Common wheat is the major cereal crop that underpins the food safety of China. Both winter wheat and spring wheat are grown on ~24 million ha. This review aims to summarize the current status of wheat production and b...Common wheat is the major cereal crop that underpins the food safety of China. Both winter wheat and spring wheat are grown on ~24 million ha. This review aims to summarize the current status of wheat production and breeding progress in the northern wheat production areas of the country, and to review recently advanced technologies being applied in wheat breeding, including the use of dwarf-male-sterile(DMS) wheat, speed breeding and specialized wheat breeding SNP chips. Crossing is the initial step in most breeding programs. DMS wheat is a convenient tool for large scale production of hybrid seed. Speed breeding or accelerated generation turnover attempts to reduce the time taken in cultivar development. Several different SNP chips are high-throughput, genome-wide genotyping platforms for breeding and research.展开更多
Leaf rust(LR) and stripe rust(YR) are important diseases in wheat producing areas worldwide and cause severe yield losses under favorable environmental conditions when susceptible varieties are grown. We determined th...Leaf rust(LR) and stripe rust(YR) are important diseases in wheat producing areas worldwide and cause severe yield losses under favorable environmental conditions when susceptible varieties are grown. We determined the genetic basis of resistance to LR and YR in variety Borlaug 100 by developing and phenotyping a population of 198 F6 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross with the susceptible parent Apav#1. LR and YR phenotyping were conducted for 4 and 3 seasons, respectively, at CIMMYT research stations in Mexico under artificial epidemics. Mendelian segregation analyses indicated that 3–5 LR and 2 YR genes conferred resistance in Borlaug 100. Lr46/Yr29(1 BL), Yr17(2 AS) and Yr30(3 BS) were present in the resistant parent and segregated in the RIL population based on characterization by molecular markers linked to these genes. When present alone, Lr46/Yr29 caused average 13% and 16% reductions in LR and YR severities, respectively, in RILs. Similarly, Yr17 and Yr30 reduced YR severities by 57% and 11%, respectively. The Yr30 and the Yr17 translocation were also associated with 27% and 14% reductions, respectively, in LR severity, indicating that the 3 BS and 2 AS chromosomal regions likely carry new slow rusting LR resistance genes, temporarily designated as Lr B1 and Lr B2, respectively. Additive effects of Yr30*Yr17, Yr29*Yr17 and Yr29*Yr30 on YR and LR were significant and reduced YR severities by 56%,55%, and 45%, respectively, and LR severities by 34%, 40%, and 45%, respectively. Furthermore, interaction between the three genes was also significant, with mean reductions of 70% for YR and 54% for LR severities. Borlaug 100, or any one of the 21 lines with variable agronomic traits but carrying all three colocated resistance loci, can be used as resistance sources in wheat breeding programs.展开更多
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases(RLCKs)represent a large family of proteins in plants.In Arabidopsis and rice,several RLCKs in subfamily VII(RLCKs-VII)have been implicated in pathogen-associated molecular pattern-tri...Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases(RLCKs)represent a large family of proteins in plants.In Arabidopsis and rice,several RLCKs in subfamily VII(RLCKs-VII)have been implicated in pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and basal resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogens.However,little is known about roles of RLCKs-VII of the important crop common wheat(Triticum aestivum)in immune responses.Here,we isolated a RLCK-VII-encoding gene from wheat,designated as TaRLCK1B,and investigated its role in host immune response to infection of a necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis that is a major pathogen of sharp eyespot,a destructive disease of wheat.RNA-sequencing and RT-qPCR analyses showed that transcriptional level of TaRLCK1B was significantly higher in sharp eyespot-resistant wheat cultivars than in susceptible wheat cultivars.The gene transcription was rapidly and markedly elevated in the resistant wheat cultivars by R.cerealis infection.The TaRLCK1B protein was closely related to OsRLCK176,a rice resistance-related RLCKs-VII,with 84.03%identity.Virus-induced gene silencing plus wheat response to R.cerealis assay results indicated that silencing of TaRLCK1 impaired resistance to R.cerealis.Meantime,silencing of TaRLCK1 significantly elevated both the content of H2 O2(a major kind of reactive oxygen species,ROS)and the transcriptional level of the ROS-generating enzyme-encoding gene RBOH,but repressed the expression of the ROS-scavenging enzyme-encoding gene CAT1 at 18 hours after inoculation(hai)with R.cerealis.Taken together,these data suggested that TaRLCK1B was required for the early immune response of wheat to R.cerealis through modulating ROS signaling in wheat.展开更多
