源消纳能力与总收益的同时达到减少碳排放量的目的。

考虑风电消纳的含P2G-CCS虚拟电厂优化调度

针对热电联供(CHP)运行过程中产生大量CO_(2)以及“以热定电”运行方式导致的弃风问题,提出一种考虑风电消纳的含电转气和碳捕集系统(P2G-CCS)虚拟电厂优化调度方案。首先,在虚拟电厂(VPP)中引入P2GCCS耦合模型,并使其与CHP能源流动形成循环,将CO_(2)作为CHP的燃料来源;其次,在VPP中加入地源热泵(GSHP),与P2G-CCS协同运行,实现CHP的热电解耦,促进风电消纳;最后,将电、气综合需求响应引入负荷侧,进一步促进风电消纳。以华北某地区VPP为例进行算例分析,结果表明所提调度方案可以有效促进风电消纳,同时碳排放和运行成本也更低。

考虑多重不确定性的垃圾焚烧热电联产电厂日前鲁棒申报策略

垃圾焚烧电厂是处理固体废弃物的主要方式之一,并且越来越多的垃圾焚烧电厂具有热电联产模式,既可以在电力市场出售电能,又能为相邻区域供热。基于此,在考虑日前电力市场价格和固体废弃物来量不确定性的前提下,构建了垃圾焚烧热电联产电厂的两阶段鲁棒申报模型。该模型可以在最坏场景下保证垃圾焚烧热电联产电厂的预期收益最大化。为了对模型进行求解,引入Benders分解将该模型分解为易求解的主问题和子问题。最后,算例仿真结果表明,该模型可以帮助运营商制定经济合理的电能申报策略。并通过对比分析和敏感性分析验证了该模型的优越性与适用性。

考虑高维不确定性的热电联产虚拟电厂优化调度

基于狄利克雷过程混合模型和变分推断算法建立了风电出力-光伏出力-电负荷-热负荷高维数据驱动不确定模糊集,在此基础上提出了考虑高维不确定性的热电联产虚拟电厂(CHP-VPP)两阶段随机鲁棒优化调度策略。两阶段中第1和第2阶段分别以日前和实时市场收益最大为目标函数,考虑各机组运行、功率平衡、市场交易和网络结构等多种约束,开发了加速列与约束生成(AC&CG)算法来对此优化调度问题进行求解。结果表明:所提出的随机鲁棒优化方法实现了CHP-VPP经济性和鲁棒性的均衡;模糊集中不确定边界值与CHP-VPP总收益呈负相关,随着不确定边界值的增大,系统的总收益降低,鲁棒性增加。

热电联产虚拟电厂两阶段分布鲁棒优化调度

热电联产虚拟电厂(combined heat and power virtual power plant,CHP-VPP)聚合了各类电热出力单元,可兼顾风光出力不确定性、动态电价、用户热舒适度等影响,实现整体出力的优化调度。提出了两阶段分布鲁棒优化调度方法,第一阶段考虑计划调度,旨在保证CHP-VPP的收益最大;第二阶段基于矩不确定分布鲁棒方法,构建风光出力的不确定性模糊集,引入用户热舒适度HOMIE模型,降低电热净负荷波动幅度,实现对CHP-VPP内部各单元实时出力的优化调整。针对IEEE14节点模型进行算例研究,分析了不确定参数、不同优化方法以及动态电价对调度结果的影响,结果表明:所提出的两阶段调度方法能够有效进行电热调度,实现系统的收益最大化和波动最小化。

含光热电站的热-电系统供暖期优化调度

为解决西北地区热电联产机组“以热定电”特性导致供暖期产生弃风的问题,提出一种含光热电站的热电联供系统优化调度策略。该模型将含储热的光热电站与电加热装置联合进行辅助供热,同时考虑能量损耗的影响,以系统综合成本最小、弃风率最低为目标,制订最优日前调度计划。模型对光热电站供热潜力进行深度开发,减弱了常规热电联产机组热电耦合程度,大大提高了风电消纳水平。最后利用西北某地区实际数据进行算例分析,验证模型有效性。结果表明,所提策略在促进风电消纳的同时降低系统综合成本。

含光热电站的热电联供型微网储热容量双层优化配置

含可再生能源的微网已成为能源领域重要的发展趋势,在此背景下,针对热电联产微网中储能优化配置的不足,构建了含有光热电站的热电联供型微网储热容量双层优化配置模型。上层模型以极小化光热电站日投资成本和热电联产微网日运行成本为优化目标,下层以极小化热电联产微网日运行成本为优化目标。利用Karush-Kuhn-Tucker最优性条件将双层模型转化为单层模型。算例证明了基于光热电站的储热系统提升了微网的经济性以及微网消纳可再生能源的能力,并分析了光热电站的储热容量和储热成本对热电联产微网投资成本和运行成本的影响,同时验证了所提双层规划模型的有效性。

基于设备互补特性的冷热电系统优化

为提高能源系统综合性能,将地源热泵、光伏和光热等可再生能源集成于以原动机为核心的冷热电系统,并着重对系统设备的效率进行研究。基于设备能量互补特性,提出优化多个设备运行参数,分别是地源热泵供冷启动因子和供热启动因子以及原动机的启动因子来实现整个系统设备效率的提高。将控制多个设备的启动因子结合以电定热运行模式与传统以电定热运行模式进行对比分析,并以单独的地源热泵系统为参考系统,采用黑洞算法对系统进行优化。研究结果表明,与传统模式相比,控制多个启动因子模式系统具有更好的性能。与参考系统相比,耦合可再生能源的冷热电系统性能指标有了较大改善,特别是以启动因子模式运行(年能源节约率达到36.03%;年CO_(2)减排率达到53.24%;年总成本降低率达到36.85%;年综合性能达到42.04%)。