Effect of Commiphora mukul gum resin on hepatic marker enzymes,lipid peroxidation and antioxidants status in pancreas and heart of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Objective:To study the antioxidant efficacy of Commiphora mukul(C.mukul) gum resin ethanolic extract in streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats.Methods:The male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight animals each:Control group(C),CM-treated control group(C_+CMEE),Diabetic control group(D),CM- treated diabetic group(D_+CMEE).Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ(55 mg/kg/ bwt).After being confirmed the diabetic rats were treated with C.mukul gum resin ethanolic extract(CMEE) for 60 days.The biochemical estimations like antioxidant,oxidative stress marker enzymes and hepatic marker enzymes of tissues were performed.Results:The diabetic rats showed increased level of enzymatic activities aspartate aminotransaminase(AST),alanine aminotransaminase(ALT) in liver and kidney and oxidative markers like lipid peroxidation(LPO) and protein oxidation(PO) in pancreas and heart. Antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly decreased in the pancreas and heart compared to control group.Administration of CMEE(200 mg/kg bw) to diabetic rats for 60 days significantly reversed the above parameters towards normalcy.Conclusions:In conclusion,our data indicate the preventive role of C.mukul against STZ-induced diabetic oxidative stress;hence this plant could be used as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention and/or management of diabetes and aggravated antioxidant status.

<i>Commiphora wightii</i>(Arnott) Bhandari—A Natural Source of Guggulsterone: Facing a High Risk of Extinction in Its Natural Habitat

The plants are the primary producers and an indispensible source of food and nutrition, medicine and fuel/biofuel. Unsustainable overharvesting and indiscriminate felling of plants due to ever increasing needs of population pressure are causes of great concern. The IUCN includes, the species facing a high risk of extinction in the wild as threatened, and “endangered” is one of the sub-categories under “threatened” category. Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari is an arid region plant, highly valued for its medicinally important guggul gum-resin as a source of guggulsterone. It is listed in IUCN’s Red Data List of threatened plants and now it is becoming endangered. Its population is fast depleting in its natural habitat, primarily due to over-exploitation, unsustainable and destructive methods of gum-extraction coupled with natural dry-arid habitat, slow growth and poor regeneration of the plant. Several other reasons have also been indicated for its declining population. Therefore, it demands severe measures for its conservation before we completely lose this important medicinal plant. A lot of research and study is underway but has vast scope for improvement, requiring efforts to supplement with such information that would aid transgenic development and breeding programmes for production and cultivation of improved varieties. The article presents the importance of this plant and its conservation in a nut-shell.

Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory potentials and phytochemical profile of Commiphora africana(A. Rich.) Engl.(Burseraceae) and Loeseneriella africana(Willd.)(Celastraceae) stem leaves extracts

Objective: To assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as to determine the flavonoids and phenolic acids content of active fractions.Methods: Two medicinal plant samples were extracted successively in Soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, methanol and n-butanol. Five methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was done through the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzymes(COX-1 and COX-2).Polyphenolic compounds were analyzed by using a spectrophotometrical and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS) methods.Results: The data showed that the stem leaves extracts of Commiphora africana and Loeseneriella africana possessed significant in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Polar extracts had radical scavenging effects and they reduced iron(III). The prostaglandin production was significantly stopped by acetonitrile and methanol extracts.These biological activities were supported by some bioactive compounds quantified by using the HPLC-MS. p-Coumaric acid, ferulic acid, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin,rutin, kaempferol and apigenin were the most metabolites quantified.Conclusions: The present study may explain the effectiveness of plants in traditional medicine of Burkina Faso, singularly Commiphora africana and Loeseneriella africana.The next investigation was to sub-fractionate the methanol fraction in order to isolate new antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory compounds.

Effect of <i>Commiphora molmol</i>(Myrrh) Extract on Mice Infected by <i>Giardia lamblia</i>

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of (Commiphora molmol(Myrrh)) extract as alternative treatment in hamsters against giardiasis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the new compound (Commiphora molmol(Myrrh)), as agent a natural product extracted from the roots of Zingiber officinal, on Giardia lamblia infection as anti-protozoal and to study the parasitological and Histopathological impact of this treatment on the duodenal mucosa of infected hamsters. Fifty hamsters were divided into five groups: Group (A): normal control. Group (B): Giardia lamblia infected and untreated hamsters served as control. Group (C): infected with Giardia lamblia and treated with metronidazole in dose (120 μg/kg body weight twice daily for 7 successive days). Group (D) Giardia lamblia infected and orally treated with Myrrh (500 mg/Kg for 1 week). Group (E): Giardia lamblia infected and orally treated with combination 1/3 dose of (120 μg/kg body weight) metronidazole and Myrrh (250 mg/Kg) for 1 week). After 2 weeks of the treatment, hamsters were sacrificed. The highest percentages of reduction in the number of Giardia lamblia cysts and trophozoites were in the group receiving combined metronidazole and myrrh. Histopathological examination revealed complete healing of intestinal mucosa after the combined treatment, while partial healing of the lining epithelium of the intestine was noticed after metronidazole and either myrrh plant treatment.

