Transcriptome Analysis of Inflorescence Development at the Five-Leaf Stage in Castor(Ricinus communis L.)

The yield of castor is influenced by the type of inflorescence and the proportion of female flowers.However,there are few studies on the genetic mechanism involved in the development and differentiation of castor inflorescences.In this study,we performed transcriptomic analyses of three different phenotypes of inflorescences at the five-leaf stage.In comparison to the MI(complete pistil without willow leaves),290 and 89 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were found in the SFI(complete pistil with willow leaves)and the BI(monoecious inflorescence),respectively.Among the DEGs,104 and 88 were upregulated in the SFI and BI,respectively,compared to the MI.In addition,186 DEGs and 1 DEG were downregulated in the SFI and BI compared to the MI.Moreover,we conducted GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the DEGs.In comparison to the MI,the SFI and BI exhibited the enrichment of functional branches in DEGs,specifically in pollen wall assembly,pollen development,and cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis.In our study,RADL5 showed low expression levels between SFI-vs.-MI types.In addition,we found that the expression of NAC in the SFI differed from that in MI and BI,and some genes related to hormonal signaling changed their expression levels during inflorescence differentiation.These results reveal the genetic mechanism of sex genotypes in castor,which will not only guide researchers in the breeding of castor but also provide a reference for genetic research on other flowering plants.

Proteomic Analyses of Three Inflorescence Styles of Castor(Ricinus communis L.)at Different Developmental Stages

Castor(Ricinus communis L.)is one of ten oil crops in the world and has complex inflorescence styles.Generally,castor has three inflorescence types:single female inflorescence(SiFF),standard female inflorescence(StFF)and bisexual inflorescence(BF).StFF is realized as a restorer line and as a maintainer line,which was applied to castor hybrid breeding.However,the developmental mechanism of the three inflorescences is not clear.Therefore,we used proteomic techniques to analyze different inflorescence styles.A total of 72 diferentially abundant protein species(DAPs)were detected.These DAPs are primarily involved in carbon and energy metabolism and carbon fixation in the photosynthetic organism pathway.The results showed that DAPs are involved in photosynthesis to control the distribution of imported carbohydrates and exported photoassimilates and thus affect the inflorescence development of castor.In addition,these DAPs are also involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism.Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)results demonstrated that the proteomics data collected in this study were reliable.Our findings indicate that the carbon cycle and amino acid metabolism influence the inflorescence development of castor.

Inorganic Elements in Kernel of Amygdalus communis L. Measured Using ICP-OES Method

[Objective] The aim was to study on distribution of inorganic elements in kernel of Amygdalus communis L., providing reference for quality evaluation of A. communis L. species. [Method] Totally 26 species of inorganic elements in kernel, including Al, B, Be, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, Zn, Cd, As, Se, V, Hg, Cr and K were measured with inductively coupled plasma emission spectrum （ICP-OES） and principal components analysis （PCA）. [Result] A. communis L. of different species and in different factories showed a similar curve in content of inorganic elements; absolute contents of the elements differed significantly. In addition, the accumulated variance contribution of five principle factors achieved as high as 84.371% and the variance contribution made by the first three factors accounted for 67.546%, proving that Fe, Ti, Pb, Na, Se, Cu, Mo, K, Zn, Ni, Ca and Sr were characteristic elements. [Conclusion] The method, which is brief, rapid and accurate, can be used for determination of inorganic elements in kernel of A. communis L., providing theoretical references for further development and utilization of A. communis L.

Study on Cu Resistance of Ricinus communis L. Callus

[Objective] The article studies the growth and Cu absorption of Ricinus communis L. callus under Cu stress. [Method] CuSO4.5H20 solutions with different Cu concentrations were added to callus subculture medium; callus was inoculated and Cu resistance index of callus was worked out. Cu content in callus was deter- mined with the method of Varian AA240FS. [Result] With the Cu concentration at 60 mg/L, the growth of callus was inhibited, its Cu resistance index was only 33.87%. With the Cu concentration at 40 mg/L, callus was faint yellow in color, and grew rapidly with its Cu resistance index at 61.29%. Such high level resistance could remain the same after six week after continuous subculture. In the 4t week of culture, Cu resistance index in treatments with Cu concentrations at 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/L was higher than that in the 3rd week, and the content of Cu in callus of the treatments was 0.33, 0.54, 1.16, 1.40 mg/g respectively. [Conclusion] Cu con- centration at 40 mg/L in culture medium can be the threshold for selecting Cu re- sistance R. communis callus.

