Commelina communis L.: Copper Hyperaccumulator Found in Anhui Province of China

Commelina communis L. growing over some new copper mining wastelands at Bijiashan, Tongling City of Anhui Province, China, was found to be a copper hyperaccumulator. Its copper concentrations were 2707-6159 (4439±2434) mg kg-1, 369-831 (731±142) mg kg-1, and 429-587 (547±57) mg kg-1, respectively, in the roots, stems, and leaves. The soils supporting the growth of the species had a copper concentration ranging from 4620 to 5020 mg kg-1 and averaging 4835±262 mg kg-1, suggesting that the species could not only grow on heavily copper-contaminated soils but also accumulate extraordinarily high concentration of copper. Thus, it shows great potential in the phytoremediation of copper-contaminated soils,the restoration of mined land, geochemical prospecting, and the study of environmental pollution changes.

不同地理种群鸭跖草Commelina communis L.对莠去津的耐受性

鸭跖草是我国常见杂草,目前已成为农田难除杂草之一。生产实践中,莠去津对玉米田鸭跖草的防效已有所降低。2016-2017年,为了探讨鸭跖草不同地理种群对莠去津的耐受性,采用莠去津单剂量甄别方法,从黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、江苏、浙江、湖北和贵州8个省份采集46个鸭跖草种群,进行了其对莠去津的耐受性初筛试验。在此基础上,选择7个不同地理来源的代表性种群,研究其对莠去津的敏感性差异,结果显示:种群JS-10、HB-3和HB-6对莠去津敏感,GR_(50)分别为122.21、153.27 g/hm^2和158.13 g/hm^2;种群JL-13、HLJ-2、JL-7和JL-1对莠去津耐受性相对较强,GR_(50)分别为273.98、277.29、374.68 g/hm^2和379.57 g/hm^2。以上结果表明,不同地理种群鸭跖草对莠去津的耐受水平存在差异,从地理分布上呈由南向北耐受水平增加的趋势。各地理种群对莠去津的耐受性差异可能与不同地区莠去津的使用年限、使用剂量和使用频度相关。

鸭跖草(Commelina communis)对铜的耐性和积累研究

采用溶液培养法 ,研究了生长于铜矿山上的鸭跖草 (Commelinacommunis)和生长于正常土壤中的鸭跖草对Cu的耐性和吸收积累的差异 .实验显示 ,随着溶液中Cu浓度的增加 ,生长于矿山的鸭跖草的干重、生长速率均增加 ,而生长于非矿山的鸭跖草的干重、生长速率降低 ,2种鸭跖草体内含Cu总量和根、茎、叶Cu含量均随着培养液Cu浓度的增加而增加 ,两者呈明显正相关 .在相同Cu处理浓度下 ,矿山的鸭跖草体内Cu的含量高于非矿山的鸭跖草体内Cu含量 ;Cu在 2种鸭跖草体内各器官的分布一致 ,均为根 >茎 >叶 .在高Cu浓度处理下 ,矿山的鸭跖草地上部Cu含量 根Cu含量的比值不超过 1,但随着溶液中Cu浓度的增加而增加 ;而非矿山的鸭跖草除去对照处理 ( 0 2 5μmol L)外 ,地上部Cu 根Cu比值为 40— 2 40 μmol L ,随着溶液中Cu浓度的增加而增加 ,其比值超过了 1,但到了 3 2 0 μmol L时开始急剧下降 .

鸭跖草Commelina communis中差异表达cDNA片段的克隆与分析

一种新的基因克隆技术称为抑制消减杂交技术(SSH)用于研究生长于2种生态环境(古铜矿山和正常土壤)中鸭跖草Commelina communis的基因表达差异。分别以Cu矿山鸭跖草作为检测子,非Cu矿山鸭跖草作为驱赶子,建立了生长于Cu矿山生态环境中鸭跖草的差异表达cDNA文库,此cDNA文库代表在Cu矿山鸭跖草中特异表达的cDNA。通过反式Northern杂交筛选出3个阳性克隆进行测序。序列分析表明其中一个cDNA为CaM-like基因。进一步对此基因进行Virtual Northern分析,结果初步表明此基因在生长于古铜矿山上的鸭跖草中上调表达。

