The PcERF5 promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed pear(Pyrus communis)through both activating and interacting with PcMYB transcription factors

As there is a strong interest in red-skinned pears,the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin regulation in red-skinned pears has been widely investigated;however,little is known about the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin regulation in red-fleshed pears due to limited availability of such germplasm,primarily found in European pears(Pyrus communis).In this study,based on transcriptomic analysis in red-fleshed and white-fleshed pears,we identified an ethylene response factor(ERF)from P.communis,PcERF5,of which expression level in fruit flesh was significantly correlated with anthocyanin content.We then verified the function of PcERF5 in regulating anthocyanin accumulation by genetic transformation in both pear skin and apple calli.PcERF5 regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis by different regulatory pathways.On the one hand,PcERF5 can activate the transcription of flavonoid biosynthetic genes(PcDFR,PcANS and PcUFGT)and two key transcription factors encoding genes PcMYB10 and PcMYB114.On the other hand,PcERF5 interacted with PcMYB10 to form the ERF5-MYB10 protein complex that enhanced the transcriptional activation of PcERF5 on its target genes.Our results suggested that PcERF5 functioned as a transcriptional activator in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis,which provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis.This new knowledge will provide guidance for molecular breeding of red-fleshed pear.

Proteomic Analyses of Three Inflorescence Styles of Castor(Ricinus communis L.)at Different Developmental Stages

Castor(Ricinus communis L.)is one of ten oil crops in the world and has complex inflorescence styles.Generally,castor has three inflorescence types:single female inflorescence(SiFF),standard female inflorescence(StFF)and bisexual inflorescence(BF).StFF is realized as a restorer line and as a maintainer line,which was applied to castor hybrid breeding.However,the developmental mechanism of the three inflorescences is not clear.Therefore,we used proteomic techniques to analyze different inflorescence styles.A total of 72 diferentially abundant protein species(DAPs)were detected.These DAPs are primarily involved in carbon and energy metabolism and carbon fixation in the photosynthetic organism pathway.The results showed that DAPs are involved in photosynthesis to control the distribution of imported carbohydrates and exported photoassimilates and thus affect the inflorescence development of castor.In addition,these DAPs are also involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism.Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)results demonstrated that the proteomics data collected in this study were reliable.Our findings indicate that the carbon cycle and amino acid metabolism influence the inflorescence development of castor.

鸭跖草Commelina communis中差异表达cDNA片段的克隆与分析

一种新的基因克隆技术称为抑制消减杂交技术(SSH)用于研究生长于2种生态环境(古铜矿山和正常土壤)中鸭跖草Commelina communis的基因表达差异。分别以Cu矿山鸭跖草作为检测子,非Cu矿山鸭跖草作为驱赶子,建立了生长于Cu矿山生态环境中鸭跖草的差异表达cDNA文库,此cDNA文库代表在Cu矿山鸭跖草中特异表达的cDNA。通过反式Northern杂交筛选出3个阳性克隆进行测序。序列分析表明其中一个cDNA为CaM-like基因。进一步对此基因进行Virtual Northern分析,结果初步表明此基因在生长于古铜矿山上的鸭跖草中上调表达。

An Overview of Wireless Communication Technology Using Deep Learning

with the development of 5G,the future wireless communication network tends to be more and more intelligent.In the face of new service de-mands of communication in the future such as super-heterogeneous network,multiple communication sce-narios,large number of antenna elements and large bandwidth,new theories and technologies of intelli-gent communication have been widely studied,among which Deep Learning(DL)is a powerful technology in artificial intelligence(AI).It can be trained to con-tinuously learn to update the optimal parameters.This paper reviews the latest research progress of DL in in-telligent communication,and emphatically introduces five scenarios including Cognitive Radio(CR),Edge Computing(EC),Channel Measurement(CM),End to end Encoder/Decoder(EED)and Visible Light Com-munication(VLC).The prospect and challenges of further research and development in the future are also discussed.

Observed communication between oncologists and patients:A causal model of communication competence

