Analysis of Eco-Tourism Climate Resources in Xingwen, China Based on the Comfort Index and the Negative Air (Oxygen) Ion

The present work investigates an analysis of Eco-Tourism Climate Resources in Xingwen, China based on the Comfort Index and Negative Air (Oxygen) Ion (“NAI” for short in this article) concentration. The daily temperature, precipitation, wind speed, sunshine hours, and relative humidity data of the Xingwen National Meteorological Station from 1999 to 2018, as well as the NAI data of Feiwu Cave station and Shoushan Lake station in Xingwen of 2018 were used in this study. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of basic meteorological elements, the index of climate comfort of human living environment and the NAI variation in Xingwen, the eco-tourism climate resources in this area were evaluated comprehensively. The results show that: The climate is mild, the precipitation is abundant and the seasonal variation trend of precipitation and heat is similar in the study area. The annual average temperature of this area is 17.8°C, the annual average precipitation is 1096 mm, the annual average precipitation days are 186 days, the annual average relative humidity is 81%, the annual average wind speed is 1.3 m/s, and the annual average sunshine hours are 999 h. The living environment comfort level reaches the “comfort” level for 6 months per year. In addition, the concentration of NAI in Xingwen remains at the highest level 7 throughout the year, and the rate of good air quality is extremely high. Overall, the study area has high-quality ecological climate resources that are conducive to the development of forest recuperation, leisure and vacation and other ecological tourism activities.

Outdoor Universal Thermal Comfort Index Climatology for Alaska

Data from 456 surface meteorological sites in Alaska, eastern Russia and northwest Canada for 1979-2017 were used to model hourly universal thermal comfort indices (UTCIs) under consideration of Alaska-appropriate clothing. The results served to determine a high-resolution climatology of thermal comfort levels for Alaska at various temporal and spatial scales as well as the frequency of thermal stress levels. On 1979-2017 average, various degrees of cold stress occurred with highest percentage on the Alaska West Coast and along the Arctic Ocean. In the continental and Inside Passage region, no thermal stress had the highest percentage of occurrence. In Interior Alaska, both strong heat and extreme cold stress occurred occasionally. At most sites and in all Alaska Köppen-Geiger bio-climate regions, the absolute range between monthly means of daily minimum and maximum UTCIs was larger than that of monthly means of daily minimum and maximum air temperatures. Major contributors to thermal discomfort (shortwave radiation, air temperature, moisture, wind speed) varied among bio-climate regions and in the diurnal and annual courses.

ON THE DESIGN OF A NEW HUMAN COMFORT INDEX

In designing the human comfort index (CI) used in Guangzhou, a Gaussian curve was adopted as the fundamental profile to develop a traw hat?model of comfort index. The model projects low or high temperatures into low index values and the moderate temperatures into high index values. Air temperature was chosen as a basic factor in the model. Other factors such as humidity, sunshine and wind speed were introduced by considering them as temperature departures to an equivalent apparent temperature (EAT). Since the index is a relative index, 25C was chosen as an ideal apparent temperature (the most comfortable state) and a maximum CI value of 100 was assigned at this temperature. While in other circumstances, the index would be lower than 100. By utilizing this model, the daily comfort index values had been calculated for Guangzhou city for 1998-1999, using mean temperature, mean humidity, mean wind speed and total hours of sunshine. Results show that the new model was reasonable and practicable. Not only could it reflect the monthly variation of human comfort in Guangzhou, but also was sensitive to short-term changes of weather conditions.

Changing Characteristics of Comfort Index of Human Body in Bengbu City in the Past 40 Years under the Background of Climate Change

Based on the daily meteorological data of Bengbu City during 1981-2020,the changing characteristics of three elements needed for the calculation of the comfort index of human body(CIHB)were discussed,and daily CIHB was classified and discussed.The results show that from 1981 to 2020,annual average temperature tended to increase significantly.Annual average wind speed and relative humidity showed a decreasing trend before 2011 but an increasing trend after 2011.The duration of the four seasons in Bengbu City mainly rose in spring,reduced in winter,declined first and then increased in summer,and rose first and then decreased in autumn.As CIHB was at grades 1 and 9(the most uncomfortable),the three factors had different effects on them.For cold weather,the influence of relative humidity and wind speed on CIHB can not be ignored besides temperature.In hot weather,the influence of temperature was dominant,and the change of annual average temperature could well correspond to the change in the number of very hot days.In the context of climate warming,the number of cold days tended to decline generally,but it was larger in the years with fewer very cold days.Under the background of climate warming,there was no obvious change in the number of days of the overall comfort of human body.The number of hot days was closely related to the duration of summer,and the number of days of grade 8 rose significantly in the years with an increase in the duration of summer.

