Globally, 69.6 million individuals were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in 2016. Of the six major HCV genotypes (GT), the most predominant one is GT1, worldwide. The prevalence of HCV in Central Asia, ...Globally, 69.6 million individuals were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in 2016. Of the six major HCV genotypes (GT), the most predominant one is GT1, worldwide. The prevalence of HCV in Central Asia, which includes most of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), has been estimated to be 5.8% of the total global burden. The predominant genotype in the CIS and Ukraine regions has been reported to be GT1, followed by GT3. Inadequate HCV epidemiological data, multiple socio-economic barriers, and the lack of regionspecific guidelines have impeded the optimal management of HCV infection in this region. In this regard, a panel of regional experts in the field of hepatology convened to discuss and provide recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment, and pre-, on-, and posttreatment assessment of chronic HCV infection and to ensure the optimal use of cost-effective antiviral regimens in the region. A comprehensive evaluation of the literature along with expert recommendations for the management of GT1-GT6 HCV infection with the antiviral agents available in the region has been provided in this review. This consensus document will help guide clinical decision-making during the management of HCV infection, further optimizing treatment outcomes in these regions.展开更多
The principal thesis of this paper is that one must grasp the importance, or even the centrality, of Hobbes＇s idea of commonwealth by institution in Leviathan in order to fully understand and appreciate his arguments...The principal thesis of this paper is that one must grasp the importance, or even the centrality, of Hobbes＇s idea of commonwealth by institution in Leviathan in order to fully understand and appreciate his arguments concerning the political obligation of obedience. Until recently, this idea has not been given its due significance in the literature. It has been commonly held that Hobbes＇s theorizing about the foundation of the state was based upon his concept of covenant. This paper argues that crucial aspects of political obligation generated by Hobbes＇s concept of covenant could not be understood without a clear understanding of the relationship among the three elements embodied in his idea of commonwealth by institution-covenant, authorization and right-transfer. While several attempts have been made on this topic, the pictures that have been drawn by Hobbesian scholars are more or less inadequate. In particular, the significant roles which authorization and right-transfer play in Hobbes＇s account of political obligation have yet been made clear. By shifting focus upon the idea of commonwealth by institution and taking it as Hobbes＇s mechanism of explaining the nature and origins of political obligation of obedience, this paper examines in detail the specific questions which Hobbes was addressing by coining this term and elicits what exactly he may have meant to convey to his audiences.展开更多
THIS year marks the 10th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Commonwealth of Dominica.China’s1.3 billion-strong population dwarfs Dominica’s less ...THIS year marks the 10th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Commonwealth of Dominica.China’s1.3 billion-strong population dwarfs Dominica’s less than 100,000 inhabitants.However,the two countries share a common understanding of equality and mutual benefit and have developed bilateral relations noticeably over the past 10 years,witnessed by achievements ranging from high-level visits and meetings between leaders to fruitful cooperation in political,展开更多
澳大利亚的政治体制(Australian’s system ofgovernment)是建立在西方的“自由民主”传统之上,包括宗教宽容、言论自由和交往自由。澳大利亚的政治制度不仅受英国和北美模式的影响,而且具有澳大利亚的特色。责任政府制(Responsible gov...澳大利亚的政治体制(Australian’s system ofgovernment)是建立在西方的“自由民主”传统之上,包括宗教宽容、言论自由和交往自由。澳大利亚的政治制度不仅受英国和北美模式的影响,而且具有澳大利亚的特色。责任政府制(Responsible government) 澳大利亚联邦(The Commonwealth of Australia)于1901年建立。现在的6个州。展开更多
文摘Globally, 69.6 million individuals were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in 2016. Of the six major HCV genotypes (GT), the most predominant one is GT1, worldwide. The prevalence of HCV in Central Asia, which includes most of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), has been estimated to be 5.8% of the total global burden. The predominant genotype in the CIS and Ukraine regions has been reported to be GT1, followed by GT3. Inadequate HCV epidemiological data, multiple socio-economic barriers, and the lack of regionspecific guidelines have impeded the optimal management of HCV infection in this region. In this regard, a panel of regional experts in the field of hepatology convened to discuss and provide recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment, and pre-, on-, and posttreatment assessment of chronic HCV infection and to ensure the optimal use of cost-effective antiviral regimens in the region. A comprehensive evaluation of the literature along with expert recommendations for the management of GT1-GT6 HCV infection with the antiviral agents available in the region has been provided in this review. This consensus document will help guide clinical decision-making during the management of HCV infection, further optimizing treatment outcomes in these regions.
文摘The principal thesis of this paper is that one must grasp the importance, or even the centrality, of Hobbes＇s idea of commonwealth by institution in Leviathan in order to fully understand and appreciate his arguments concerning the political obligation of obedience. Until recently, this idea has not been given its due significance in the literature. It has been commonly held that Hobbes＇s theorizing about the foundation of the state was based upon his concept of covenant. This paper argues that crucial aspects of political obligation generated by Hobbes＇s concept of covenant could not be understood without a clear understanding of the relationship among the three elements embodied in his idea of commonwealth by institution-covenant, authorization and right-transfer. While several attempts have been made on this topic, the pictures that have been drawn by Hobbesian scholars are more or less inadequate. In particular, the significant roles which authorization and right-transfer play in Hobbes＇s account of political obligation have yet been made clear. By shifting focus upon the idea of commonwealth by institution and taking it as Hobbes＇s mechanism of explaining the nature and origins of political obligation of obedience, this paper examines in detail the specific questions which Hobbes was addressing by coining this term and elicits what exactly he may have meant to convey to his audiences.
文摘THIS year marks the 10th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Commonwealth of Dominica.China’s1.3 billion-strong population dwarfs Dominica’s less than 100,000 inhabitants.However,the two countries share a common understanding of equality and mutual benefit and have developed bilateral relations noticeably over the past 10 years,witnessed by achievements ranging from high-level visits and meetings between leaders to fruitful cooperation in political,
文摘澳大利亚的政治体制(Australian’s system ofgovernment)是建立在西方的“自由民主”传统之上,包括宗教宽容、言论自由和交往自由。澳大利亚的政治制度不仅受英国和北美模式的影响,而且具有澳大利亚的特色。责任政府制(Responsible government) 澳大利亚联邦(The Commonwealth of Australia)于1901年建立。现在的6个州。
