Chitosan is a type of biopolymer that can be obtained from animal/marine sources,and it can also be extracted or produced from agriculture waste products like mushroom or different fungal sources after the chitin deac...Chitosan is a type of biopolymer that can be obtained from animal/marine sources,and it can also be extracted or produced from agriculture waste products like mushroom or different fungal sources after the chitin deacetylation.Depending on the size of mushroom farm,the amount of waste ranges between 5%and 20%of the production volume.The cell wall of the filamentous fungi,a good source of chitin,offers an easy way to extract chitin.The physicochemical character-istics such as molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of fungal chitosan can be controlled compared to chitosan obtained from crustacean sources.Fungal sourced chitosan can be used in food,pharmaceutical or biomedical applications for different applications,for example,as an antimicrobial agent,coating material,water purification or bio-pesticide.This review mainly fo-cused on the extraction of chitin from mushroom or different fungal sources and also showed some applications of commercial chitosan products.展开更多
Global warming touches everybody's nerve, and direct reason for sharp increasing of CO2 in the atmosphere results mainly from the use of fossil fuel in power generation and other industries. How can humans return th...Global warming touches everybody's nerve, and direct reason for sharp increasing of CO2 in the atmosphere results mainly from the use of fossil fuel in power generation and other industries. How can humans return this "devil" to underground, and keep a peaceful environment for human? Scientists from all over the world have been exploring them.展开更多
On December 9, 2014 the scientific research project "Developmentand commercial application of technology forultra-deep HDS of diesel (RTS)" jointly performed bythe SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processin...On December 9, 2014 the scientific research project "Developmentand commercial application of technology forultra-deep HDS of diesel (RTS)" jointly performed bythe SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing(RIPP), the Yanshan Petrochemical Branch Company(YPBC), the Maoming Petrochemical Branch Companyand the Guangzhou Petrochemical Branch Company haspassed in Beijing the technical appraisal organized by theScience and Technology Division of the Sinopec Corp.展开更多
Compared with conventional electric power generation systems, the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has many advantages because of its unique features. High temperature SOFC has been successfully developed to its commerc...Compared with conventional electric power generation systems, the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has many advantages because of its unique features. High temperature SOFC has been successfully developed to its commercial applications, but it still faces many problems which hamper large-scale commercial applications of SOFC. To reduce the cost of SOFC, intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) is presently under rapid development. The status of IT-SOFC was reviewed with emphasis on discussion of their component materials. 2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.展开更多
Despite significant improvements in photo-electricity conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)over the past several years,this emerging photovoltaic technology is still years away from large-scale commerc...Despite significant improvements in photo-electricity conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)over the past several years,this emerging photovoltaic technology is still years away from large-scale commercial application.In this review,important research progresses on PSCs’‘golden triangle’parameters of efficiency,stability,and cost in literatures were objectively analyzed.We focused on their key bottlenecks and distinct contradictions hindering their fast commercialization.We also proposed the most urgent directions requiring intensive research and development input in the coming years to speed up the commercialization process of PSCs.展开更多
New and increasingly sharp laws for the reduction of emissions from commercial vehicles entered into force in the European Union since 1993 with the aim of substan-tially reducing pollutants and emissions from trucks ...New and increasingly sharp laws for the reduction of emissions from commercial vehicles entered into force in the European Union since 1993 with the aim of substan-tially reducing pollutants and emissions from trucks and buses. Thereby the maximum levels for the emission of particulate matter (basically soot particles) as well as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) have been subsequently lowered. To comply with these demands, commercial vehicle producers had to introduce new emission reducing technologies of which exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR),展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries(NIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to the similar properties of the Li and Na elements as well as the abundance and accessibility of Na resou...Sodium-ion batteries(NIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to the similar properties of the Li and Na elements as well as the abundance and accessibility of Na resources.Most of the current research has been focused on the half-cell system(using Na metal as the counter electrode)to evaluate the performance of the cathode/anode/electrolyte.The relationship between the performance achieved in half cells and that obtained in full cells,however,has been neglected in much of this research.Additionally,the trade-off in the relationship between electrochemical performance and cost needs to be given more consideration.Therefore,systematic and comprehensive insights into the research status and key issues for the full-cell system need to be gained to advance its commercialization.Consequently,this review evaluates the recent progress based on various cathodes and highlights the most significant challenges for full cells.Several strategies have also been proposed to enhance the electrochemical performance of NIBs,including designing electrode materials,optimizing electrolytes,sodium compensation,and so forth.Finally,perspectives and outlooks are provided to guide future research on sodium-ion full cells.展开更多
