Mechanism and optimization of fuel injection parameters on combustion noise of DI diesel engine

Combustion noise takes large proportion in diesel engine noise and the studies of its influence factors play an important role in noise reduction. Engine noise and cylinder pressure measurement experiments were carried out. And the improved attenuation curves were obtained, by which the engine noise was predicted. The effect of fuel injection parameters in combustion noise was investigated during the combustion process. At last, the method combining single variable optimization and multivariate combination was introduced to online optimize the combustion noise. The results show that injection parameters can affect the cylinder pressure rise rate and heat release rate, and consequently affect the cylinder pressure load and pressure oscillation to influence the combustion noise. Among these parameters, main injection advance angle has the greatest influence on the combustion noise, while the pilot injection interval time takes the second place, and the pilot injection quantity is of minimal impact. After the optimal design of the combustion noise, the average sound pressure level of the engine is distinctly reduced by 1.0 d B(A) generally. Meanwhile, the power, emission and economy performances are ensured.

Influence of Pre-injection Control Parameters on Main-injection Fuel Quantity for an Electronically Controlled Double-valve Fuel Injection System of Diesel Engine

A simulation model of an electronically controlled two solenoid valve fuel injection system for a diesel engine is established in the AMESim environment.The accuracy of the model is validated through comparison with experimental data.The influence of pre-injection control parameters on main-injection quantity under different control modes is analyzed.In the spill control valve mode,main-injection fuel quantity decreases gradually and then reaches a stable level because of the increase in multi-injection dwell time.In the needle control valve mode,main-injection fuel quantity increases with rising multi-injection dwell time;this effect becomes more obvious at high-speed revolutions and large main-injection pulse widths.Pre-injection pulse width has no obvious influence on main-injection quantity under the two control modes;the variation in main-injection quantity is in the range of 1 mm3.

Study of the Combustion Process inside an Ethanol-Diesel Dual Direct Injection Engine Based on a Non-Uniform Injection Approach

The use of ethanol is a promising method to reduce the emissions of diesel engines.The present study has been based on the installation of a gasoline electronic injection system in a single-cylinder diesel engine to control the amount of ethanol entering the cylinder during the compression(while diesel has been injected into the cylinder by the original pump injection system).The injection time has been controlled by crank angle signal collected by an AVL angle indicator.In the tests ethanol and diesel each accounted for half of the fuel volume,and the total heat energy supply of the fuel was equivalent to that of the diesel under the operating conditions of the original engine.A three-dimensional combustion model of the diesel engine has been implemented by using the CFD software FIRE.Simulations have been carried out assuming uniform and non-uniform injections rate for the different holes and the different results have been compared.According to these results,a non-uniform injection rate can produce early ignition and cause an increase in the maximum in-cylinder pressure and the maximum average incylinder temperature.Moreover,in such conditions NO emissions are larger while soot emission is slightly lower.

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Rate-Shaped Main Injection on Combustion and Emission in an OPOC Two-Stroke Diesel Engine

The effects of various split injection strategies on the opposed-piston opposed-cylinder(OPOC)diesel engine combustion and emission characteristics have been studied numerically using AVL-Fire CFD tools.The five rate-shaped main injections were used in split injection strategies.The results show that ignition delay from a rectangular injection rate is the shortest.Maximum pressure of the trapezoid injection rate is the largest.And the NOx emission of the rectangular injection rate is the largest.Meanwhile,the soot emission of the trapezoid injection rate is the least among the five injection rates.