Commelina communis L.: Copper Hyperaccumulator Found in Anhui Province of China

Commelina communis L. growing over some new copper mining wastelands at Bijiashan, Tongling City of Anhui Province, China, was found to be a copper hyperaccumulator. Its copper concentrations were 2707-6159 (4439±2434) mg kg-1, 369-831 (731±142) mg kg-1, and 429-587 (547±57) mg kg-1, respectively, in the roots, stems, and leaves. The soils supporting the growth of the species had a copper concentration ranging from 4620 to 5020 mg kg-1 and averaging 4835±262 mg kg-1, suggesting that the species could not only grow on heavily copper-contaminated soils but also accumulate extraordinarily high concentration of copper. Thus, it shows great potential in the phytoremediation of copper-contaminated soils,the restoration of mined land, geochemical prospecting, and the study of environmental pollution changes.

<i>Wrinkled</i>1 (WRI1) Homologs, AP2-Type Transcription Factors Involving Master Regulation of Seed Storage Oil Synthesis in Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>L.)

Among APETALA2 (AP2)-type plant specific transcription factor family, WRINKLED1 (WRI1), has appeared to be a master gene transcriptionally regulating a set of carbon metabolism- and fatty acid synthesis (FAS)-related genes responsible for seed specific triacylglycerols (TAGs) storage in oil plants. B3 type transcription factors, such as ABI3 and FUS3, are known to be involved in seed development, such as seed storage protein synthesis and maturation. Based on the recent whole genome sequence data of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), putative WRI1 homologs (RcWRI1, RcWRI2) specifically expressed in castor bean seed have been identified by comparing organ specific expression profiles among seed development-related transcription factors, seed storage specific genes (Ricin, RcOleosin) and a set of FAS genes including genes for sucrose synthase (RcSUS2), biotin carboxyl carrier protein (a subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, RcBCCP2) and ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (RcKAS1). Immunoreactive signals with WRI1, FUS3 and ABI5-related polypeptides were also detected in seed specifically, consistent with the expression profiles of seed development-related genes. The WRI1 binding consensus sites, [CnTnG](n)(7)[CG], designated as the AW-box, were found at the promoter region of RcBCCP2 and RcKAS1. Thus, RcWRI1 possibly play a pivotal role in seed specific TAGs storage during seed development by directly activating FAS -related genes.

In vitro establishment of a highly effective method of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) regeneration using shoot explants

An efficient plant regeneration protocol was established for castor bean （Ricinus communis L.）, in which 0.3 mg L-1 thidiazuron （TDZ） induced shoot clusters and increased the number of adventitious shoots from hypocotyl tissue. Our results showed that treatment under dark conditions significantly promoted the average number of shoots per explant to 37.36±4.54 （with a 6-d treatment）. Modified 1/2 Murashige and Skoog （MS） basal medium supplemented with 440 mg L-1 Ca2＋, 0.2 mg L-1 gibberellic acid and 0.1 mg L-1 TDZ significantly increased shoot elongation rates and lowered vitrification rates. Further- more, 1/2 MS media supplemented with 0.2 mg L-11-naphthaleneacetic acid induced a higher rooting rate compared with other culture conditions.

Genome-wide Identification,Classification and Expression Analysis of Lhc Supergene Family in Castor Bean(Ricinus communis L.)

Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding （LHC） proteins are a group of nuclear-encoded thylakoid proteins that play a key role in plant photosynthesis and are widely involved in light harvesting, energy transfer to the reaction center, maintenance of thylakoid membrane structure, photoprotection and response to en- vironmental conditions, etc. Although/dw supergene family is well characterized in model plants such as Arabidopsis, rice and poplar, little information is available in castor bean （Ricinus communis L. ）. In this study, a genome-wide search was carried out for the first time to identify castor bean L/w genes and analyze the gene structures, biochemical properties, evolutionary relationships and expression characteristics based on the published data of castor bean genome and ESTs. According to the results, a total of 28 Rclhcs genes representing 13 gene families （ l_hca , l_hcb , Elip , Ohpl , Ohp2 , SEP1, SEP2 , SEP3 , SEP4 , SEP5 , PsbS , Rieske and FCII） and 25 subgene families were identified in castor bean genome; to be specific, 25 and 5 genes were found to have corresponding ESTs in NCBI and have al- ternative splicing isoforlns, respectively. These RcLhcs contain 0 to 9 introns and distribute on 26 of the 25 878 released scaffolds. All RcLhcs genes were found to be expressed in all examined tissues, i.e. leaf, flower, II/III stage endosperm, V/VI stage endosperm and seed, with the highest expression level in leaf tissue.