AIM: To investigate and test a causal model derived from previous meta-analytic data of health provider behaviors and patient satisfaction.METHODS: A literature search was conducted for relevant manuscripts that met the following criteria: Reported an analysis of provider-patient interaction in the context of an oncology interview; the study had to measure at least two of the variables of interest to the model(provider activity,provider patient-centered communication,provider facilitative communication,patient activity,patient involvement,and patient satisfaction or reduced anxiety); and the information had to be reported in a manner that permitted the calculation of a zero-order correlation between at least two of the variables under consideration.Data were transformed into correlation coefficients and compiled to produce the correlation matrix used for data analysis.The test of the causal model is a comparison of the expected correlation matrix generated using an Ordinary Least Squares method of estimation.The expected matrix iscompared to the actual matrix of zero order correlation coefficients.A model is considered a possible fit if the level of deviation is less than expected due to random sampling error as measured by a chi-square statistic.The significance of the path coefficients was tested using a z test.Lastly,the Sobel test provides a test of the level of mediation provided by a variable and provides an estimate of the level of mediation for each connection.Such a test is warranted in models with multiple paths.RESULTS: A test of the original model indicated a lack of fit with the summary data.The largest discrepancy in the model was between the patient satisfaction and the provider patient-centered utterances.The observed correlation was far larger than expected given a mediated relationship.The test of a modified model was undertaken to determine possible fit.The corrected model provides a fit to within tolerance as evaluated by the test statistic,χ2(8,average n = 342) = 10.22.Each of the path coefficients for the model reveals that each one can be considered significant,P < 0.05.The Sobel test examining the impact of the mediating variables demonstrated that patient involvement is a significant mediator in the model,Sobel statistic = 3.56,P < 0.05.Patient active was also demonstrated to be a significant mediator in the model,Sobel statistic = 4.21,P < 0.05.The statistics indicate that patient behavior mediates the relationship between provider behavior and patient satisfaction with the interaction.CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate empirical support for the importance of patient-centered care and satisfy the need for empirical casual support of provider-patient behaviors on health outcomes.

鸭跖草(Commelina communis)对铜的耐性和积累研究

采用溶液培养法 ,研究了生长于铜矿山上的鸭跖草 (Commelinacommunis)和生长于正常土壤中的鸭跖草对Cu的耐性和吸收积累的差异 .实验显示 ,随着溶液中Cu浓度的增加 ,生长于矿山的鸭跖草的干重、生长速率均增加 ,而生长于非矿山的鸭跖草的干重、生长速率降低 ,2种鸭跖草体内含Cu总量和根、茎、叶Cu含量均随着培养液Cu浓度的增加而增加 ,两者呈明显正相关 .在相同Cu处理浓度下 ,矿山的鸭跖草体内Cu的含量高于非矿山的鸭跖草体内Cu含量 ;Cu在 2种鸭跖草体内各器官的分布一致 ,均为根 >茎 >叶 .在高Cu浓度处理下 ,矿山的鸭跖草地上部Cu含量 根Cu含量的比值不超过 1,但随着溶液中Cu浓度的增加而增加 ;而非矿山的鸭跖草除去对照处理 ( 0 2 5μmol L)外 ,地上部Cu 根Cu比值为 40— 2 40 μmol L ,随着溶液中Cu浓度的增加而增加 ,其比值超过了 1,但到了 3 2 0 μmol L时开始急剧下降 .

盘锦湿地芦苇(Phragmites communis)群落蒸发散主导影响因子

利用2005年全年盘锦芦苇湿地梯度观测和涡动相关系统的监测数据,对芦苇群落的蒸发散变化规律及其主导影响因子分析表明,不同月份芦苇群落蒸发散日变化呈现出相同的变化趋势,即早晚低、中午高的单峰型曲线;芦苇群落蒸发散主要受当地气象因素、植被生长状况和生理生态特征的影响。相关分析表明,芦苇湿地蒸发散与净辐射、气温、地表温度、相对湿度、风速、土壤含水量等环境因素的变化都有很好的响应。回归分析表明影响生长季主要因素有:净辐射、土壤含水量、相对湿度、气温和地表温度;影响非生长季主要有:净辐射、地表温度和风速。同时,植被生长状况和生理生态特征对蒸发散也有显著影响,其中叶面积指数与气孔导度是芦苇群落蒸发散的主导影响因子。

三峡库区消落带芦苇(Phragmites communis(reed))的光合生理响应和叶绿素荧光特性

模拟三峡库区消落带土壤含水量变化特征,设置了T1(淹水超过土壤表面2cm)、T2(土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%～100%)、T3(土壤含水量为田间持水量的40%～60%)3个不同处理组,用嘉陵江江水灌溉芦苇(Phragmites communis(reed)),研究了三峡库区不同消落带带位土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇穗期的光合生理生态响应机理和适应对策。结果表明,土壤不同含水量对芦苇植株光合色素、叶片气体交换参数、资源利用效率以及叶绿素荧光参数有不同影响。其中,T1的光合色素含量最低,T3的类胡萝卜素含量最高。在T1条件下,芦苇表现出较低的光能利用率(LUE)、CO2利用率(CUE)、净光合速率(Pn)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP),但与其它耐水淹植物相比,T1条件下的穗期芦苇仍具有较高的光合速率(17.067μmol.m-.2s-1),说明芦苇具有较强的耐水淹能力。在T2和T3条件下,芦苇具有较高的光能利用率(LUE)、CO2利用率(CUE)、净光合速率(Pn)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)。水分利用效率(WUE)大小顺序为T3>T1>T2。虽然T1的PSII有效光化学量子产量(F′v/F′m)最高,T2的光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)最大,而T3的电子传递效率(ETR)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)最高,表明在高光强和高温条件下,T3具有较强的热耗散能力,能有效保护光合机构,因而光合速率最高(20.47μmol.m-.2s-1)。研究证实芦苇不仅具有耐水湿的特点,还具有耐旱性,芦苇适合作为三峡库区消落带植被恢复建设禾本科先锋物种。