Complete Modeling for Systems of a Marine Diesel Engine

This paper presents a simulator model of a marine diesel engine based on physical, semi-physical, mathematical and thermodynamic equations, which allows fast predictive simulations The whole engine system is divided into several functional blocks： cooling, lubrication, air, injection, combustion and emissions. The sub-models and dynamic characteristics of individual blocks are established according to engine working principles equations and experimental data collected from a marine diesel engine test bench for SIMB Company under the reference 6M26SRP1. The overall engine system dynamics is expressed as a set of simultaneous algebraic and differential equations using sub-blocks and S-Functions of Matlab/Simulink. The simulation of this model, implemented on Matlab/Simulink has been validated and can be used to obtain engine performance, pressure, temperature, efficiency, heat release, crank angle, fuel rate, emissions at different sub-blocks. The simulator will be used, in future work, to study the engine performance in faulty conditions, and can be used to assist marine engineers in fault diagnosis and estimation （FDI） as well as designers to predict the behavior of the cooling system, lubrication system, injection system, combustion, emissions, in order to optimize the dimensions of different components. This program is a platform for fault simulator, to investigate the impact on sub-blocks engine＇s output of changing values for faults parameters such as： faulty fuel injector, leaky cylinder, worn fuel pump, broken piston rings, a dirty turbocharger, dirty air filter, dirty air cooler, air leakage, water leakage, oil leakage and contamination, fouling of heat exchanger, pumps wear, failure of injectors （and many others）.

Effects of different combustion modes on the thermal efficiency and emissions of a diesel pilot-ignited natural gas engine under low-medium loads

Research on dual-fuel(DF)engines has become increasingly important as engine manufacturers seek to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.There are significant advantages of using diesel pilot-ignited natural gas engines as DF engines.However,different combustion modes exist due to variations in the formation of the mixture.This research used a simulation model and numerical simulations to explore the combustion characteristics of high-pressure direct injection(HPDI),partially premixed compression ignition(PPCI),and double pilot injection premixed compression ignition(DPPCI)combustion modes under a low-medium load.The results revealed that the DPPCI combustion mode provides higher gross indicated thermal efficiency and more acceptable total hydrocarbon(THC)emission levels than the other modes.Due to its relatively good performance,an experimental study was conducted on the DPPCI mode engine to evaluate the impact of the diesel dual-injection strategy on the combustion process.In the DPPCI mode,a delay in the second pilot ignition injection time increased THC emissions(a maximum value of 4.27g/(kW·h)),decreased the emission of nitrogen oxides(a maximum value of 7.64 g/(kW·h)),increased and then subsequently decreased the gross indicated thermal efficiency values,which reached 50.4%under low-medium loads.

An experimental study on RP-3 jet fuel injection on a common rail injection system

RP-3 jet fuel could be an alternative fuel for diesel engines.In this study,the injection characteristics of RP-3jet fuel under single and split injection strategies were investigated and compared with diesel fuel.The experimental results indicate that RP-3 jet fuel has slightly shorter injection delay time than diesel fuel,but this difference is negligible in actual engine operations.Further,although the lower density and viscosity of RP-3 jet fuel lead to higher volumetric injection rates and cycle-based injection quantities,the cycle-based injection mass and the mass injection rates at the stable injection stage of RP-3 jet fuel are close to or slightly lower than those of diesel fuel.Based on these experimental observations,it could be concluded that fuel physical properties are the secondary factor influencing the injection characteristics in both single and split injection strategies,as RP-3 jet fuel and diesel fuel are taken for comparison.

Combustion Characteristics and Emission of a Two-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine with Two-Stage Injection

In order to study the effect of two-stage injection on two-stroke diesel engines, a well characterized research engine equipped with electronically controlled common rail system and scavenging system was constructed. Through analysis of combustion and emissions, two-stage injection shows its advantages. Compared with the standard injection, it produces less emissions, while compared with single early injection, it expands engine operation range. Further experiments were carried out to study the influence of several injection control parameters on two-stage injection. The fuel in the first injection is used for forming homogeneous mixture. The fuel in the second injection keeps combustion, and it is the main source of smoke emissions. NO_x is formed in both combustion process caused by these two injections, and there is an optimum fuel allocation ration to produce minimum NO_x. The cylinder pressure decreases, and the combustion is depressed with the increasing of scavenging pressure. By optimizing the injection control parameters of two-stage injection, NO_x and smoke can be reduced beyond 30% simultaneously.