Studies on Cell Suspension Culture of Ricinus communis L.

Ricinus communis L. is a new copper hyperaccumulator growing on Tonglushan copper mine in Hubei Province, China. This study aimed to establish a suspension cell line of R. communis L. with stable and rapid growth for further screening of heavy metal-resistant R. communis L. cells and breeding of hyperaccu- mulators. In this study, cell suspension culture conditions were optimized by using orthogonal experimental design with previously induced R. communis L. embyre- genic calluses as experimental materials, to establish the suspension cell line of R. communis L. Under the optimal conditions, growth curves of suspension cells and changes in pH of culture liquid were determined. The results showed that the optimal culture conditions for R. conmmnis L. suspension cell line were ： MS ＋ O. 5 rag/I, 6-BA ＋ O. 2 mg/L NAA ＋ 50 mg/L sucrose ＋ 350 mg/L casein hydrolysate as basic medium, with callus inoculation amount of 2.5 g/50 ml, dark culture at （26 ±2） ℃ with shaking at 110 r/min. Under these conditions, increment of fresh weight and dry weight ofR. commun/s L. suspension cells reached the maximum of 4.56 g/（50 ml 14 d） and 0.49 g/（50 ml 16 d）, respectively. Growth curves of R. communis L. suspension cells were basically in ＂S＂ shape. Each culture cycle lasted 16 d, and the rapid growth stage was from the 6th d to the 14th d. In a culture cycle, pH of the culture liquid declined first and then increased to the maximum and stabilized gradually.

Vegetation Classification of Juniperus communis L. Species in Azerbaijan

The Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country in the south Caucasus having continental influenced climate with warm summer and mild cold, dry winters. Relating to its climate this region has a rich and very interesting vegetation cover. In presented article the vegetation communities with the presence of Juniperus communis L. species and subspecies have been described.

Silencing of the Nonspecific Phospholipase C6(NPC6)Gene Induces Ricinoleic Acid Accumulation in Castor Seeds

Castor,scientifically known as Ricinus communis L.,is among the top ten oil crops globally.It is considered a renewable resource and is commonly referred to as‘green oil’.Castor seeds contain castor oil as their main component,which is predominantly composed of ricinoleic acid.This study utilized RNAi technology to silence the NPC6 gene in NO.2129 castor,resulting in the creation of mutant plants L1 and L2.The weight of 100 dry seed kernels from L1 and L2 exceeds that from NO.2129.The crude fat and ricinoleic acid levels of L1 and L2 were higher than those of NO.2129 at various developmental stages.In the proteomics analysis of 60-day-old castor seeds,a total of 21 differentially expressed proteins were identified,out of which 19 were successfully recognized.Eleven of the differentially expressed proteins identified were legumins,which play a crucial role in nutrient storage within the seed.Silencing the NPC6 gene results in the accumulation of ricinoleic acid in castor seeds.The findings of this study not only enhance our knowledge of NPC6’s role in regulating castor seed oil synthesis but also offer fresh perspectives for investigating oil synthesis and accumulation in other plant species.

扁桃果皮熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤保护作用研究

文章研究扁桃果皮熊果酸对酒精肝损伤的保护作用,将小鼠分为正常对照组、模型对照组、联苯双酯阳性对照组(150 mg/kg)、熊果酸低(100 mg/kg)、中(200 mg/kg)、高(400 mg/kg)剂量组,其中对正常对照组、模型对照组给予等体积蒸馏水,对其余组小鼠给予10 mL/kg扁桃果皮熊果酸连续灌胃30天。从第16天起,除正常对照组外,其他各组每天给药结束4 h后用30%乙醇(10 mL/kg)进行灌胃,建立小鼠酒精性肝损伤模型,测定小鼠肝脏指数、扁桃果皮熊果酸对小鼠血清谷氨酸氨基转移酶(Glutamate aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST),超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)活力及丙二醛(Malonic dialdehyde,MDA)含量和小鼠肝组织SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)活力、MDA和谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)含量的影响,并用苏木精-伊红染色法(Hematoxylin-eosin staining,HE)进行肝组织病理学切片分析。结果表明,扁桃果皮熊果酸可以有效降低小鼠肝脏指数,小鼠血清ALT、AST活力及MDA含量,提高小鼠血清SOD活力,也可以使小鼠肝组织MDA含量降低,SOD、GSH-PX活力及GSH含量升高,肝脏组织病理损伤减轻。结论扁桃果皮熊果酸对酒精性肝损伤有保护作用。