省级避暑旅游目的地评价指标体系的构建研究

依据避暑旅游目的地内涵和特点,从避暑气候禀赋、气候不利条件、生态环境、旅游基础和发展潜力4个维度构建了省级避暑旅游目的地评价指标体系。利用1991—2020年夏季(6—8月)中国黄河下游以南地区气象观测站点资料,基于该指标体系评价了14个省(区、市)发展避暑旅游目的地的潜在优势地区。避暑气候禀赋优良是避暑旅游目的地的首要条件,避暑气候禀赋采用气温、风、湿度、降水、人体舒适度和度假气候指数等要素。气候不利条件影响低是避暑旅游顺利开展的保障。采用高温、强降水、大风和强对流等影响夏季避暑旅游的高影响天气反映气候不利条件。空气质量、水质和植被状况反映避暑旅游目的地生态环境,旅游资源丰富度、交通便利性、地方荣誉、未来规划等要素反映避暑旅游目的地的基础能力和发展潜力。结果表明:14个省(区、市)的避暑气候禀赋和气候不利条件的指标阈值受气候系统和地形等因素影响存在空间差异。潜在避暑旅游目的地站点数占总站数的比例为10.5%,主要分布在本省(区、市)海拔相对较高地区,而海拔高度普遍较低的江苏和山东,则主要分布在江苏东北部沿海地区和山东半岛东部。研究成果可为省(区、市)为单元开展避暑旅游目的地的客观评价以及发展策略提供科学参考。

大跨度钢-混结合梁悬索桥涡激振动控制指标体系研究

为保证已建桥梁发生涡激振动后桥梁结构的安全以及桥上行车和行人安全,提出综合考虑人员舒适性、结构受力和停车线形三方面的大跨度钢-混结合梁悬索桥涡激振动控制指标体系。该体系包含9项指标,分别为驾乘人员舒适度、驾乘人员晕动症、行人舒适度(狄克曼指标)、加劲梁强度、加劲梁应力、加劲梁挠度、桥面纵坡、竖曲线半径和停车视距。以武汉鹦鹉洲长江大桥为背景,分别计算了“限速”和“封桥”2个交通管制措施下9项指标对应的涡激振动振幅限值。在此基础上,将9项指标对应的涡激振动振幅限值的最小值作为涡激振动限值建议取值。结果表明:当该桥发生低阶竖弯涡激振动(VS1、VAS1)时,涡激振动的控制因素为加劲梁挠度指标;当大桥发生VAS2模态的竖弯涡激振动时,涡激振动由驾乘人员晕动症指标和行人舒适度指标共同控制;当大桥发生高阶竖弯涡激振动(VAS3、VAS4)时,涡激振动由行人舒适度指标控制。涡激振动控制指标体系及限值标准的计算框架可适用于不同桥型涡激振动限值的计算。

海洋休闲渔业气象服务技术研究--以海南海钓气象服务为例

近年来,随着传统渔业的结构转型,海洋渔业和旅游业融合发展形成了一种新的旅游形态--海洋休闲渔业,海钓就是其中一种形式。海南作为我国所辖海洋面积最大的省份,在休闲渔业旅游开发方面有着得天独厚的优势,海钓旅游资源丰富。作为一项户外休闲运动,海钓过程重度依赖天气,在游玩体验上天气状况直接影响着行程的舒适与否。通过调查问卷的统计、气象数据的分析得出海钓舒适度指数,以期让游客可以合理安排出行、获得良好的旅游体验,也可以为政府的旅游宣传和决策提供技术依据,促进海钓项目的发展,为海南休闲渔业的转型研究提供参考。