Mathematical Model for the Injector of a Common Rail Fuel-Injection System

The paper describes a Diesel fuel injection process. Computer simulation was carried out together with measurement of the Common Rail accumulator fuel-injection system. The computer simulation enables the observation of the phenomena from rail pressure, being the input data for injection parameters calculations, to the injection rate. By means of computer simulation, the pressure values in specific sections of the injection nozzle may be computed, the needle lift, injection rate, total injected fuel, time lag from injector current to first evidence of injection process and other time-lags between various phases of the injection process. The injection rate provides input data for spray computer simulation. Measurements of injection and combustion were carried out within a transparent research engine. This engine is a single-cylinder transparent engine based on the AUDI V6 engine, equipped with a Bosch Common Rail Injection System. The comparison between the computed and measured injection parameters showed good matching.

The Application of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) to Thermoelectric Energy Generation by Employing a Low Temperature Stirling Engine

A thermoelectric generation Stirling engine (TEG-Stirling engine) is discussed by employing a low temperature Stirling engine and the dissipative equation of motion derived from the method of thermomechanical dynamics (TMD). The results and mechanism of axial flux electromagnetic induction (AF-EMI) are applied to a low temperature Stirling engine, resulting in a TEG-Stirling engine. The method of TMD produced thermodynamically consistent and time-dependent physical quantities for the first time, such as internal energy ℰ(t), thermodynamic work Wth(t), the total entropy (heat dissipation) Qd(t)and measure or temperature of a nonequilibrium state T˜(t). The TMD analysis produced a lightweight mechanical system of TEG-Stirling engine which derives electric power from waste heat of temperature (40˚CT100˚C) by a thermoelectric conversion method. An optimal low rotational speed about 30θ′(t)/(2π)60(rpm) is found, applicable to devices for sustainable, clean energy technologies. The stability of a thermal state and angular rotations of TEG-Stirling engine are specifically shown by employing properties of nonequilibrium temperature T˜(t), which is also applied to study optimal fuel-injection and combustion timings of heat engines.

Measurement and analysis of cycle fuel injection quantity for electronic unit pump

The cycle fuel injection quantity is accurately measured for electronic unit pump （EUP） operating at high, middle and low speeds by using displacement method based on EFS instantaneous mono-injector qualifier. On the basis of the experi- mental data about fuel injection quantity and fuel pressure, the variation of inconsistency in fuel injection quantity of EUP and the influence factors in different operating conditions are concluded. The results show that the inconsistency is lowest in maximum torque condition, while on the start and maximum power conditions, it is higher.

Combustion and emissions of RP-3 jet fuel and diesel fuel in a single-cylinder diesel engine

The combustion characteristics and emission behaviors of RP-3 jet fuel were studied and compared to commercial diesel fuel in a single-cylinder compression ignition(CI)engine.Engine operational parameters,including engine load(0.6,0.7,and 0.8 MPa indicating the mean effective pressure(IMEP)),the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)rate(0%,10%,20%,and 30%),and the fuel injection timing(–20,–15,–10,and–5°crank angle(CA)after top dead center(ATDC))were adjusted to evaluate the engine performances of RP-3 jet fuel under changed operation conditions.In comparison to diesel fuel,RP-3 jet fuel shows a retarded heat release and lagged combustion phase,which is more obvious under heavy EGR rate conditions.In addition,the higher premixed combustion fraction of RP-3 jet fuel leads to a higher first-stage heat release peak than diesel fuel under all testing conditions.As a result,RP-3 jet fuel features a longer ignition delay(ID)time,a shorter combustion duration(CD),and an earlier CA50 than diesel fuel.The experimental results manifest that RP-3 jet fuel has a slightly lower indicated thermal efficiency(ITE)compared to diesel fuel,but the ITE difference becomes less noticeable under large EGR rate conditions.Compared with diesel fuel,the nitrogen oxides(NOx)emissions of RP-3 jet fuel are higher while its soot emissions are lower.The NOx emissions of RP-3 can be effectively reduced with the increased EGR rate and delayed injection timing.