A network pharmacological study on the mechanism of Commiphora myrrha in the treatment of prostate cancer

Background:Prostate cancer(PCa)is one of the most common malignancies of the male genitourinary system.Commiphora myrrha(CM)has the potential to treat PCa,but the underlying mechanism is still unclear.Therefore,this study uses the network pharmacology method to investigate the target of CM in the treatment of PCa and related signal pathways,and further analyze the theoretical basis and potential mechanism of its treatment with PCa.Methods:All the components and targets of CM were retrieved from Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP).GeneCards and DisGeNET databases were used to collect PCa-related targets.String was used to build a target protein interaction network.The network of“active component-interaction target-related pathways”and protein-protein interaction network were constructed using Cytoscape,the functional enrichment analysis of GO and the enrichment analysis of KEGG pathway of CM in the treatment of PCa were performed using Metascape.Results:A total of 33 active ingredients including quercetin,β-sitosterol and ellagic acid were obtained,and 61 common targets of CM for PCa were obtained by screening intersection.The most frequent occurrences were AKT1,TP53,JUN,VEGFA,etc.These targets were mainly involved in biological processes,such as apoptotic signaling pathway,response to growth factor,and reactive oxygen species metabolic process,and were mainly concentrated in PI3K-Akt,MAPK and other signaling pathways.Conclusion:This study revealed the effective ingredients,potential targets and mechanism of action of CM in the treatment of PCa,aiming to provide a theoretical basis and reference for subsequent experimental studies.

Antiulcer Activities of Commiphora molmol (Myrrh) Extract in Male Rats

Medicinal plants used in folk medicine contain a wide range of substances that can prevent and treat many diseases. The Antiulcer Activities effects of myrrh or Commiphora molmol extract (CME) were assessed in rats. In this experiment, thirty rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: G1) normal control (vehicle);G2) received aspirin without any treatment;G3) pretreated with Omeprazole (antiulcer drug) and groups (4), (5) and (6) were pretreated with CME at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt, respective-ly for 2 weeks. At the end of experiment the volume, pH and total acidity of gastric juices;mucus content and ulcer lengths were measured and protection percentages were calculated. Gross and histopathological examinations of stomachs were also performed. CME induced an antiulcer effect manifested by decreased volume and total acidity of gastric juice and increased mucus content and percentages of protec-tion from ulcer as well as partial amelioration of gross and histopathological lesions seen in stomach of ulcerated rats. In conclusion, the results denote that Commiphora molmol extract possess antiulcer effects in rats. These results affirm the traditional use of Myrrh extract for the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Commiphoroids G_(1)-G_(3), H and I, Five Terpenoid Dimers as Extracellular Matrix Inhibitors from Resina Commiphora

Commiphoroids G_(1)-G_(3),H and I(1-5),five new terpenoid dimers were isolated from Resina Commiphora.Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by using spectroscopic,computational and crystallographic methods.Biological evaluation of these terpenoid dimers against renal fibrosis reveals that 5 inhibits extracellular matrix components including fibronectin and colla-gen I in a concentration-dependent manner.

基于变异系数法-层次分析法综合加权结合响应面法优选樟帮炒没药炮制工艺

目的优选樟帮炒没药的最佳炮制工艺。方法采用层次分析法(AHP)结合变异系数法综合加权的复合评分法,以9-甲氧基没药酮、MCS134、没药酮、FSA的UPLC-Q-TOF-MS响应值,产出率和出粉率的综合加权评分为评价指标,以炒制温度、炒制时间、米醋用量为考察因素,运用响应面法设计优选出樟帮炒没药的最佳炮制工艺。结果樟帮炒没药的炮制最佳工艺为每50 g没药以185℃炒制12 min,期间均匀喷洒7.5 g米醋,取出,晾凉。结论该炮制工艺稳定、可行,可为樟帮炒没药的开发推广和规范化生产提供科学依据。

Ecological niche modelling of a critically endangered species Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari using bioclimatic and non-bioclimatic variables