Yield characters, maturity and grain protein content of somaclones derived both from immature embryo of cultivar 77(2)-Spring and single-cell culture of cultivar NE7742 in vitro were studied and the wide variation was...Yield characters, maturity and grain protein content of somaclones derived both from immature embryo of cultivar 77(2)-Spring and single-cell culture of cultivar NE7742 in vitro were studied and the wide variation was found. Somaclones with maturity 8 days earlier than or the same as CK NE 7742 (high yield, early maturity and high quality), combining with high quality (grain protein content 15.5% - 18%) and high yield (the same as 7724 or higher) have been found and selected and now multiplied for 8 generations. The results of cultivar comparison trial in 1995 showed that several somaclones (the yields were significantly higher than CK DN120) could be used directly in wheat production. The studies confirmed that somaclonal variation is one of the effective ways for early maturity, high-yielding and high-quality improvement in wheat.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of experiment was to provide a new germplasm for wheat breeding by further using desirable genes in 2V chromosome of Haynaldia villosa.[Method] Through hybridization between common wheat(Triticum a...[Objective] The aim of experiment was to provide a new germplasm for wheat breeding by further using desirable genes in 2V chromosome of Haynaldia villosa.[Method] Through hybridization between common wheat(Triticum aestivum)-Haynaldia villosa disomic substitution line and common wheat Nonglin26-3C chromosome of Aegilops triuncialis disomic addition line,the analysis methods such as chromosome C-banding,genomic in situ hybridization and molecular marker technique were comprehensively applied and combined characters investigation.[Result] The wheat-Haynaldia villosa translocation line(T6BS·6BL-2VS)was selected from hybrid progenies to conduct characters investigation,which found some bristles on glume ridge of T6BS·6BL-2VS.[Conclusion] The translocation line induced by gametocidal chromosome was a small segment translocation line and the gene of bristle on glume ridge of Haynaldia villosa was located between the middle and the terminal of 2VS.展开更多
基金Financial support provided by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0101000)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program is acknowledged
文摘Common wheat is the major cereal crop that underpins the food safety of China. Both winter wheat and spring wheat are grown on ~24 million ha. This review aims to summarize the current status of wheat production and breeding progress in the northern wheat production areas of the country, and to review recently advanced technologies being applied in wheat breeding, including the use of dwarf-male-sterile(DMS) wheat, speed breeding and specialized wheat breeding SNP chips. Crossing is the initial step in most breeding programs. DMS wheat is a convenient tool for large scale production of hybrid seed. Speed breeding or accelerated generation turnover attempts to reduce the time taken in cultivar development. Several different SNP chips are high-throughput, genome-wide genotyping platforms for breeding and research.
基金supported by the International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31861143010)Huazhong Agricultural University Scientific&Technological Self-innovation Foundation+3 种基金Australian Grains Research and Development Corporation(GRDC)with funding to the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program(ACRCP)CGIAR Research Program WHEAT(CRP-WHEAT)the Open Project of Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding(2021-ZJ-Y05)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24030102)。
文摘Leaf rust(LR) and stripe rust(YR) are important diseases in wheat producing areas worldwide and cause severe yield losses under favorable environmental conditions when susceptible varieties are grown. We determined the genetic basis of resistance to LR and YR in variety Borlaug 100 by developing and phenotyping a population of 198 F6 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross with the susceptible parent Apav#1. LR and YR phenotyping were conducted for 4 and 3 seasons, respectively, at CIMMYT research stations in Mexico under artificial epidemics. Mendelian segregation analyses indicated that 3–5 LR and 2 YR genes conferred resistance in Borlaug 100. Lr46/Yr29(1 BL), Yr17(2 AS) and Yr30(3 BS) were present in the resistant parent and segregated in the RIL population based on characterization by molecular markers linked to these genes. When present alone, Lr46/Yr29 caused average 13% and 16% reductions in LR and YR severities, respectively, in RILs. Similarly, Yr17 and Yr30 reduced YR severities by 57% and 11%, respectively. The Yr30 and the Yr17 translocation were also associated with 27% and 14% reductions, respectively, in LR severity, indicating that the 3 BS and 2 AS chromosomal regions likely carry new slow rusting LR resistance genes, temporarily designated as Lr B1 and Lr B2, respectively. Additive effects of Yr30*Yr17, Yr29*Yr17 and Yr29*Yr30 on YR and LR were significant and reduced YR severities by 56%,55%, and 45%, respectively, and LR severities by 34%, 40%, and 45%, respectively. Furthermore, interaction between the three genes was also significant, with mean reductions of 70% for YR and 54% for LR severities. Borlaug 100, or any one of the 21 lines with variable agronomic traits but carrying all three colocated resistance loci, can be used as resistance sources in wheat breeding programs.