六轴宽轨机车动力学特性研究

建立六轴宽轨电力机车——“BKT-2型机车”的多体动力学仿真模型。在AAR5级轨道谱的激励下,研究不同的曲线半径和机车运行速度,以及悬挂刚度的变化对机车动力学特性的影响。结果表明:速度较大时,曲线半径越小垂向动荷系数越大;速度增加,不同曲线半径的垂向平稳性变化不大,横向平稳性变化明显;随着一系横向刚度的增大,横向平稳性指标减小,随着二系横向刚度的增大,横向平稳性指标增加;垂向刚度的变化对于垂向动力学特性有较大的影响。适当减小一系、二系垂向刚度,有利于提升机车动力学性能。

Study on Differences of Temperature and Humidity and Vertical Distribution of Human Comfort between City and Countryside of Heilongjiang Province in Summer

[ Objective] The research aimed to study differences of temperature and humidity and vertical distribution of human comfort between city and countryside of Heilongjiang in summer. [Method] By using temperature, humidity and wind velocity data at 10 and 70 m of two iron towers in urban and rural districts of Heilongjiang from June 1 to August 31,2010, the characteristics at temperature and humidity fields and change rule of human comfort index in urban and rural areas in summer were analyzed. [Result] Compared with rural areas, heat island effect of urban districts was obvious, and it was the strongest during 21：00 -23：00 and the weakest during 05：00 -06：00. Daily change rules of wind velocity at 10 m of two anemometer towers were basically consistent. Wind velocity was big at daytime and small at night. Daily change of wind velocity at 70 m of urban districts was consistent with that at 10 m, while wind velocity change at 70 m of rural areas was different from that at 10 m, which had obvious high-altitude wind characteristics. Daily change rules of humidity in two towers were basically consistent, and occurrence time of extremum at 70 m delayed for 1 h. At vertical height, humidity at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. [ Conclusion] The city had obvious wet island effect during 00：00 -06：00 and dry island effect at nightfall. Comfort index of urban districts was higher than that in rural areas, and difference was the maximum during 19：00 -21：00. Comfort index at 10 m was higher than that at 70 m at daytime in the city and countryside, and was lower than that at 70 m at night. Occurrence frequencies of Grade Zero of comfort at 10 and 70 m of urban districts were both over 60%, while occurrence frequency of ≥ Grade Three of comfort was very small. At vertical height, human comfort had small difference at night. At daytime, as height rise, human comfort index significantly declined, and human feeling was more comfortable than that at low layer.

偏冷环境下不同身体质量指数人群热舒适对比研究

传统的热舒适标准未考虑我国持续增长的超重或肥胖人群对热舒适的需求,这可能对人体舒适度和建筑节能产生重要影响。本文探讨了不同身体质量指数(BMI)人群在偏冷环境下的主观反应和生理反应的差异。结果显示:高BMI人群的平均皮肤温度显著低于低BMI人群,且随着温度的下降而下降;在偏冷环境下,高BMI人群的代谢率比低BMI人群低,尽管没有显著性差异,但会导致比低BMI人群具有更高的热不满意百分比;在预测热感觉时需要对不同BMI人群分别进行预测。

高校教学楼院落空间形态对室外风环境的影响研究——以河北邯郸高校为例

文章对邯郸4所高校、33栋教学楼进行调研分析,总结出4类院落布局形式,9种空间形态,拟合出首层面积和院落空间面积的函数关系,建立出7组试验组合。研究表明,三面围合(东、西向)、两面围合(东北、西北)、并列式(东西)、四面围合(单院落)舒适风面积比在92%~95%之间,能营造较好的室外空间;对院落空间角点、中心点进行舒适风速比分析,表明并列式(东西)在角点及中心点的风速比在限值内,有良好风环境;随着首层面积增大,同类院落形式风阻指数减小,通风效率越好。当首层面积为3000m2时,四面围合(双院落)风阻指数最大,通风效果最差,设计中要避免该种布局。在相同首层面积下,两面围合(西北院落)风阻指数最小,更有利于室外风环境需求。