A Numerical Investigation on the Effects of Intake Swirl and Mixture Stratification on Combustion Characteristics in a Natural-Gas/Diesel Dual-Fuel Marine Engine

Natural gas/diesel dual-fuel combustion strategy has a great potential to reduce emissions for marine engines while the high fuel consumption is the major problem.Pre-chamber system is commonly employed as the ignition system on large-bore dual-fuel marine engines especially under lean-burn condition,due to its advanced ignition stability and engine efficiency.However,the ignition and combustion mechanism in such dual-fuel pre-chamber engine is still unclear and the effects of in-cylinder swirl flow and mixture stratification on combustion require further investigation specifically.This paper numerically studied the detailed ignition mechanism and combustion process in a marine engine equipped with a pre-chamber ignition system,and revealed the flame development process in main chamber.Moreover,the effects of mixture stratification and swirl ratio on the combustion rate and further engine thermal efficiency are investigated under decoupled condition.The results mainly show that the jet flame develops along the pre-chamber orifice centerline at the initial stage and premixed combustion play an important role,while after that,heat release zone only exist at flame surface,and premixed flame propagation controls the combustion process.In addition,with higher swirl ratio the combustion rate increases significantly due to the wider ignition area.Mixture stratification degree plays a role in accelerating the combustion,either too high or too low stratification degree reduce the combustion rate,while a moderate stratification increases the combustion rate.And appropriate stratification degree by verifying the gas injection parameters can reduce fuel consumption in 0.3%.

大缸径柴油机燃烧系统优化模拟

为提高某缸径200 mm船用发电柴油机的燃油经济性,本文设计了活塞燃烧室和燃油喷射系统的升级方案并进行了模拟优化。升级方案提高了压缩比和燃油喷射压力,采用大径深比浅ω燃烧室配合158°喷油夹角喷油嘴。对不同方案下发动机的缸内工作过程进行了计算流体力学模拟,计算了高压指示功和放热率相位,分析了缸内温度、反应过量空气系数和速度分布及演化。模拟结果表明:升级方案能够提高发动机热效率。增加喷孔数并减小孔径,可以在保持NOx排放基本不变的条件下提高高压指示功4.5%,降低碳烟排放约60%。采用“平顶”浅ω燃烧室与158°喷油夹角喷雾配合,油气混合气快速进入余隙并形成逆时针的漩涡流动,能够加速油气混合和燃烧过程,提高热效率。

极寒条件下含氧燃料对柴油机冷起动特性的影响

针对柴油机存在低温冷起动困难甚至无法起动的问题,基于起动/发电机集成一体化技术柴油机,在高原低温发动机冷起动试验舱,研究-50号柴油A0(氧质量分数为0%)、A1(氧质量分数为2.05%)和A2(氧质量分数为4.40%)燃料在-43℃下对柴油机冷起动过程的影响和燃烧特性分析.结果表明:相比A0纯柴油,燃用A1、A2含氧燃料起动时间分别缩短了36.64%和42.71%;起动累计油量分别降低47.8%和60.6%;怠速运行前60 s内转速波动率分别降低25.3%和43.8%.燃用燃料氧质量分数越高,起动燃烧首循环的缸内压力、燃烧放热率、缸内燃烧温度和缸内压力升高率峰值越高,且燃烧重心前移,燃烧持续期越短;起动转速上升过程循环数越少,平均最大缸内压力越大,起动过程燃烧稳定性越好.

不同海拔下氢气/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧与排放特性研究

基于大气模拟综合测试系统,模拟0 m、1 000 m和2 000 m海拔的大气压,对不同海拔下氢气/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧与排放特性进行研究。研究结果表明:不同海拔下,随着氢气替代率增加,预混合燃烧增强,缸内燃烧速度加快,缸压峰值升高,其对应相位提前;碳烟和CO排放先下降后上升,NO_(x)排放增加,CO_(2)排放减少。随着海拔上升,过量空气系数减小,有效热效率降低。转速为1 600 r/min时,随着海拔高度升高,预混合燃烧减弱,发动机缸压峰值下降,其对应相位推迟;CO排放最低时,与0 m海拔比较,海拔上升至1 000 m、2 000 m,碳烟排放分别增加44.44%和127.78%,CO排放增加8.95%和16.86%,CO_(2)排放增加4.34%和16.86%,碳烟和CO_(2)排放增幅随海拔增加而上升。转速为3 000 r/min时,随着海拔高度上升,缸压峰值略有升高,缸压峰值对应相位提前,预混合燃烧增强;碳烟、NO_(x)、CO和CO_(2)排放升高,排放增幅随海拔升高而增大。与海拔0 m比较,当碳烟排放最低时,海拔上升至1 000 m、2 000 m,碳烟排放分别升高18.67%和56.04%,NO_(x)排放分别上升14.78%和38.40%,CO_(2)排放分别升高7.29%和15.80%;CO排放最低时,海拔上升至1 000 m、2 000 m,CO排放分别上升24.53%和62.87%。