铁和ATP酶抑制剂对鸭跖草(Commelina communis)铜吸收的影响

缺铁条件下研究了鸭跖草 (Commelinacommunis)对不同浓度铜及不同形态铜的吸收和P 型ATP酶抑制剂对铜吸收的影响。结果表明 ,鸭跖草铜累积量随着营养液中铁浓度的下降而显著上升 ,缺铁在不同铜浓度下都显著促进鸭跖草对铜的吸收 ,说明鸭跖草铜吸收与铁元素关系密切。在缺铁条件下 ,EDTA Cu、NTA Cu、草酸 Cu、柠檬酸 Cu处理鸭跖草的铜吸收量均低于单Cu处理 ,但缺铁处理植株对不同形态铜的吸收量均高于完全培养液生长的植株。缺铁处理下鸭跖草会产生根际酸化效应。P 型ATP酶抑制剂钒酸钠对铜吸收有抑制作用 ,缺铁对铜吸收的促进作用可能与P

Genetic diversity and population structure of Commelina communis in China based on simple sequence repeat markers

Commelina communis（Asiatic dayflower） is a troublesome weed in China. Genetic variation of 46 C. communis populations from different collection sites in our country was investigated using 12 simple sequence repeat（SSR） primer pairs. Polymorphism analysis results showed high level of genetic diversity among these populations. The alleles（bands） were amplified by these primer pairs. The polymorphic proportion was 18.25%, and the average polymorphism information content was 0.1330. The highest effective number of alleles was 1.9915 at locus YP33, and the lowest value was 1.0000 at both loci YP25 and YP31. C. communis showed major average observed heterozygosity value（0.8655） than that of average expected heterozygosity（0.1330）. C. communis populations were divided into three groups on the basis of unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis（Dice genetic similarity coefficient=0.772） and genetic structure analysis（K=3）, and a principal coordinate analysis. The results of this study further illustrated that C. communis populations contained abundant genetic information, and the 12 SSR markers could detect the microsatellite loci of C. communis genomic DNA. These results might indicate that C. communis maintains high genetic diversity among different populations.

Transcriptome Analysis of Inflorescence Development at the Five-Leaf Stage in Castor(Ricinus communis L.)

The yield of castor is influenced by the type of inflorescence and the proportion of female flowers.However,there are few studies on the genetic mechanism involved in the development and differentiation of castor inflorescences.In this study,we performed transcriptomic analyses of three different phenotypes of inflorescences at the five-leaf stage.In comparison to the MI(complete pistil without willow leaves),290 and 89 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were found in the SFI(complete pistil with willow leaves)and the BI(monoecious inflorescence),respectively.Among the DEGs,104 and 88 were upregulated in the SFI and BI,respectively,compared to the MI.In addition,186 DEGs and 1 DEG were downregulated in the SFI and BI compared to the MI.Moreover,we conducted GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the DEGs.In comparison to the MI,the SFI and BI exhibited the enrichment of functional branches in DEGs,specifically in pollen wall assembly,pollen development,and cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis.In our study,RADL5 showed low expression levels between SFI-vs.-MI types.In addition,we found that the expression of NAC in the SFI differed from that in MI and BI,and some genes related to hormonal signaling changed their expression levels during inflorescence differentiation.These results reveal the genetic mechanism of sex genotypes in castor,which will not only guide researchers in the breeding of castor but also provide a reference for genetic research on other flowering plants.

Inorganic Elements in Kernel of Amygdalus communis L. Measured Using ICP-OES Method

[Objective] The aim was to study on distribution of inorganic elements in kernel of Amygdalus communis L., providing reference for quality evaluation of A. communis L. species. [Method] Totally 26 species of inorganic elements in kernel, including Al, B, Be, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, Zn, Cd, As, Se, V, Hg, Cr and K were measured with inductively coupled plasma emission spectrum （ICP-OES） and principal components analysis （PCA）. [Result] A. communis L. of different species and in different factories showed a similar curve in content of inorganic elements; absolute contents of the elements differed significantly. In addition, the accumulated variance contribution of five principle factors achieved as high as 84.371% and the variance contribution made by the first three factors accounted for 67.546%, proving that Fe, Ti, Pb, Na, Se, Cu, Mo, K, Zn, Ni, Ca and Sr were characteristic elements. [Conclusion] The method, which is brief, rapid and accurate, can be used for determination of inorganic elements in kernel of A. communis L., providing theoretical references for further development and utilization of A. communis L.

