Police emergency commitment powers for detention of persons in the community perceived to be seriously mentally ill for further specialist examination in a designated facility have always raised interest in medical an...Police emergency commitment powers for detention of persons in the community perceived to be seriously mentally ill for further specialist examination in a designated facility have always raised interest in medical and legal circles on both sides of the Atlantic. The objective of this article is to detail the police commitment procedure in England and Wales, as dictated by the mental health act of 1983 (MHA 1983) amended in 2007 (MHA 2007);and compare this with similar legal provisions as prevails under current state mental health statutes in the United States of America (USA). The comparative review of the commitment processes in England and Wales to that of the USA reveals that the process in England and Wales seeks to primarily ensure that persons with mental disorder (PWMD) in crisis are directed to a specialist hospital for evaluation and appropriate specialist care. In the USA such persons in a good number of cases may end up in the criminal justice system due to application of the “dangerousness” standard. Additionally whereas in England and Wales the commitment law is uniform in law and application, the federal system in the USA is such that the commitment law may have minor variations depending on the individual states. The minor variation in state commitment laws may engender a situation where the commitment law in England and Wales may seem relatively equitable and just towards PWMD in crisis, compared to the state commitment laws in the USA.展开更多
China's high-speed railway industry achieved dazzling development over the years, but not much research has been devoted to this industry from the perspeetive of competition policy. This paper focuses on the industri...China's high-speed railway industry achieved dazzling development over the years, but not much research has been devoted to this industry from the perspeetive of competition policy. This paper focuses on the industrial organization of China's high-speed railway industry and the applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law. We intend to answer the following questions: (l) Why is the high-speed railway industry not an industry of natural monopoly? Which segments of the industry have elements of natural monopoly? (2) At the level of corporate organization, what is the legal and economic rationale behind the patterns of China's high-speed railway undertakings evolving from government-affiliated enterprises to special legal person enterprises and then shareholding companies? (3) The applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law to the high-speed railway industry. Our conclusions from the perspective of competition policy are worth referencing for similar industries such as electric power, telecommunications, and water and gas supply.展开更多
When Xi Jinping stood at the podium, placed his left hand on the newly amended Constitution, raised his right hand in a fist of solidarity and took the public oath of allegiance to the Consti- tution in the Great Hall...When Xi Jinping stood at the podium, placed his left hand on the newly amended Constitution, raised his right hand in a fist of solidarity and took the public oath of allegiance to the Consti- tution in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on March 17, it not only signaled the beginning of his second term as the Chinese president.展开更多
文摘Police emergency commitment powers for detention of persons in the community perceived to be seriously mentally ill for further specialist examination in a designated facility have always raised interest in medical and legal circles on both sides of the Atlantic. The objective of this article is to detail the police commitment procedure in England and Wales, as dictated by the mental health act of 1983 (MHA 1983) amended in 2007 (MHA 2007);and compare this with similar legal provisions as prevails under current state mental health statutes in the United States of America (USA). The comparative review of the commitment processes in England and Wales to that of the USA reveals that the process in England and Wales seeks to primarily ensure that persons with mental disorder (PWMD) in crisis are directed to a specialist hospital for evaluation and appropriate specialist care. In the USA such persons in a good number of cases may end up in the criminal justice system due to application of the “dangerousness” standard. Additionally whereas in England and Wales the commitment law is uniform in law and application, the federal system in the USA is such that the commitment law may have minor variations depending on the individual states. The minor variation in state commitment laws may engender a situation where the commitment law in England and Wales may seem relatively equitable and just towards PWMD in crisis, compared to the state commitment laws in the USA.
文摘China's high-speed railway industry achieved dazzling development over the years, but not much research has been devoted to this industry from the perspeetive of competition policy. This paper focuses on the industrial organization of China's high-speed railway industry and the applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law. We intend to answer the following questions: (l) Why is the high-speed railway industry not an industry of natural monopoly? Which segments of the industry have elements of natural monopoly? (2) At the level of corporate organization, what is the legal and economic rationale behind the patterns of China's high-speed railway undertakings evolving from government-affiliated enterprises to special legal person enterprises and then shareholding companies? (3) The applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law to the high-speed railway industry. Our conclusions from the perspective of competition policy are worth referencing for similar industries such as electric power, telecommunications, and water and gas supply.
文摘When Xi Jinping stood at the podium, placed his left hand on the newly amended Constitution, raised his right hand in a fist of solidarity and took the public oath of allegiance to the Consti- tution in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on March 17, it not only signaled the beginning of his second term as the Chinese president.