Background The aim of this study is to examine the effects of four different bioclimatic predictors(current,2050,2070,and 2090 under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways SSP2-4.5)and non-bioclimatic variables(soil,habitat heterogeneity index,land use,slope,and aspect)on the habitat suitability and niche dimensions of the critically endangered plant species Commiphora wightii in India.We also evaluate how niche modelling affects its extent of occurrence(EOO)and area of occupancy(AOO).Results The area under the receiver operating curve(AUC)values produced by the maximum entropy(Maxent)under various bioclimatic time frames were more than 0.94,indicating excellent model accuracy.Non-bioclimatic characteristics,with the exception of terrain slope and aspect,decreased the accuracy of our model.Additionally,Maxent accuracy was the lowest across all combinations of bioclimatic and non-bioclimatic variables(AUC=0.75 to 0.78).With current,2050,and 2070 bioclimatic projections,our modelling revealed the significance of water availability parameters(BC-12 to BC-19,i.e.annual and seasonal precipitation as well as precipitation of wettest,driest,and coldest months and quarters)on habitat suitability for this species.However,with 2090 projection,energy variables such as mean temperature of wettest quarter(BC-8)and isothermality(BC-3)were identified as governing factors.Excessive salt,rooting conditions,land use type(grassland),characteristics of the plant community,and slope were also noticed to have an impact on this species.Through distribution modelling of this species in both its native(west-ern India)and exotic(North-east,Central Part of India,as well as northern and eastern Ghat)habitats,we were also able to simulate both its fundamental niche and its realized niche.Our EOO and AOO analysis reflects the possibility of many new areas in India where this species can be planted and grown.Conclusion According to the calculated area under the various suitability classes,we can conclude that C.wight-ii’s potentially suitable bioclimatic distribution under the optimum and moderate classes would increase under all future bioclimatic scenarios(2090>2050≈current),with the exception of 2070,demonstrating that there are more suitable habitats available for C.wightii artificial cultivation and will be available for future bioclimatic projections of 2050 and 2090.Predictive sites indicated that this species also favours various types of landforms outside rocky environments,such as sand dunes,sandy plains,young alluvial plains,saline areas,and so on.Our research also revealed crucial information regarding the community dispersion variable,notably the coefficient of variation that,when bioclimatic non-bioclimatic variables were coupled,disguised the effects of bioclimatic factors across all time frames.

没药挥发性化学成分的研究

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取没药挥发性化学成分.用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行结构鉴定.从中鉴定出45个化合物,其主要成分为:4,5,6,6A-四氢-2(1H)-并环戊烯酮、1,5,9-三甲基-1,5,9-环十二碳三烯、4-乙烯基-4-甲基-3-异丙烯基-1-异丙基-环己烯、α-毕橙茄油烯、十氢-3A-甲基-6-亚甲基-1-异丙基-环丁[1,2:3,4]二环戊烯、脱氢香橙烯、1R,3Z,9S-4,11,11-三甲基-8-亚甲基双环[7.2.0]十一碳-3-烯、柏木烯、1-乙基-1-甲基-2,4-二异丙烯基-环己烯、7-亚甲基-2,4,4-三甲基-2-乙烯基-双环[4.3.0]壬烷、1,2,3,4,4A,5,6,8A-八氢-7-甲基-4-亚甲基-1-异丙基萘.

没药的化学成分及其生物活性

没药属(Commiphora)植物分泌的胶状树脂作为没药(myrrh)为世界多个国家常用植物药,其所含成分包括萜类、甾体、黄酮、木脂素等次生代谢产物。现代药理研究表明没药提取物和所含的化学成分具有细胞毒、抗细菌、抗真菌、镇痛、抗氧化、抗炎等生物活性。本文综述了国内外没药化学成分和生物活性的研究概况。

加味没竭汤治疗原发性痛经的临床研究——对前列腺素及相关因素的影响

用加味没竭汤治疗原发性痛经63例,并与消炎痛治疗者32例作为对照。经3个月治疗,加味没竭汤组近期治愈率41.3％,消炎痛组为15.6％,两组间差异显著(P<0.05)。加味没竭汤可明显降低经血中PGF_(2α)、PGE_2的含量及比值,显著降低外周血黄体中期E_2的含量,显著升高黄体末期孕酮含量。分析33例经血PGF_(2α),PGE_2含量与疼痛程度呈正相关。