Study on Cu Resistance of Ricinus communis L. Callus

[Objective] The article studies the growth and Cu absorption of Ricinus communis L. callus under Cu stress. [Method] CuSO4.5H20 solutions with different Cu concentrations were added to callus subculture medium; callus was inoculated and Cu resistance index of callus was worked out. Cu content in callus was deter- mined with the method of Varian AA240FS. [Result] With the Cu concentration at 60 mg/L, the growth of callus was inhibited, its Cu resistance index was only 33.87%. With the Cu concentration at 40 mg/L, callus was faint yellow in color, and grew rapidly with its Cu resistance index at 61.29%. Such high level resistance could remain the same after six week after continuous subculture. In the 4t week of culture, Cu resistance index in treatments with Cu concentrations at 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/L was higher than that in the 3rd week, and the content of Cu in callus of the treatments was 0.33, 0.54, 1.16, 1.40 mg/g respectively. [Conclusion] Cu con- centration at 40 mg/L in culture medium can be the threshold for selecting Cu re- sistance R. communis callus.

<i>Wrinkled</i>1 (WRI1) Homologs, AP2-Type Transcription Factors Involving Master Regulation of Seed Storage Oil Synthesis in Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>L.)

Among APETALA2 (AP2)-type plant specific transcription factor family, WRINKLED1 (WRI1), has appeared to be a master gene transcriptionally regulating a set of carbon metabolism- and fatty acid synthesis (FAS)-related genes responsible for seed specific triacylglycerols (TAGs) storage in oil plants. B3 type transcription factors, such as ABI3 and FUS3, are known to be involved in seed development, such as seed storage protein synthesis and maturation. Based on the recent whole genome sequence data of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), putative WRI1 homologs (RcWRI1, RcWRI2) specifically expressed in castor bean seed have been identified by comparing organ specific expression profiles among seed development-related transcription factors, seed storage specific genes (Ricin, RcOleosin) and a set of FAS genes including genes for sucrose synthase (RcSUS2), biotin carboxyl carrier protein (a subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, RcBCCP2) and ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (RcKAS1). Immunoreactive signals with WRI1, FUS3 and ABI5-related polypeptides were also detected in seed specifically, consistent with the expression profiles of seed development-related genes. The WRI1 binding consensus sites, [CnTnG](n)(7)[CG], designated as the AW-box, were found at the promoter region of RcBCCP2 and RcKAS1. Thus, RcWRI1 possibly play a pivotal role in seed specific TAGs storage during seed development by directly activating FAS -related genes.

In vitro establishment of a highly effective method of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) regeneration using shoot explants

An efficient plant regeneration protocol was established for castor bean （Ricinus communis L.）, in which 0.3 mg L-1 thidiazuron （TDZ） induced shoot clusters and increased the number of adventitious shoots from hypocotyl tissue. Our results showed that treatment under dark conditions significantly promoted the average number of shoots per explant to 37.36±4.54 （with a 6-d treatment）. Modified 1/2 Murashige and Skoog （MS） basal medium supplemented with 440 mg L-1 Ca2＋, 0.2 mg L-1 gibberellic acid and 0.1 mg L-1 TDZ significantly increased shoot elongation rates and lowered vitrification rates. Further- more, 1/2 MS media supplemented with 0.2 mg L-11-naphthaleneacetic acid induced a higher rooting rate compared with other culture conditions.

Genome-wide Identification,Classification and Expression Analysis of Lhc Supergene Family in Castor Bean(Ricinus communis L.)

Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding （LHC） proteins are a group of nuclear-encoded thylakoid proteins that play a key role in plant photosynthesis and are widely involved in light harvesting, energy transfer to the reaction center, maintenance of thylakoid membrane structure, photoprotection and response to en- vironmental conditions, etc. Although/dw supergene family is well characterized in model plants such as Arabidopsis, rice and poplar, little information is available in castor bean （Ricinus communis L. ）. In this study, a genome-wide search was carried out for the first time to identify castor bean L/w genes and analyze the gene structures, biochemical properties, evolutionary relationships and expression characteristics based on the published data of castor bean genome and ESTs. According to the results, a total of 28 Rclhcs genes representing 13 gene families （ l_hca , l_hcb , Elip , Ohpl , Ohp2 , SEP1, SEP2 , SEP3 , SEP4 , SEP5 , PsbS , Rieske and FCII） and 25 subgene families were identified in castor bean genome; to be specific, 25 and 5 genes were found to have corresponding ESTs in NCBI and have al- ternative splicing isoforlns, respectively. These RcLhcs contain 0 to 9 introns and distribute on 26 of the 25 878 released scaffolds. All RcLhcs genes were found to be expressed in all examined tissues, i.e. leaf, flower, II/III stage endosperm, V/VI stage endosperm and seed, with the highest expression level in leaf tissue.