‘巴梨’和‘早红考密斯’梨汁品质特性及其抗氧化活性分析

该研究以冷藏的‘巴梨’和‘早红考密斯’梨为材料,采用去皮和带皮的果实为原料制备梨汁,测定梨汁的理化性质、抗氧化活性和香气品质等指标。结果表明,同冷藏15 d梨果所制梨汁相比,冷藏90 d梨果所制梨汁的可溶性固形物含量、果糖和葡萄糖含量增加,可滴定酸含量、柠檬酸和苹果酸含量降低;主要多酚组分——熊果苷和绿原酸含量、总酚含量(total phenolics content,TPC)和总黄酮含量(total flavonoids content,TFC)以及DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除活性降低;酯类、醇类、酮类和烯类化合物的含量增加,醛类物质含量降低。同去皮榨汁相比,带皮压榨的梨汁中熊果苷和绿原酸含量、TPC和TFC以及抗氧化活性显著增加;糖类、有机酸化合物以及香气物质的变化规律不明显。电子鼻技术可以有效区分不同梨汁,W5S和W1W传感器响应值有明显区别;电子舌分析结果显示,不同梨汁的甜味和酸味强度值差异较明显,并分别与梨汁的糖类和有机酸含量呈显著正相关。因此,较长时间冷藏和带皮榨汁可改善梨汁的理化性质、抗氧化性能和风味品质。

蓖麻高产宜机收杂交组合评价

【目的】对蓖麻杂交组合进行联合评价,为筛选高产、宜机收蓖麻品种提供理论参考。【方法】联用灰色关联度分析、主成分分析和聚类分析对30个蓖麻杂交组合的产量性状、宜机收性状和光合性能3个方面进行综合评价。【结果】在灰色关联度分析中,根据育种目标构建了理想品种;通过各组合与理想品种之间的加权关联度评选出N_(19)(0.768)、N_(7)(0.751)、N_(11)(0.727)、N_(10)(0.717)、N_(6)(0.713)和N_(13)(0.712)6个组合。其中,前4个组合的加权关联度优于淄蓖5号(0.714),后2个组合的加权关联度与淄蓖5号接近;主成分分析结果将10个性状归纳为株型因子、产量决定因子和光合与分枝夹角因子3个主成分,累计贡献率达67.07%。30个组合中,21个组合的综合得分均大于淄蓖5号(-0.699),且仅N_(18)(2.370)、N_(4)(1.848)、N_(19)(1.742)和N_(11)(1.019)4个组合的得分大于1,并以N19最为突出,其得分远高于其他材料;聚类分析结果显示,在欧氏距离值为22处可将30个组合划分为4个类群,第Ⅳ类群成员(包括N19、N11和N30)的整体表现与理想品种最为相似,但分枝夹角(59.10°)较大,仍需进一步改良。【结论】综合3种评价结果,避免了多余材料入选和优良材料丢失,最终筛选出N19和N112个产量高、株型好和光合速率高的蓖麻杂交组合,它们的综合表现均优于淄蓖5号,为品种改良方向提供参考。

蓖麻LEA基因家族的全基因组鉴定、分类及其进化分析

基于已公布的基因组和EST数据对蓖麻LEA基因家族进行全面鉴定和系统命名，并在此基础上分析了其基因结构、生化特征、进化关系和表达特性。结果显示，蓖麻基因组中存在27个LEA基因，分属于LEA_1、LEA_2、LEA_3、LEA_4、LEA_5、LEA_6、dehydrin和SMP 8个亚家族，它们散布于24条scaffold上，含有0～2个内含子不等，且其中有3个基因存在可变剪接；根据编码蛋白中的Pfam结构域类型及其进化关系，将这些LEA基因依次命名为RcLEA1-1和-2、RcLEA2-1和-2、RcLEA3-1至-3、RcLEA4-1至-7、RcLEA5-1和-2、RcLEA6-1和-2、RcLEA7-1至-5和RcLEA8-1至-4；利用BLAT分析基因表达谱显示，在叶片、花、II/III期胚乳、V/VI期胚乳和种子等组织中，所有RcLEA基因都有表达；启动子分析表明，RcLEA基因的启动子区富含LTRE、ABRE、MYC、MYB和W-box等逆境应答相关顺式作用元件。