EGR技术对生物柴油混合燃料发动机性能的影响研究

为缓解柴油掺烧生物柴油导致的NO_(x)排放过高问题,将4190ZLC船用中速柴油机作为试验台架,通过AVL_FIRE软件建立燃烧室模型,并验证该模型准确性。设置生物柴油掺混比0~40%等4组变量,EGR率0~12.5%等4组变量,进行柴油机燃烧、性能和排放分析。结果表明,掺烧适量生物柴油能够降低柴油机缸内温度,降低Soot排放,但同时会导致NO_(x)排放明显升高;EGR的引入能够实现低温燃烧,显著降低NO_(x)排放,但EGR率过高会增加Soot排放。生物柴油掺混比B40、EGR率12.5%组合NO排放比原机降低47.7%,Soot排放质量分数比原机降低98.13%。本文结果将为柴油掺混生物柴油燃烧并结合EGR技术提供一定的研究方向。

柴油机低温启动过程关键影响参数研究

为实现柴油机在极端低温环境下可以具备较好的启动性能,对相关影响柴油机启动的参数进行研究。通过正交仿真研究了环境因素(进气压力、进气温度)、设计参数(压缩比、燃烧室缩口比、喷嘴直径)、控制参数(喷油温度、预喷油量、主喷提前角、主喷持续期、主预喷间隔)对柴油机低温条件下启动过程的影响,通过极差分析提取出对柴油机启动过程影响较大的关键影响参数,并以缸内压力、缸内温度和瞬时放热率为评价指标对各因素进行参数匹配研究。结果表明,环境因素和控制参数对柴油机启动过程的影响程度更高,进气压力、进气温度、主喷提前角和主喷持续期为影响柴油机低温条件下启动的关键影响参数,并选择组合1作为最佳参数匹配组合。研究得到了柴油机低温启动过程中的关键影响参数,可为改善低温环境下柴油机的启动效果提供参考。

Two-phase Flow of Liquid-gas in Diesel Fuel Injection System and Their Effect on Engine Performances

In this paper, by using high-speed camera, CCD camera, signal and graph acquisition system, and other experimental instruments, investigation on liquid-gas two-phase flow in diesel fuel injection system and their effect on engine performances were made. Emerging and bursting of cavitation in the cavity above pump delivery valve, in injection pipe, and in fuel trough of injector of the fuel injection system were observed and mechanism of cavitation were discussed. Effects of liquid-gas two-phase flow on propagation velocity of pressure wave of the system and on irregular injection were analyzed. Two types of cavitation, long Living time cavitation and short living time cavitation, in the cavity above pump delivery valve of diesel fuel injection system were observed.

基于喷射策略的氨柴双燃料发动机燃烧和排放试验研究

在一台重型柴油发动机试验平台的基础上改造氨柴双燃料发动机,加装了一套电控喷氨系统,采用氨气进气道喷射、柴油缸内直喷方式,通过柴油喷射策略的变化,在发动机1 200 r/min的中高负荷下50%氨能占比工况,开展了氨柴双燃料的燃烧和排放特性优化研究。试验结果表明:氨柴双燃料燃烧时,由于氨燃料燃烧速度慢、起燃温度高等特性,柴油原机的上止点附近单次喷射策略,使得氨燃烧与柴油燃烧不同步,燃烧放热率呈现“双峰”曲线,氨燃烧效率较低。采用柴油双喷策略,通过提前柴油预喷时刻,可推迟柴油起燃时间,活化活塞凹坑外的氨燃料,促使柴油和氨燃烧趋于同步,将“双峰”放热曲线转变成“单峰”放热曲线,从而加快燃烧速度,缩短燃烧持续期,减少未燃氨排放,提升氨燃烧效率。但过度提前预喷时刻会造成柴油撞壁,对发动机指示热效率不利。