1. An overall judgment on the situation 2006 saw the rapid growth of passenger vehicles, with the production capacity putting into use rose from less than 70 percent to around 80 percent. That with light commercial ve...1. An overall judgment on the situation 2006 saw the rapid growth of passenger vehicles, with the production capacity putting into use rose from less than 70 percent to around 80 percent. That with light commercial vehicles was similar too. The situation in 2005 and 2006 showed that there are no evidential overdone production capacity.展开更多
The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of polymer solar cells(PSCs)has recently increased quickly,propelling PSCs closer to large-scale commercialization.However,several critical issues,such as the cost of materials and ...The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of polymer solar cells(PSCs)has recently increased quickly,propelling PSCs closer to large-scale commercialization.However,several critical issues,such as the cost of materials and the sensitivity of the PCE to active-layer thickness,must be addressed before industrial application can be realized on a large scale.Here,we fabricated a high-performance ternary PSC based on a low-cost polymer donor PTQ10 and an A-DA’D-A-type small molecule acceptor(SMA)2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((12,13-bis(2-butyloctyl)-3,9-bis(4-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2'',3'':4',5']thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2',3':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methaneylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile(m-TEH)with a newA-DA’D-A-type SMA 2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((12,13-bis(2-butyloctyl)-3,9-bis(3-(2-ethylhexyl)phenyl)-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2'',3'':4',5']thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2',3':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methaneylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile(m-PEH)(with phenyl outer side chains)as the third component.Benefitting from the good compatibility and the unique alignment of the energy levels between PTQ10 and the two SMAs,the ternary system showed favorable phase separation and dominant face-on orientation,exhibiting suitable film morphology and enhanced charge transport.Therefore,the optimized ternary PSCs based on PTQ10∶m-TEH∶m-PEH(1.0∶0.9∶0.3,w/w/w)demonstrated an outstanding PCE of 19.34%,which is one of the highest PCEs reported for the single junction PSCs to date.More importantly,the ternary PSCs demonstrated superior tolerance to the active-layer thickness and showed a high PCE of 18.02% with a high fill factor(FF)of 76.56% for the devices with the active-layer thickness even reaching 300 nm.These results indicate that the ternary devices based on PTQ10∶m-TEH∶m-PEH are highly promising for future large-area fabrication and commercial application of PSCs.展开更多
Since the introduction of the membrane bioreactor(MBR)in China in the early 1990s,remarkable progress has been achieved on the research and application of this technology.China has now become one of the most active fi...Since the introduction of the membrane bioreactor(MBR)in China in the early 1990s,remarkable progress has been achieved on the research and application of this technology.China has now become one of the most active fields in the world in this regard.This review outlines the development of MBR-based processes in China and their performance of treating municipal and industrial wastewaters.Since membrane fouling is a critical operational problem with MBR processes,this paper also proposes updated understanding of fouling mechanisms and strategies of fouling control,which are mainly compiled from publications of Chinese researchers.As for the commercial application of MBR in the country,the latest statistics of large-scale MBR plants(>10000 m^(3)·d^(–1))are provided,and the growth trend of total treatment capacity as well as its driving force is analyzed.展开更多
Over the past decades,considerable efforts have been made in the commercial application of bulk metallic glasses(BMGs).Despite great challenges faced by the industrial players,significant progress has been achieved,an...Over the past decades,considerable efforts have been made in the commercial application of bulk metallic glasses(BMGs).Despite great challenges faced by the industrial players,significant progress has been achieved,and millions of commercial products for various kinds of applications have been shipped around the world.Here in this paper,we shall present the alloys suitable for the actual products in the application and discuss the merits of the processing technique of BMGs over the existing processing techniques and materials.Most importantly we demonstrate the typical examples of products over the past few years.Finally,future directions of the industrialization of BMGs are also discussed.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Mitacs Program and Canada Research Chairs Program of the Government of Canada.