没药甾酮对人肝癌细胞HepG2增殖和凋亡的影响

目的研究没药甾酮对人肝癌细胞HepG2增殖和凋亡的影响。方法以正常人肝细胞L-02作为对照,采用3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐法观察不同浓度没药甾酮(5～100μmol/L)对人肝癌细胞HepG2和L-02细胞增殖的影响并观察细胞形态的变化;应用流式细胞术检测细胞周期变化和凋亡发生。结果不同浓度没药甾酮均可显著抑制人肝癌细胞HepG2生长,并呈时间、剂量依赖性,最大抑制率可达81.9%±1.92%(100μmol/L);没药甾酮可使G0/G1期细胞比例增多,G2/M期细胞比例下降,可将细胞阻滞于G0/G1期;没药甾酮诱导人肝癌细胞HepG2发生凋亡,50μmol/L和75μmol/L没药甾酮早期细胞凋亡率分别为24.91%±2.41%、53.03%±2.28%,与对照组相比,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论没药甾酮可抑制人肝癌细胞HepG2增殖并诱导凋亡,其作用可能与干扰细胞周期有关。

新疆没药挥发油的气相色谱-质谱分析

利用水蒸气蒸馏法提取维吾尔医用药材没药挥发油成分,运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,结合计算机质谱图库检索技术对分离的化合物进行结构分析,共鉴定了42个成分,占挥发性物质含量的87.46%。应用峰面积归一法确定各成分的相对含量。萜烯类及其衍生物占较大比例,主要有:α-香柠檬烯(12.52%)、β-蛇床烯(8.75%)、β-红没药烯(10.03%)、2-羟基-2,4,6-环庚三烯-1-酮(6.25%)等。

Diversity, regeneration status and population structure of gum-and resin-bearing woody species in south Omo zone, southern Ethiopia

South Omo Administrative Zone in Ethiopia is home to 18 indigenous ethnic groups whose livelihood is vulnerable due to recurrent drought and degradation. Despite the preliminary observation showing the rich dry-forest resource base that, if sustainably managed could enhance livelihoods and biodiversity conservation, there is lack of empirical data on its current status. We conducted a study aiming at quantifying the population status of gum- and resin-bearing species in two randomly selected districts, Hamer and Bena-Tsemay. Seventy-five quadrats （35 at Hamer and 40 at Bena-Tsemay） each measuring 400 m2 were established along line transects to assess species diversity and equitability, density, frequency, dominance, importance value and population structure. We recorded a total of 27 woody species of 12 families and 14 genera. Fifteen species （9 at Hamer and 14 at Bena-Tsemay） of the genera Acacia, Boswellia, Commiphora and Sterculia, were identified as either major sources of commercial gums and resins or their adulterants. Gum- and resin-bearing species comprised 56% and 57% of species richness, 48% and 50% of total density per ha, 95% and 98% of basal area, and 64% and 56% of importance values at Hamer and Bena-Tsemay, respectively. Diversity of the entire woody species assemblage and of the gum- and resin-bearing species was slightly higher at Bena-Tsemay （H= 2.61, 1.4） than at Hamer （H＇= 2.48, 1.28）, respectively. The diversity and abundance of the resource base suggest potential for development of value-added commercialization of gum and resins to enhance livelihoods and encourage sustainable management of the forest at these study areas. We recorded, however, declining natural regeneration of most gum- and resin-bearing species, and this calls for integrated and participatory species management and landscape rehabilitation.

天然没药、胶质没药和穆库没药的基原考证

目的:对天然没药、胶质没药和穆库没药的原植物进行考证。方法:查阅国内外药品质量标准、植物学专著和相关文献,并进行比较、汇总和归纳。结果:天然没药的原植物主要为Commiphora.myrrh Engl.,胶质没药的原植物主要为C.erythraea,穆库没药的原植物为C.mukul.Engl。结论:国内现有标准和文献中关于没药基原的描述存在矛盾,本文的考证结果更为新颖与合理。

穆库没药化学成分的研究

目的:对穆库没药化学成分进行系统研究。方法:采用硅胶柱色谱,ODS柱色谱及制备HPLC等方法分离纯化,运用现代光谱学方法鉴定化合物结构。结果:从穆库没药中分离得到4个化合物,分别鉴定为Epi-magnolin(1)、1,7,8,10,11,12,13,14,15,17-decahydro-17-decahydro-17-(S)-1-hydroxyethyl-10,13-dimethyl-2H-cyclopenta[α]phenanthrene-3,16(16H,9H)-dione(2)、1,7,8,10,11,12,13,15,16,17-decahydro-17-(2-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2H-cyclopenta[α]phenanthrene-3(6H,9H,14H)-one(3)、20-methoxy-4,17(20)Z-pregnadiene-3,16-dione(4)。结论:化合物1～3从橄榄科中首次分离得到,化合物4从该植物中首次分离得到。