A review of commercial development of continental shale oil in China

Continental shale oil is an important strategic supplement to the sustainable development of petroleum industry in China.Based on the thermal maturity of organic matter,most shale oil in China is mediumhigh or medium-low mature oil with relatively high density that is usually stored in thin layers and difficult to extract due to strong fluid flow resistance.Most petroliferous basins in China host shale oil but the abundance and distribution are not favorable for operators looking for a commercial exploitation.This study systematically investigates the recent progress of shale oil exploration and development in China.The result shows that the country is facing the following challenges while trying to explore its shale oil resources:complex geological conditions;a lack of established effective development mode;high development cost;and an absence of substantial breakthroughs in key technologies.Given these,the study suggests from research and policy-making perspectives to strengthen the research on basic theories and key technologies,establish demonstration zones for development of different types of shale oil,pursue breakthroughs in a stepwise approach,innovate the management mode to reduce the development cost,set shale oil as an independent mineral type,and give special policy incentives.

Commercial Use and Development Trends of Mobile TV Terminal Chips

Mobile TV is growing popular worldwide. It puts new hardware requirements on the handset, requiring a tuner, a demodulator and a decoder to receive and process signals that challenge the power consumption and size of handsets. These special terminal chips can solve these problems and stand as a prerequisite for broadcasting TV to mobile phones. The commercial mobile TV handsets have been brought to the market, which use the integrated single-chip, the dual/multi mode chip, or the TV receiver integrated in an SD card. These small chips with low power consumption will help popularize mobile TV services.

The Project “Development and Commercial Application of Technology for Ultra-deep HDS of Diesel(RTS)” Passed SINOPEC's Appraisal

On December 9, 2014 the scientific research project ＂Developmentand commercial application of technology forultra-deep HDS of diesel （RTS）＂ jointly performed bythe SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing（RIPP）, the Yanshan Petrochemical Branch Company（YPBC）, the Maoming Petrochemical Branch Companyand the Guangzhou Petrochemical Branch Company haspassed in Beijing the technical appraisal organized by theScience and Technology Division of the Sinopec Corp.

Approach to the Reserve against Deposit System and the Sustainable Development of Chinese Commercial Banks

Since the establishment of the reserve against deposit system in China, theorists have different views about it. After analyzing some of those views, this essay proposes that presently, it is inappropriate to cancel that system, and the rate of the required reserve should be reduced instead of being removed. With the analysis, the author points out the defects of that system, and makes a further study of that system's influence on the sustainable development of the commercial banks in China. In the last part, from several aspects, namely, the institutional environment, the rate of required reserve, the structure, and the mode of calculating and drawing money, the author offers some suggestions for the perfection of China's reserve against deposit system, and the acceleration of the sustainable development of commercial banks.

Development Prospect of the Commercialization for Aerospace Services

In recent years, with the rapid growth in demand for commercial launches, space institutions like NASA have been succeeded in the commercialization of aerospace services. According to the latest development trends on international commercial aerospace services and the current development status of domestic commercial aerospace services, suggestions on the development of China's commercial aerospace services based on policies, development modes and technical innovation are given.

Post-mining policies and practices in the Eastern USA coal region

Surface coal mines prior to 1950 in the USA were generally left without any reclamation.As government regulations advanced since then,mine operators were required to backfill the area and plant grasses or trees.After the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act(SMCRA)was passed in 1977 in the USA,mine operators were required to conduct pre-mining analyses of the site and to designate a land use that could be achieved after mining.Successful reclamation,as needed to satisfy today’s societal demands,requires engineering,design,and purposeful reconstruction of the full mining disturbance,not just its surface,and control of waters leaving the mine site.Effective reclamation on modern American coal mines is fully integrated with the mining operation.A suitable and effective postmining land use that is sustainable for future generations is crucial to the long-term success and profitability of the mining business and to the future economic benefits of the landowner.Accepted post-mining land uses in the USA are:(1)prime farmland,(2)hay land and pasture,(3)biofuel crops,(4)forestry,(5)wildlife habitat,and(6)building site development.Policies and regulations for each post-mining land use were developed and practices to achieve successful and sustainable land uses were established.Post-mining conditions should provide ecosystem services and produce lands capable of supporting societal needs in the future.

Reservoir forming conditions and key exploration and development technologies for marine shale gas fields in Fuling area, South China

Although shale gas resources are abundant in China,commercial discoveries have not been made before the discovery of Fuling Shale Gas Field.SINOPEC has done lots of theoretical and technological studies on marine shale gas development in China.Research shows shale gas has dynamic accumulations with early preservation and late reconstruction and proposes high-quality shale developed in deep-water shelf as the base and good preservation conditions as the key factor for shale gas accumulation.Key technologies and facilities were developed for geophysical survey of shale gas,design and optimization of shale gas development,drilling and completion of horizontal wells,and fracturing stimulation.As the first and largest shale gas field in China,the discovery and successful development of Fuling Shale Gas Filed has made China the first country to achieve large-scale development of shale gas after North America.By August 2017,Fuling Shale Gas Field had declared 6008.14×10^(8)m^(3) proven reserves,76.8×10^(8)m^(3) production capacity and 133.9×10^(8)m^(3) cumulative production.The construction of Fuling Shale Gas Field with high level,high speed and high quality has been a good example of shale gas development in China.Its successful experiences can be used to other fields and play an important role in optimizing energy structure and improving environment.