基金This study was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(31771789)the National Key Project for Research on Transgenic Biology,China(2016ZX08002-001-004)+1 种基金Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology(2018QNRC001)The authors are very grateful to Prof.Jia Jizeng(ICS,CAAS)for providing the RIL population and Prof.Yu Jinfeng(Shandong Agricultural University,Shandong)for providing R.cerealis strain WK207.
文摘Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases(RLCKs)represent a large family of proteins in plants.In Arabidopsis and rice,several RLCKs in subfamily VII(RLCKs-VII)have been implicated in pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and basal resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogens.However,little is known about roles of RLCKs-VII of the important crop common wheat(Triticum aestivum)in immune responses.Here,we isolated a RLCK-VII-encoding gene from wheat,designated as TaRLCK1B,and investigated its role in host immune response to infection of a necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis that is a major pathogen of sharp eyespot,a destructive disease of wheat.RNA-sequencing and RT-qPCR analyses showed that transcriptional level of TaRLCK1B was significantly higher in sharp eyespot-resistant wheat cultivars than in susceptible wheat cultivars.The gene transcription was rapidly and markedly elevated in the resistant wheat cultivars by R.cerealis infection.The TaRLCK1B protein was closely related to OsRLCK176,a rice resistance-related RLCKs-VII,with 84.03%identity.Virus-induced gene silencing plus wheat response to R.cerealis assay results indicated that silencing of TaRLCK1 impaired resistance to R.cerealis.Meantime,silencing of TaRLCK1 significantly elevated both the content of H2 O2(a major kind of reactive oxygen species,ROS)and the transcriptional level of the ROS-generating enzyme-encoding gene RBOH,but repressed the expression of the ROS-scavenging enzyme-encoding gene CAT1 at 18 hours after inoculation(hai)with R.cerealis.Taken together,these data suggested that TaRLCK1B was required for the early immune response of wheat to R.cerealis through modulating ROS signaling in wheat.
文摘Yield characters, maturity and grain protein content of somaclones derived both from immature embryo of cultivar 77(2)-Spring and single-cell culture of cultivar NE7742 in vitro were studied and the wide variation was found. Somaclones with maturity 8 days earlier than or the same as CK NE 7742 (high yield, early maturity and high quality), combining with high quality (grain protein content 15.5% - 18%) and high yield (the same as 7724 or higher) have been found and selected and now multiplied for 8 generations. The results of cultivar comparison trial in 1995 showed that several somaclones (the yields were significantly higher than CK DN120) could be used directly in wheat production. The studies confirmed that somaclonal variation is one of the effective ways for early maturity, high-yielding and high-quality improvement in wheat.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10475041)the Foundation of Nanjing Xiaozhuang University for the Key Discipline Construction(2005NXY01)the Scientific Research Founda-tion for Talents of Nanjing Xiaozhuang University(2008NXY04)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of experiment was to provide a new germplasm for wheat breeding by further using desirable genes in 2V chromosome of Haynaldia villosa.[Method] Through hybridization between common wheat(Triticum aestivum)-Haynaldia villosa disomic substitution line and common wheat Nonglin26-3C chromosome of Aegilops triuncialis disomic addition line,the analysis methods such as chromosome C-banding,genomic in situ hybridization and molecular marker technique were comprehensively applied and combined characters investigation.[Result] The wheat-Haynaldia villosa translocation line(T6BS·6BL-2VS)was selected from hybrid progenies to conduct characters investigation,which found some bristles on glume ridge of T6BS·6BL-2VS.[Conclusion] The translocation line induced by gametocidal chromosome was a small segment translocation line and the gene of bristle on glume ridge of Haynaldia villosa was located between the middle and the terminal of 2VS.