文摘Chitosan is a type of biopolymer that can be obtained from animal/marine sources,and it can also be extracted or produced from agriculture waste products like mushroom or different fungal sources after the chitin deacetylation.Depending on the size of mushroom farm,the amount of waste ranges between 5%and 20%of the production volume.The cell wall of the filamentous fungi,a good source of chitin,offers an easy way to extract chitin.The physicochemical character-istics such as molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of fungal chitosan can be controlled compared to chitosan obtained from crustacean sources.Fungal sourced chitosan can be used in food,pharmaceutical or biomedical applications for different applications,for example,as an antimicrobial agent,coating material,water purification or bio-pesticide.This review mainly fo-cused on the extraction of chitin from mushroom or different fungal sources and also showed some applications of commercial chitosan products.
文摘Global warming touches everybody's nerve, and direct reason for sharp increasing of CO2 in the atmosphere results mainly from the use of fossil fuel in power generation and other industries. How can humans return this "devil" to underground, and keep a peaceful environment for human? Scientists from all over the world have been exploring them.
文摘On December 9, 2014 the scientific research project "Developmentand commercial application of technology forultra-deep HDS of diesel (RTS)" jointly performed bythe SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing(RIPP), the Yanshan Petrochemical Branch Company(YPBC), the Maoming Petrochemical Branch Companyand the Guangzhou Petrochemical Branch Company haspassed in Beijing the technical appraisal organized by theScience and Technology Division of the Sinopec Corp.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2007CB936201)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2006AAO3Z351)the Major International(Regional)Joint Research Program of China(No.50620120439,2006DFB51000).
文摘Compared with conventional electric power generation systems, the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has many advantages because of its unique features. High temperature SOFC has been successfully developed to its commercial applications, but it still faces many problems which hamper large-scale commercial applications of SOFC. To reduce the cost of SOFC, intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) is presently under rapid development. The status of IT-SOFC was reviewed with emphasis on discussion of their component materials. 2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.
基金the financial support from the National Key Research and Development Project funding from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2021YFB3800104)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST,the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(ZRMS2020001132)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51822203,51861145404,52002140,U20A20252,62105293)the Self-determined and Innovative Research Funds of HUST(2020kfyXJJS008)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee(JCYJ20180507182257563)the Innovation Project of Optics Valley Laboratory(OVL2021BG008).
文摘Despite significant improvements in photo-electricity conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)over the past several years,this emerging photovoltaic technology is still years away from large-scale commercial application.In this review,important research progresses on PSCs’‘golden triangle’parameters of efficiency,stability,and cost in literatures were objectively analyzed.We focused on their key bottlenecks and distinct contradictions hindering their fast commercialization.We also proposed the most urgent directions requiring intensive research and development input in the coming years to speed up the commercialization process of PSCs.
文摘New and increasingly sharp laws for the reduction of emissions from commercial vehicles entered into force in the European Union since 1993 with the aim of substan-tially reducing pollutants and emissions from trucks and buses. Thereby the maximum levels for the emission of particulate matter (basically soot particles) as well as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) have been subsequently lowered. To comply with these demands, commercial vehicle producers had to introduce new emission reducing technologies of which exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR),
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51971124,52102285,52171217,52250710680。
文摘Sodium-ion batteries(NIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to the similar properties of the Li and Na elements as well as the abundance and accessibility of Na resources.Most of the current research has been focused on the half-cell system(using Na metal as the counter electrode)to evaluate the performance of the cathode/anode/electrolyte.The relationship between the performance achieved in half cells and that obtained in full cells,however,has been neglected in much of this research.Additionally,the trade-off in the relationship between electrochemical performance and cost needs to be given more consideration.Therefore,systematic and comprehensive insights into the research status and key issues for the full-cell system need to be gained to advance its commercialization.Consequently,this review evaluates the recent progress based on various cathodes and highlights the most significant challenges for full cells.Several strategies have also been proposed to enhance the electrochemical performance of NIBs,including designing electrode materials,optimizing electrolytes,sodium compensation,and so forth.Finally,perspectives and outlooks are provided to guide future research on sodium-ion full cells.
