Application of the Credit Metrics in the Credit Risk Management of Commercial Banks

Credit risk is one of the main risks the commercial banks faces all over the world,especially in the risk structure of the banks of China.In order to control credit risk more scientifically,we shall connect the qualitative analysis and the quantitative analysis.Put forward by J.P.Morgan Credit Metrics model is the application of the VaR in the field of credit risk,showing great advantage in quantitative bonds and credit risk of loan.This paper studies the Credit Metrics model and analyzes the hypothesis and framework of this model,attempting to explore the application of the model in China in order to promote the realization of the risk quantification of the commercial banks of China.

The Relationship Between Credit Risk Management and Profitability Among the Commercial Banks in Kenya

Banks operate in an environment of considerable risks and uncertainty. Credit risk has always been a vicinity of concern not only to bankers but to all in the business world because the risks of a trading partner not fulfilling his obligations in full on due date can seriously jeopardize the affairs of the other partner. Credit risk management in banks has become more important not only because of the series of financial crisis that the world has experienced in the recent past, but also the introduction of Basel II Accord. The objective of the study was to establish the relationship between credit risk management and profitability in commercial banks in Kenya, Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in order to fulfill the main purpose of the study. A regression model was used to do the empirical analysis. The results obtained from the regression model show that there is an effect of credit risk management on profitability at a reasonable level. The findings and analysis reveal that credit risk management has an effect on profitability in all the commercial banks analyzed.

Commercial Credit and Corporate Productivity

As an important form of informal finance,commercial credit is widely used among enterprises.Does commercial credit promote the total factor productivity of enterprises?According to the theoretical literature and the reality,using the large sample data of Chinese industrial enterprises,the paper empirically tests the impact of commercial credit on the productivity of enterprises from three aspects:the provision and acquisition of commercial credit and the net commercial credit.The study finds that the provision of commercial credit reduces the productivity level of enterprises;the acquisition of commercial credit fails to promote productivity;while the net commercial credit as a short-term financial buffer for enterprises can alleviate the financing constraints,faced by enterprises,especially private enterprises,which help to increase their productivity levels.In addition,the study found that the higher the marketization process in the region,the more favorable the commercial credit is to the improvement of the production efficiency of private enterprises.

Credit Risk Transfer and the Performance of Commercial Banks --Based on the Panel Data

Based on the panel data, we analyze the US commercial banks＇ CRT. According to the study, we find that the introduction of CRT will increase the level of banks＇ liquid risk. The performance of bank mainly is that its supervision and review of risk will drop, based on the impact of asymmetric information, commercial Banks transfer the bad loans to investors. Through the analysis we can see that after the transfer of credit risk in commercial bank did not increase income and reduce risk. Because commercial Banks can extend more bad loans to expand its lending scale, and bad loans will increase the bank overall risk.

A Literature Review of the Influence of Social Capital on Commercial Credit

As a typical informal system,social capital plays an important supplementary role in China’s economic transition period.Informal finance based on commercial credit plays a role in the economic cycle.However,there is currently a lack of literature to directly examine the impact of social capital on the use of commercial credit by enterprises.This article aims to systematically sort out the theoretical development of social capital on commercial credit,which mainly includes the definition of social capital,its effects,the influencing factors of commercial credit,and the summary of the existing research results of social capital on commercial credit.It is hoped that this literature review will provide guidance for future research.

A Literature Review of the Influence of Commercial Credit on the Efficiency of Enterprise Capital Allocation

The real economy is the main body of high-quality development,and the efficiency of capital allocation is an important manifestation of the development of the real economy.Therefore,it is very important to study the efficiency of capital allocation.As a representative of horizontal finance,commercial credit has a significant impact on the improvement of capital allocation efficiency.In view of this,this article combs the literature on commercial credit and capital allocation efficiency from the following aspects:firstly,by studying the literature,combing the literature on the macro-level,micro-level and economic effects of commercial credit;secondly,the measurement method of capital allocation efficiency And the influencing factors are systematically sorted out,and finally sorted out and evaluated the existing literature on the influence of commercial credit on the efficiency of capital allocation.

