Microstructure evolution of aluminum-lithium alloy 2195 undergoing commercial production

Microstructures of three kinds of typical product states for commercially fabricated alloy 2195 were observed.It is found that the hot-rolled plate is characterized by a fibrous structure containing fine,polygonized substructures;and the cold-rolled sheet was characterized by a "pan-caked" grain structure containing high density dislocation cells.The product under near peak-aging temper is proved to contain a large amount of dispersive,plate-shaped T1(Al2CuLi) precipitates,together with a small fraction of θ'(Al2Cu) plates,exhibiting a desirable combination of mechanical properties.Analyses using scanning electron microscopy reveal that many coarse,irregular-shaped Al7Cu2Fe constituent particles exist in all product states,which indicates that intermediate heat treatments have little influence on this iron-caused,detrimental phase.The formation and evolution of microstructures for different product states of alloy 2195 were discussed in view point of the commercial production condition.

Successful Commercial Production of 1,4-Cyclohexane Dimethanol at Liaoyang Petrochemical Company

The PetroChina Liaoyang Petrochemical Company （LPC）has completed all commercial tests at its self-constructed200 t/a 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol （CHDM） unit, whiledelivering qualified CHDM product with a purity of99.8% to provide reliable test data for formulating thePDP of an 10-kt/a class CHDM unit.

Antimicrobial Use in Commercial Poultry Production Systems in Kiambu County, Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Survey on Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices

Background: Antibiotic resistance is putting the commercial poultry production systems across the globe at risk of losses due to the failure of treatments for animals and human health which has been associated with overuse and misuse of antibiotics in poultry farming. One possible approach to the resistance problem is ensuring adequate knowledge, attitudes, and practices on antimicrobial use by farmers on commercial production systems across the globe are applied. Therefore, the current study was carried out to determine factors that could promote antimicrobial use in commercial poultry production systems of Kiambu County, Kenya. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted on commercial poultry production systems of Kiambu County to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on antimicrobial use. One hundred and fifty-six (n = 156) semi-structured questionnaires imprinted in a mobile Open data kit were administered to capture the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on antimicrobial usage in commercial poultry production systems of Kiambu County. Results: Out of the 156 commercial poultry farmers who participated in this study, females accounted for (64%) with 51% of them keeping layers between 50 - 500 birds as medium scale farmers. In the study, most of the farmers were 45 years and above (61%) and they had obtained a secondary level of education (34%). We further noted that 67% of the farmers obtain antibiotics through self-prescription/personal experience. Additional lack of veterinary officers (77%) and consultation services (72%) was also mentioned as key challenges in poultry production. The majority of the respondents (63%), indicated Tetracycline as the most commonly used antibiotic in their farms, with the most preferred subtypes of tetracycline and Amoxicillin being Oxytetracyclines (85%) and Amoxi (88%) respectively. Nearness to veterinary services significantly (P < 0.05) contributed to the use of antibiotics agents. Additionally, the area of residence, type of production, number of years in farming, and average number of birds kept also significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the level of knowledge and practice on antimicrobial usage. Conclusion: Generally, the level of knowledge and practice on antibiotic use among commercial poultry farmers in Kiambu County is still lacking. This was witnessed with continued use of antibiotics without a prescription from veterinary/livestock extension offices, which is inconsistent with the general recommendation on antimicrobial stewardship. Therefore, the current research calls for intervention measures such as extensive education to farmers on the rational use of antimicrobial agents in commercial poultry disease management, observance of withdrawal periods, and the impacts of residues on public health.

Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Selected <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>Isolated from Commercial Poultry Production Systems in Kiambu County, Kenya

Introduction: In the last two decades, the treatment of enteric infections has been complicated by the emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains. Occurrence of multidrug resistant Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobactaeraceae poses the greatest risk to public health by raising morbidity and mortality by six folds in developing countries. The present study aims to determine the antibiotics resistance patterns of selected Enterobacteriaceae isolated from commercial poultry production systems in Kiambu County. Methods: A laboratory based cross-sectional study was conducted in six purposively selected Sub-Counties of Kiambu County from October 2020, to February 2021. A total of 437 fecal samples were collected from each household. The antibiotic susceptibility testing using disk diffusion method was used against E. coli; Salmonella spps.; Shigella spps.; and Klebsiella spps. which were isolated and identified through standard biochemical. Results: Out of 437 fecal and stool samples collected, 591 isolates were recovered with E. coli (48.9%) being the most frequently identified, followed by Shigella spps. (18.8%), Salmonella spps. (18.3%), and Klebsiella spps. (14.0%). The study shows there was high prevalence of multiple resistance among isolates especially to Sulfamethoxazole (79%), Trimethoprim (71%), and Tetracyclines (59%), correspondingly. Additionally, the isolates showed the highest rate of susceptibility against Cefuroxime (94%), Gentamicin (93%), Ceftriaxone (91%), Cefepime (89%), Cefotaxime (85%), Ceftazidime (84%), and Chloramphenicol (77%), respectively. Discussion: Our study indicates that both fecal and stool materials from commercial poultry and humans can be reservoir of multi-drug resistance enteric’s which can be a potential route of transmission of resistance genes, which pose a great risk to public health of Kiambu Residence.

A research into the application of the production capacity of passenger and light commercial vehicles in China

1. An overall judgment on the situation 2006 saw the rapid growth of passenger vehicles, with the production capacity putting into use rose from less than 70 percent to around 80 percent. That with light commercial vehicles was similar too. The situation in 2005 and 2006 showed that there are no evidential overdone production capacity.

Review on thermochromic vanadium dioxide based smart coatings： from lab to commercial application

With an urgent demand of energy efficientcoatings for building fenestrations, vanadium dioxide（VO2）-based thermochromic smart coatings have beenwidely investigated due to the reversible phase transition ofVO2 at a critical transition temperature of 68 ℃, which isaccompanied by the modulation of solar irradiation, espe-cially in the near-infrared region. As for commercialapplications in our daily life, there are still some obstaclesfor VO2-based smart coatings, such as the high phasetransition temperature, optical properties （luminous trans-mittance and solar modulation ability）, environmental sta-bility in a long-time period, as well as mass production. Inthis review, recent progress of thermochromic smart coat-ings to solve above obstacles has been surveyed. Mean-while, future development trends have also been given topromote the goal of commercial production of VO2 smartcoatings.