文摘1. An overall judgment on the situation 2006 saw the rapid growth of passenger vehicles, with the production capacity putting into use rose from less than 70 percent to around 80 percent. That with light commercial vehicles was similar too. The situation in 2005 and 2006 showed that there are no evidential overdone production capacity.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2019YFA0705900)by Ministry Of Science and Technology(MOST)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.51820105003,61904181,52173188,52103243,and 52203248)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Major Program of Guangdong Province(grant no.2019B030302007).
文摘The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of polymer solar cells(PSCs)has recently increased quickly,propelling PSCs closer to large-scale commercialization.However,several critical issues,such as the cost of materials and the sensitivity of the PCE to active-layer thickness,must be addressed before industrial application can be realized on a large scale.Here,we fabricated a high-performance ternary PSC based on a low-cost polymer donor PTQ10 and an A-DA’D-A-type small molecule acceptor(SMA)2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((12,13-bis(2-butyloctyl)-3,9-bis(4-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2'',3'':4',5']thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2',3':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methaneylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile(m-TEH)with a newA-DA’D-A-type SMA 2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((12,13-bis(2-butyloctyl)-3,9-bis(3-(2-ethylhexyl)phenyl)-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2'',3'':4',5']thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2',3':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methaneylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile(m-PEH)(with phenyl outer side chains)as the third component.Benefitting from the good compatibility and the unique alignment of the energy levels between PTQ10 and the two SMAs,the ternary system showed favorable phase separation and dominant face-on orientation,exhibiting suitable film morphology and enhanced charge transport.Therefore,the optimized ternary PSCs based on PTQ10∶m-TEH∶m-PEH(1.0∶0.9∶0.3,w/w/w)demonstrated an outstanding PCE of 19.34%,which is one of the highest PCEs reported for the single junction PSCs to date.More importantly,the ternary PSCs demonstrated superior tolerance to the active-layer thickness and showed a high PCE of 18.02% with a high fill factor(FF)of 76.56% for the devices with the active-layer thickness even reaching 300 nm.These results indicate that the ternary devices based on PTQ10∶m-TEH∶m-PEH are highly promising for future large-area fabrication and commercial application of PSCs.
基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.50725827)the National High Technology Research and Development Program(863 program)of China(Grant No.2009AA062901).
文摘Since the introduction of the membrane bioreactor(MBR)in China in the early 1990s,remarkable progress has been achieved on the research and application of this technology.China has now become one of the most active fields in the world in this regard.This review outlines the development of MBR-based processes in China and their performance of treating municipal and industrial wastewaters.Since membrane fouling is a critical operational problem with MBR processes,this paper also proposes updated understanding of fouling mechanisms and strategies of fouling control,which are mainly compiled from publications of Chinese researchers.As for the commercial application of MBR in the country,the latest statistics of large-scale MBR plants(>10000 m^(3)·d^(–1))are provided,and the growth trend of total treatment capacity as well as its driving force is analyzed.
基金financial support from the Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science,Institute of Metal Research。
文摘Over the past decades,considerable efforts have been made in the commercial application of bulk metallic glasses(BMGs).Despite great challenges faced by the industrial players,significant progress has been achieved,and millions of commercial products for various kinds of applications have been shipped around the world.Here in this paper,we shall present the alloys suitable for the actual products in the application and discuss the merits of the processing technique of BMGs over the existing processing techniques and materials.Most importantly we demonstrate the typical examples of products over the past few years.Finally,future directions of the industrialization of BMGs are also discussed.