The Impact of Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Factors on Non-performing Loans in Sri Lankan Commercial Banks

The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans in systemically and non-systemically important commercial banks in Sri Lanka over 10 year’s period from 2004 to 2013.Also,the study examines the impact of civil war that prevailed in the country for 30 years on the ex-post credit risk of the banking sector.The study employed panel data methodology to investigate the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans.Panel unit root test has been undertaken in order to test the stationary of the variables.Hausman test and Wald coefficient restriction test were used to select the appropriate model out of pooled,random,and fixed effect.A dummy variable panel regression model adopted to study the war effect,considering 2009 as the structural year.Findings revealed that return on assets as a proxy for bank efficiency has a significant negative influence,while non-interest income as a proxy for income diversity is positively correlated with non-performing loans of systemically important banks.Both real gross domestic products and lending rates were highly significant in both bank types.On contrary with literature,growth in bank branches is negatively correlated.Public banks do not account for higher level of non-performing loans compared to their private counterpart.Finally,it was identified that civil war had an effect on the level of non-performing loans in commercial banks.The research would have benefited if the analysis is carried out among classified types of loans offered by commercial banks.Future researchers should involve in identifying the most significant contributing loan type to the non-performing loans and its determinants.This study is one of the few studies which have investigated the causes of non-performing loans in the commercial banking industry in Sri Lanka.The analysis of civil war and its impact on non-performing loans is the first study of that nature to be conducted in the context.

我国社会信用体系建设面临的主要挑战及对策建议

党的十八大以来,国家高度重视社会信用体系建设,在一些基础领域和关键环节取得了重要进展,总体社会信用状况得到明显改善。然而,社会信用体系建设是一项长期且极为复杂的系统工程,目前仍面临着理论研究和法治建设滞后,社会信用体系建设的目标定位和功能边界不够清晰,商务征信体系不健全、企业账款拖欠严重,以及其他发展不平衡不充分等问题。建议在系统总结前期经验教训的基础上,加强理论研究,厘清认识和实践误区,进一步明确社会信用体系建设的目标定位和功能边界,加快推进信用立法,健全商务信用体系,破解企业账款拖欠难题,大力发展信用经济,并做好面向公众的宣传引导工作。

国家审计与商业银行信贷行为

采用2008—2020年中国商业银行非平衡面板数据,考察国家审计对银行信贷行为的影响。研究发现,国家审计可以促使银行提供更为宽松的信贷,且这种效应具有延续性。机制分析结果表明,国家审计可以通过提高管理效率、减少违规行为、加快经济增长三条渠道促进银行扩充信贷。异质性分析发现,国家审计对内部治理较好、东部地区、外部法律环境较好的银行信贷行为的正向影响更加显著。调节效应研究发现,社会审计增强了国家审计对银行信贷的促进作用,媒体监督削弱了国家审计的促进效应,而公众监督的调节效应不显著。进一步研究发现,虽然国家审计推动了银行信贷投放,但对贷款集中度产生了抑制作用,且相较于商业贷款和非农户贷款,国家审计提升了消费贷款和农户贷款,国家审计与银行信贷的关系在降低不良贷款率的同时提升了银行财务业绩,说明国家审计可以助推银行信贷业务的高质量发展。

MD&A语调积极性与商业信用融资——基于供应商授信视角的经验证据

数字信息时代,文本分析技术的应用提升了非财务信息的可用性和传递效率,进而为供应商授信提供增量信息。以2007—2019年中国沪深A股上市公司为样本,基于非财务信息的文本特征,考察了MD&A语调积极性对企业商业信用融资的影响及其机制。研究发现,MD&A积极语调能够提升企业的商业信用融资水平,且通过改善财务信息环境和削弱媒体负面报道带来的不利影响提升了企业商业信用融资水平。异质性分析结果表明,对于收到问询函和所处环境不确定性较高的企业,MD&A积极语调提升企业商业信用融资水平的效应更显著。进一步研究发现,MD&A异常积极语调越高,企业获得的商业信用融资越多,但当数字化水平或供应商稳定性越高时,MD&A异常积极语调对商业信用融资的正向影响逐渐减弱。因此,企业应综合考虑非财务信息对供应商授信的影响,供应商应提高对异常语调的识别能力,监管机构应加强对企业信息披露的规范和监督,地方政府应积极推进数字中国建设,为创造良好的企业商业信用融资环境奠定信息基础。

商事登记制度改革的信用困境与解决对策

商事登记制度改革是一场“信用革命”,构建起以自我诚信为基础、公权信用担保为辅助的信用治理结构,基本建立了商事登记信用合规体系。但商事登记制度改革面临信用困境,主要表现为商事登记申请人信用意识淡薄、信用激励羸弱、信用责任制度不健全。要解决这些问题,应当强化商事登记申请人的诚信意识培育、完善信用激励机制、健全信用责任体系。