Studies on Cell Suspension Culture of Ricinus communis L.

Ricinus communis L. is a new copper hyperaccumulator growing on Tonglushan copper mine in Hubei Province, China. This study aimed to establish a suspension cell line of R. communis L. with stable and rapid growth for further screening of heavy metal-resistant R. communis L. cells and breeding of hyperaccu- mulators. In this study, cell suspension culture conditions were optimized by using orthogonal experimental design with previously induced R. communis L. embyre- genic calluses as experimental materials, to establish the suspension cell line of R. communis L. Under the optimal conditions, growth curves of suspension cells and changes in pH of culture liquid were determined. The results showed that the optimal culture conditions for R. conmmnis L. suspension cell line were ： MS ＋ O. 5 rag/I, 6-BA ＋ O. 2 mg/L NAA ＋ 50 mg/L sucrose ＋ 350 mg/L casein hydrolysate as basic medium, with callus inoculation amount of 2.5 g/50 ml, dark culture at （26 ±2） ℃ with shaking at 110 r/min. Under these conditions, increment of fresh weight and dry weight ofR. commun/s L. suspension cells reached the maximum of 4.56 g/（50 ml 14 d） and 0.49 g/（50 ml 16 d）, respectively. Growth curves of R. communis L. suspension cells were basically in ＂S＂ shape. Each culture cycle lasted 16 d, and the rapid growth stage was from the 6th d to the 14th d. In a culture cycle, pH of the culture liquid declined first and then increased to the maximum and stabilized gradually.

Proteomic Analyses of Three Inflorescence Styles of Castor(Ricinus communis L.)at Different Developmental Stages

Castor(Ricinus communis L.)is one of ten oil crops in the world and has complex inflorescence styles.Generally,castor has three inflorescence types:single female inflorescence(SiFF),standard female inflorescence(StFF)and bisexual inflorescence(BF).StFF is realized as a restorer line and as a maintainer line,which was applied to castor hybrid breeding.However,the developmental mechanism of the three inflorescences is not clear.Therefore,we used proteomic techniques to analyze different inflorescence styles.A total of 72 diferentially abundant protein species(DAPs)were detected.These DAPs are primarily involved in carbon and energy metabolism and carbon fixation in the photosynthetic organism pathway.The results showed that DAPs are involved in photosynthesis to control the distribution of imported carbohydrates and exported photoassimilates and thus affect the inflorescence development of castor.In addition,these DAPs are also involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism.Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)results demonstrated that the proteomics data collected in this study were reliable.Our findings indicate that the carbon cycle and amino acid metabolism influence the inflorescence development of castor.

Vegetation Classification of Juniperus communis L. Species in Azerbaijan

The Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country in the south Caucasus having continental influenced climate with warm summer and mild cold, dry winters. Relating to its climate this region has a rich and very interesting vegetation cover. In presented article the vegetation communities with the presence of Juniperus communis L. species and subspecies have been described.

蓖麻LEA基因家族的全基因组鉴定、分类及其进化分析

基于已公布的基因组和EST数据对蓖麻LEA基因家族进行全面鉴定和系统命名，并在此基础上分析了其基因结构、生化特征、进化关系和表达特性。结果显示，蓖麻基因组中存在27个LEA基因，分属于LEA_1、LEA_2、LEA_3、LEA_4、LEA_5、LEA_6、dehydrin和SMP 8个亚家族，它们散布于24条scaffold上，含有0～2个内含子不等，且其中有3个基因存在可变剪接；根据编码蛋白中的Pfam结构域类型及其进化关系，将这些LEA基因依次命名为RcLEA1-1和-2、RcLEA2-1和-2、RcLEA3-1至-3、RcLEA4-1至-7、RcLEA5-1和-2、RcLEA6-1和-2、RcLEA7-1至-5和RcLEA8-1至-4；利用BLAT分析基因表达谱显示，在叶片、花、II/III期胚乳、V/VI期胚乳和种子等组织中，所有RcLEA基因都有表达；启动子分析表明，RcLEA基因的启动子区富含LTRE、ABRE、MYC、MYB和W-box等逆境应答相关顺式作用元件。