1970—2019年广州市气候舒适度特征分析

【目的】为提升旅客在广州旅游时的舒适体验,并为当地旅游资源产业发展提供参考。【方法】利用广州市5个国家级气象站的常规气象资料计算温湿指数(THI)、风效指数(K)、穿衣指数(ICL)和综合舒适度评价指数(CCI)。揭示广州气候舒适度区域性等级差异、多时间尺度变化和全年舒适期时段的特征。【结果】从温湿指数(THI)、风效指数(K)和穿衣指数(ICL)来看,广州市北部地区较南部地区的舒适感更高,极闷热持续时间更短,天气转凉的节奏更快;上述3个指数的四季均值年际变化表明广州市有偏热的趋势。综合气候舒适度评级指数分析表明,广州市的春、夏、秋3个季节的舒适度有转差趋势,冬季的舒适度有提升趋势;另外,广州市属于冬适型城市,冬季无寒冷,以舒适到较舒适为主,夏天闷热很不舒适,春秋为过渡季节较舒适。【结论】广州气候舒适具体时段为10月上旬—5月上旬,舒适至较舒适日数年平均可达205.66 d,且广州市北部地区较南部地区气候舒适时段更长。

广西大明山康养气候资源研究

利用大明山天坪气象站2007—2020年逐日气温、降水量、风速、相对湿度、负(氧)离子浓度和上林国家基本气象站逐日日照时数,以及2000—2020年归一化植被指数(NDVI)资料,运用数理统计法、温湿指数法、风效指数法、最大合成法、像元线性分解法等方法分析广西大明山康养气候资源特征。结果表明:(1)广西大明山夏季平均气温21.3℃,适宜避暑,冬季会出现0℃以下的天气,可观冰雪,年降水量2 011.5 mm,降水丰沛、雨热同期,年平均日照时数1 485.9 h,光照充足,年平均风速2.8 m·s-1;5—9月气候舒适度等级为3级,人体感觉舒适,具备气候宜人、四季温和等康养气候资源;(2)广西大明山年平均负(氧)离子浓度2003个·cm-3,全年保持在I级标准以上,负(氧)离子浓度高,空气清新、洁净,森林覆盖率与绿化率98.9%,植被覆盖度87.6%,森林资源丰富,植被覆盖度高、生态环境好,非常适宜旅游康养。

A Modified Approach to Analyze Thermal Comfort Classification

A thermal stress index of a geographic location over a period of time can provide knowledge of overall climate perceptible to the general public. Out of the three approaches to assessing thermal comfort namely, rational, empirical and direct, the direct approach is being used in the present study because of easy availability of all inputs and reasonable comprehension of the assessments. Assessment and ranking of cities using this approach based on the percentage of comfortable hours alone may however be erroneous and misleading as this approach does not consider the percentages of uncomfortable classes which could often be substantially high. The modified approach for thermal comfort classification demonstrates cumulative representation of all classes of thermal comfort including uncomfortablity and provides relative ranking of cities. Analysis of the results is presented here for five megacities (Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad) representing varying geographical and climatic locations of India. These cities are ranked based on the routine and modified approaches and results are discussed in detail on monthly, seasonal and annual average basis. When the cities are compared only on the basis of comfortable hours, the decreasing order of comfortability is Hyderabad, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai and Mumbai. However, considering the second methodology, it is revealed that the contribution of uncomfortable hours is greater in Kolkata and Chennai in comparison to Mumbai. The proposed methodology could be an improvement over the current practices and provides a more rational method for relative ranking of cities that could be used for tourism and energy demands.

Analysis and Comparison of Safety and Fatigue Comfort of Postal Bicycles Based on Finite Element Method and sEMG

The safety and the fatigue comfort were compared between a domestic and a Japanese postal bicycle. Firstly, the fatigue comfort of these two kinds of bicycles was evaluated by surface electromyographic signal (sEMG) experiment, in which human lower limb muscle groups were research objects, and the average EMG (AEMG) index and median frequency (MF) were chosen as the evaluation indexes. Secondly, the safety of these two kinds of bicycle frames was analyzed and compared by using the finite element analysis. The results show that the riding fatigue comfort of the Japanese postal bicycle is better, and the Japanese postal bicycle frame is more safe and reasonable although both the postal bicycles meet the requirement for strength. Finally, based on the above analysis, the frame structure and related parameters of the domestic postal bicycle were improved with reference to the Japanese postal bicycle and biomechanics theory.