企业金融化与创新投资:基于供应链视角

创新是经济发展第一动力,企业持有金融资产对创新投资具有重要影响。以2007—2021年A股上市公司为样本,基于供应链视角,实证分析企业金融化对创新投资的微观作用机制。结果发现,企业金融化显著促进企业创新投资。机制分析表明,企业金融化通过缓解融资约束,对创新投资发挥促进作用。进一步基于供应链视角,考察商业信用对这一作用机制的影响,发现企业商业信用融资和商业信用供给对上述作用机制发挥调节作用,即企业商业信用融资水平越高,企业金融化对融资约束的缓解作用越显著,相应地,对创新投资的促进作用也越显著;企业商业信用供给程度越高,企业创新投资受融资约束的抑制作用越显著。企业产权性质与年龄异质性分析结果显示,对于非国有企业以及成立11~20年的企业而言,企业金融化对创新投资的促进作用更为显著。由此,提出构建支持创新的金融服务体系、建立稳定的产业供应链联盟、有效利用商业信用助力企业创新等政策建议。

绿色信贷促进农业农村绿色产业发展路径探析

农业农村绿色产业是新时代乡村产业振兴的重要内容,绿色信贷是推动农业农村绿色产业发展的重要金融工具。当前农业农村绿色产业发展面临“经营风险大、投资回报率低、绿色信贷制度不完善、相关配套政策不足、绿色信贷不良率高、信贷周期长”等问题,制约了绿色信贷投放和绿色产业发展。为此,在农业农村绿色产业发展中,应完善绿色信贷政策扶持体系,健全绿色信贷市场机制,发展绿色信贷中介机构,提高金融机构的绿色信贷动力,发挥绿色信贷对农业农村绿色产业的金融服务功能。

企业数字化转型是否提升了绿色技术创新的“量与质”——基于A股上市公司的实证研究

企业绿色技术创新是降低碳排放实现高质量发展的重要途径。当前,越来越多的企业借助新兴的信息技术进行数字化变革,为绿色技术创新提供了有利机遇。从内部治理、商业信用融资和人力资本三个方面剖析企业数字化转型影响绿色技术创新的作用机制,以我国2007—2020年沪深A股上市公司为研究样本,进行实证检验。研究表明:企业数字化转型通过提升内部治理水平、提高商业信用融资能力和优化人力资本结构等促进绿色技术创新;进一步分析发现,数字化转型不仅促进了企业绿色技术创新的“量”,还对绿色技术创新的“质”产生了显著的正向影响。企业数字化转型对绿色技术创新的影响效应在国有企业、大型企业以及非重污染行业中更显著。

诉讼事件披露、企业风险与商业信用融资——基于信号传递理论的分析

以2010—2020年间A股上市公司为研究样本,考察供应链中诉讼事件披露对商业信用融资的影响。研究发现,诉讼事件披露会导致企业商业信用融资减少,且涉诉总金额越大,诉讼事件披露对商业信用融资的负向影响越严重。作用机制检验结果表明,诉讼事件披露主要通过增加企业经营风险和信息风险两条路径对商业信用融资产生影响。调节效应分析显示,供应链集中度越高、产品市场竞争越激烈,诉讼事件披露与商业信用融资之间的负相关关系越强。进一步研究发现,披露败诉结果和诉讼赔偿会加剧诉讼事件对商业信用融资的负向影响;当诉讼类型与供应链业务相关时,诉讼事件对商业信用融资的负向影响更强,但若涉诉企业为主诉方,则这种影响较弱。此外,较高的内部控制质量有利于缓解诉讼事件披露对商业信用融资的负向影响;随着涉诉总金额的增加,供应链上下游会更加不信任涉诉企业,进而导致其所能获得的商业信用融资进一步减少。

企业出口国内附加值率提升与企业杠杆率

去杠杆是防范和化解重大债务风险的关键举措,而利用实体经济的力量以市场化、法治化方式积极稳妥地降低企业杠杆率是新时期稳步推进结构性去杠杆的重要方向。基于2000—2013年中国工业企业数据库和中国海关进出口数据库的匹配数据,从全球价值链视角探讨企业出口国内附加值率提升影响企业去杠杆的方向和内在机理。结果表明:企业出口国内附加值率提升会显著降低企业的杠杆率。异质性分析结果显示,企业出口国内附加值率提升对不同所有制、不同贸易方式、不同行业企业去杠杆都有积极的影响。进一步的机制检验结果显示,由企业出口国内附加值率提升带来的盈利能力提高、外资弱化效应以及商业信用增加效应是主要影响渠道。因此,政府和企业可从市场角度特别是企业自身竞争力提高方面探索降低和化解金融风险的路径。