HPLC法测定鸭跖草中异荭草素的含量研究

目的研究中药鸭跖草中黄酮类成分异荭草素的含量测定方法,并比较不同产地生态环境鸭跖草中异荭草素的含量。方法采用AgilentTC-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(15:85)为流动相,流速为1 mL·min-1,紫外检测器检测。结果异荭草素的线性范围为0.08~1.00μg,平均回收率为101.2%,不同产地不同生态环境样品的异荭草素含量相差有4倍之多。结论该方法便捷、有效,适用于检测鸭跖草中异荭草素含量,为其质量标准的制定提供参考。

桑叶和鸭跖草对人TH_1、TH_2细胞IFN-γ、IL-4水平影响的体外实验研究

目的 用体外实验观察中药桑叶、鸭跖草对正常人外周血Th1 、Th2 细胞IFN γ、IL 4水平的影响。方法 选取健康献血员 3 0名无菌采集静脉抗凝血 ,用淋巴细胞分离液分离外周血单核细胞 (PBMC) ,并调成 1× 10 6 /ml浓度加PHA P10 μg/ml。分二组 ,分别加入含中药桑叶、鸭跖草的小鼠血清及不含药小鼠血清(对照 ) ,置 5 %CO2 细胞培养箱 3 7℃孵育 48h ,取上清液川流式细胞术检测IFN γ、IL 4水平。结果 正常人外周血单核细胞Th1 /Th2 处于动态平衡 ;桑叶组Th1 、Th2 细胞的IFN γ、IL 4水平明显升高 ,与对照组相比P<0 0 5 ;鸭跖草组Th1 、Th2 细胞的两类细胞因子水平虽有所上升 ,但与对照纽相比不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 中药桑叶具有提高正常人Th1 、Th2 细胞的IFN γ、IL 4水平 ,鸭跖草的作用不明显。

蓖麻基因组中一种Mutator-like类型MITEs元件的结构分析和鉴定

利用生物信息学方法,对蓖麻基因组Mutator-like类型MITEs元件进行了分析和鉴定。结果表明,蓖麻基因组上共鉴定出76个小于3 kb的Mutator-like类型MITEs元件,其中长度小于1 000 bp的元件有53个,占69.7%。这些MITEs元件中有42个位于基因间隔区,11个位于基因内含子区,位于5'UTR和3'UTR区的分别有8个和4个,另有1个位于基因编码区。29个MITEs元件带有转座酶以外的功能基因片段,成为pack-MITEs。多个pack-MITEs带有相同的非转座酶基因片段。Mutator-like类型的MITEs对蓖麻基因的表达和基因组的进化有潜在的影响,值得深入分析。

基于QTL定位的蓖麻株高性状遗传解析

用YC2(高杆)×YF1(矮杆)和YC1(高杆)×YF1(矮杆)组合衍生的2个F2代群体,对蓖麻株高性状进行相关、回归和QTL定位分析。结果表明,株高与主穗位高、主茎节长和主茎茎粗之间显著正相关,但与主茎节数不相关;主穗位高与主茎节数、主茎节长和主茎茎粗之间呈显著正相关;主茎节数与主茎节长之间呈显著负相关。利用QTLNetwork 2.0软件在YC2×YF1的F2群体中检测到株高、主穗位高、主茎节数、主茎节长和主茎茎粗的5、4、6、3和2个QTL,分别解释了45.9%、45.3%、66.1%、55.4%和12.6%的总变异。在YC1×YF1的F2群体中检测到3、4、5、1和2个上述5性状的QTL,分别解释了26.0%、25.5%、35.4%、37.4%和7.6%的总变异。证明QTL间的"一因多效"和连锁是株高、主穗位高和主茎节长之间高度相关的遗传基础,加性效应是株高、主穗位高和主茎节长的主要遗传组分,互作效应是主茎节数和主茎茎粗的主要遗传组分。建议育种上将主穗位高和主茎节长作为株高早期选择和预测的间接指标,并将多节数和短节间作为高产育种的主攻方向。