不同西洋梨品种果实糖酸组分及含量分析

为了给梨果实综合评价及产业品种结构调整提供理论依据,以烟台市十个代表性果园三个西洋梨品种(‘巴梨’‘三季梨’和‘红茄梨’)为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定果实中可溶性糖和有机酸的组分及含量。研究结果表明:在三个西洋梨品种中,总糖含量和甜度值最高的是‘红茄梨’,‘三季梨’次之,‘巴梨’的总糖含量最少;三种西洋梨成熟果实可溶性糖积累以葡萄糖和果糖为主,可溶性糖含量由高到低为葡萄糖>果糖>山梨醇>蔗糖;另外,三种西洋梨果实总酸含量差异不显著,有机酸积累以柠檬酸和苹果酸为主,这两种酸占有机酸总量的90%左右;‘红茄梨’甜酸比和糖酸比最高,显著高于‘巴梨’,与‘三季梨’差异不显著。综上所述,‘红茄梨’糖酸风味优异,可作为烟台地区西洋梨产业结构调整的备选推广品种。

HPLC法测定鸭跖草中异荭草素的含量研究

目的研究中药鸭跖草中黄酮类成分异荭草素的含量测定方法,并比较不同产地生态环境鸭跖草中异荭草素的含量。方法采用AgilentTC-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(15:85)为流动相,流速为1 mL·min-1,紫外检测器检测。结果异荭草素的线性范围为0.08~1.00μg,平均回收率为101.2%,不同产地不同生态环境样品的异荭草素含量相差有4倍之多。结论该方法便捷、有效,适用于检测鸭跖草中异荭草素含量,为其质量标准的制定提供参考。

蓖麻基因组中一种Mutator-like类型MITEs元件的结构分析和鉴定

利用生物信息学方法,对蓖麻基因组Mutator-like类型MITEs元件进行了分析和鉴定。结果表明,蓖麻基因组上共鉴定出76个小于3 kb的Mutator-like类型MITEs元件,其中长度小于1 000 bp的元件有53个,占69.7%。这些MITEs元件中有42个位于基因间隔区,11个位于基因内含子区,位于5'UTR和3'UTR区的分别有8个和4个,另有1个位于基因编码区。29个MITEs元件带有转座酶以外的功能基因片段,成为pack-MITEs。多个pack-MITEs带有相同的非转座酶基因片段。Mutator-like类型的MITEs对蓖麻基因的表达和基因组的进化有潜在的影响,值得深入分析。

蓖麻油体蛋白基因家族鉴定和盐碱胁迫响应分析

本研究以蓖麻为对象,利用生物信息学手段对蓖麻Oleosin基因家族进行全面鉴定分析,得到5个Oleosin基因家族成员,序列长度在138~232 aa之间;分子量在14.48493~25.42461 kDa之间;等电点介于9.07~10.96之间;均为疏水性蛋白且具有高度保守的“脯氨酸结”;α-螺旋和无规则卷曲是蓖麻Oleosin蛋白的主要组成结构;基序分析显示,Motif1~Motif4存在所有蓖麻Oleosin蛋白中。编码这些蛋白的5个Oleosin基因分布于4条染色体上,在进化关系上被划分到U-Oleosin、SL-Oleosin和SH-Oleosin三个亚族;基因结构分析显示,除RcOleosin2有一个内含子外,其余RcOleosin基因均无内含子;5个基因启动子区域均存在多种与逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件;共线性分析显示,基因组多倍化不是蓖麻Oleosin基因家族扩张的主要原因;盐碱胁迫下的蓖麻种子转录组数据表明,5个Oleosin基因均在盐碱胁迫过程中有一定的调节功能。

蓖麻MYB转录因子家族的鉴定和生物信息学分析

MYB是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应等多个生理生化过程中具有重要作用,但目前缺乏对蓖麻的MYB转录因子的系统分析.首先基于基因组挖掘出32个转录因子,并对其进行蛋白基序、功能注释、系统进化以及理化性质的分类鉴定;其次基于转录组数据分析了胁迫条件下这些转录因子的表达谱,分析其对胁迫条件的响应.结果表明蓖麻在盐胁迫下和热胁迫下MYB蛋白表达量蓖麻的生长有影响.研究结果为进一步研究MYB转录因子在蓖麻非生物胁迫中的功能提供参考.