Establishment and Application of Comprehensive Evaluation Index of Tourism

According to the actual situation of Zhejiang Province,an objective and quantitative mathematical model used to assess the tourism index of scenic spots was proposed to extend fine and personalized meteorological services to scenic spots and tourists,in which effects of sunshine,wind power,temperature and relative humidity on the comfort of the human body were considered fully,and warning of weather disasters and occurrence of characteristic meteorological landscapes were also considered. The results show that the comprehensive evaluation index model of tourism has full functions of assessment,has guiding significance to the travel of travel enthusiasts and can provide reference for tourism management.

Effects of Climate Comfort on Tourists' Network Attention: A Case Study of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Based on the data of climate and Baidu Index, the temporal and spatial variation of climate comfort and tourists' network attention in Inner Mongolia was analyzed, and the effect of climate comfort on tourists' network attention. The results showed that: ① Inner Mongolia had a summer-comfortable tourism climate,and it was uncomfortable to visit Inner Mongolia in winter. With the decrease of latitude,the climate comfort index gradually rose in Inner Mongolia, with a distribution pattern of "low in the east and high in the west". There were three types of distribution of the climate comfort index: M-shaped,inverted U-shaped, and inverted V-shaped. ② Tourists' network attention had certain dependence on the development level of tourism in various regions. The degree of network attention of regions with a high level of tourism development was also relatively high, and its distribution was more uniform. Monthly indexes of the tourists' network attention had three types: M-shaped,inverted U-shaped,and inverted V-shaped. ③ On the whole, climate comfort had a positive impact on the degyree of network attention, but with the improvement of the level of tourism development, the impact of climate comfort on the degree of attention of visitors would be weakened. ④ The impact of climate comfort on the tourists' network attention was not significant in Alxa League.

基于GIS与层次分析模型的生态旅游舒适度评价方法

为了提升区域范围内的生态旅游质量,针对生态旅游舒适度分析结果片面及冗余性的问题,提出基于地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)与层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)模型的生态旅游舒适度评价方法。建立评价指标体系,通过两两对比判断矩阵及方根法确定生态旅游舒适度评价指标的权重值。结果显示:该方法所构建的评价指标体系信度较高,获取生态旅游舒适度评价结果准确,方法可行。

PICU患儿脑电双频指数与COMFORT评分监测镇静效果的关联研究

目的:比较PICU患儿脑电双频指数(Bispectral Index score;BIS)与COMFORT评分之间的相关性。方法:2014年1月1日至2014年6月30日,入住东莞市第五人民医院PICU机械通气的患儿33例纳入研究。PICU管床医师对患儿进行COMFORT评分,每4小时1次,共24小时。所取得的COMFORT值与对应同时间测量的BIS值进行关联性分析。结果:共连续纳入33例PICU患儿,分别获得成对的BIS及COMRORT值198个。BIS和COMFORT值之间的相关系数为0.711(P<0.001)。结论:BIS和COMFORT值之间较好相关,可作为一个有用的对PICU机械通气患儿进行镇静深度客观评估的工具。

居住区绿地改造夏季热环境模拟与优化策略研究

为了定量分析绿地结构及其模式对夏日室外温湿度、风速的影响,综合运用三维非静力模式ENVI-met对住宅区绿地改造前后进行对比分析。结果表明:ENVI-met模拟结果与实况接近,能较好反映温湿度变化情况;“中心+宅间”绿地模式中,增加高大乔木及场地树阴,改造后温度平均降幅0.2~1.13℃;改造后相对湿度提升1.61%~5.87%,且上午较下午显著;改造后由于缺失通风廊道而导致风速降低。UTCI结果显示改造后的居住区热舒适下午改善效果较上午明显,平均降幅0.72℃。因此,基于现有场地约束性条件对小区内现存绿地的布局、形态结构、植被搭配及通风廊道的营造,是现阶段针对老旧小区人居热舒适提升的可行性方法。