绿色信贷对商业银行“三性”原则目标的影响研究

以16家商业银行2013—2022年经营数据为样本,把商业银行的安全性、流动性和盈利性用熵权法量化后作为被解释变量,引入商业银行性质作虚拟变量来构建动态面板数据模型,用系统广义矩估计实证研究绿色信贷对商业银行“三性”原则目标指数的影响和“三性”原则目标间的影响。研究结果表明:绿色信贷的推行对商业银行的安全性有抑制作用,对盈利性和流动性都具有正向促进作用;在推行绿色信贷的背景下,商业银行的安全性和盈利性互相促进,盈利性抑制流动性的提升,流动性促进安全性的提高,但安全性对流动性和流动性对盈利性的作用效果不明显;目前推行绿色信贷业务时商业银行性质对商业银行“三性”原则目标产生的影响不大。

超额商誉与商业信用成本:基于风险和内控视角

为厘清超额商誉与商业信用成本间的关系,从供应商与企业间融资成本视角出发,以2014—2021年沪深A股公司为样本,基于信号传递理论,分析超额商誉对商业信用成本的影响机制。研究发现:超额商誉正向影响企业商业信用成本;超额商誉通过加剧企业经营风险,进而增加商业信用成本;较高的内部控制质量对超额商誉与商业信用成本间关系起负向调节作用,且随着内部控制质量的提升,超额商誉加剧经营风险的作用会有所减少,相应其对商业信用成本的正向影响也会减弱;在独立董事比例高、高管股权激励水平高和高管薪酬激励水平低的情形下,超额商誉对商业信用成本的正向影响降低,较高的独董比例和高管股权激励能一定程度缓解超额商誉的负面影响。

征信服务平台奖惩机制下小微企业融资三方演化博弈及仿真分析

当前,我国小微企业融资主要以抵押贷款为主。在信用经济的背景下,如何发挥小微企业信用价值,进而以“信用”换贷款是解决小微企业融资难的关键。通过构建“小微企业—商业银行—征信服务平台”的三方演化博弈模型,探究征信服务平台能否改变小微企业融资形势,从而为激发民营经济更多活力提供政策支持。研究结果表明:征信服务平台通过建立合理的奖惩机制,满足对小微企业的奖惩之和大于贷款本金的条件,才能保证演化稳定市场环境下的小微企业获得高效融资。基于此,利用Matlab2022b进行仿真分析,提出相应的政策建议,具体包括:一是建设全国统一的征信服务平台;二是建立守信联合激励和失信联合惩戒长效机制;三是推出多种类、有特色的小额信用贷款产品。

出资未届期股权转让后的责任承担研究——兼论新《公司法》理解及适用中的理念与原则

在对新《公司法》条文进行解读和适用时,需要引入商业理念来平衡因司法裁判理念所形成的负面冲击,正确理解有限责任原则以及商事信用制度的本质,正确把握《公司法》的价值导向,即不仅着眼于解决纠纷、救济权利,更应展望活跃创新、自由经营、繁荣商业。以对新《公司法》第88条第1款的解读为例,在限期认缴制下,股东享有期限利益,出资未届期股权的转让不构成对出资承诺的违背,故转让人并不承担信用责任。出资未届期股权转让的同时发生权利义务的概括转移,出资义务原则上由受让人承担。但转让人在持股期间负有法定的股东责任,在选任股权受让人时也负有一定的谨慎义务,此时所构成的责任为补充担保责任。但这种补充担保责任的承担是有限度的,基于信用保护和有限责任原则,应以债务形成的时间为标准,划定转让人需要承担的补充担保责任的范围,明确转让人仅须对股权转让前形成的债务承担担保责任。此外,就实践中产生的如部分转让、多次转让、未办理股权变更登记等特殊情形,则应特殊对待。在转让人承担了补充担保责任之后,其既可以选择向公司主张获得所缴纳的受让人不能缴纳部分出资所对应的股权,也可以选择在其所承担的担保责任范围内向受让人进行追偿。面对新《公司法》下出现的大量新规则,新《公司法》第88条第1款的理论分析与解读具有典型意义。对新规则的理论分析和解读,有助于推动《公司法》理念的统一,有助于保持新旧法律规则在理念和原则上的协调,有助于新《公司法》在实施与适用过程中实现法律效果和社会效果的统一。