铁和ATP酶抑制剂对鸭跖草(Commelina communis)铜吸收的影响

缺铁条件下研究了鸭跖草 (Commelinacommunis)对不同浓度铜及不同形态铜的吸收和P 型ATP酶抑制剂对铜吸收的影响。结果表明 ,鸭跖草铜累积量随着营养液中铁浓度的下降而显著上升 ,缺铁在不同铜浓度下都显著促进鸭跖草对铜的吸收 ,说明鸭跖草铜吸收与铁元素关系密切。在缺铁条件下 ,EDTA Cu、NTA Cu、草酸 Cu、柠檬酸 Cu处理鸭跖草的铜吸收量均低于单Cu处理 ,但缺铁处理植株对不同形态铜的吸收量均高于完全培养液生长的植株。缺铁处理下鸭跖草会产生根际酸化效应。P 型ATP酶抑制剂钒酸钠对铜吸收有抑制作用 ,缺铁对铜吸收的促进作用可能与P

芦苇(Phragmites communis)光合作用与蒸腾作用的日进程

测定了野生芦苇（Ｐｈｒａｇｍｉｔｅｓｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓ）光合作用、蒸腾作用及相关指标的日变化。叶片的净光合作用率在１０∶００～１５∶００间保持一个高的稳定阶段，平均为７３～９９μｍｏｌＣＯ２·ｍ－２·ｓ－１，光饱和状态下的最大值为１２７μｍｏｌＣＯ２·ｍ－２·ｓ－１，处于挺水植物的低限。蒸腾作用强度的峰值达４８ｍｍｏｌＨ２Ｏ·ｍ－２·ｓ－１。光合作用和蒸腾作用的日进程均未发生“午休”现象；相反，二者都是在正午前后强度最大。光合光量子流密度与净光合作用率、蒸腾强度、叶面传导率均存在不同程度的正相关。芦苇的光合作用强度和水分利用效率相对较低，但年生产量却较高，这是因为芦苇具有密实的叶子、有利的叶片配置结构和高的蒸腾作用强度。

Exploration of larvicidal and adult emergence inhibition activities of Ricinus communis seed extract against three potential mosquito vectors in Kolkata,India

Objective:To determine the larvicidal and adult emergence inhibition activities of castor （Ricinus communis） seed extract against three potential mosquito vectors Anopheles stephensi（An. slephensi）,Culex quinquefasciatus（Cx.quinquefasciatus） and Aedes albopictus（Ae.albopictus） in India.Methods:The R.communis seed extract was tested,employing WHO procedure,against fourth larval instars of the three mosquito species for 24 h and larval mortalities were recorded at various concentrations（2-64μg/mL）:the 24 h LC50 values of the R.communis seed extract were determined following Probit analysis.The larval killing,antipupation and adult emergence inhibition rates of the test extract,using a single concentration of 2μLC50,were studied at different time periods（24-72 h）:the extract toxicity was tested against a fish.Oreochromis niloticus（O.niloticus）.Results:The R.communis seed extract exhibited larvicidal effects with 100%killing activities at concentrations 32-64μg/mL,and with LC50 values 7.10.11.64 and 16.84μg/mL for Cx.quinquefasciatus,An.stephensi and Ae.albopictus larvae,respectively. When the larvae were treated with the extract at a single concentration of 2×LC50,significant differences were observed,compared to control groups,in rate of pupation（P【0.001） as well as in adult formation（P【0.001）.Conclusions:The present findings suggest that the R.communis seed extract provided an excellent potential for controlling An.stephensi,Cx.quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus mosquito vectors.

Antimicrobial potential of Ricinus communis leaf extracts in different solvents against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains

Objective:To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the leaf extract in different solvents viz.,methanol,ethanol and water extracts of the selected plant Ricinus communis.Methods:Ager well diffusion method and agar tube dilution method were carried out to perform the antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanol,ethanol and aqueous extracts.Results:Metbanol leaf extracts were found to be more active against Gram positive bacteria(Bacillus subtilis:ATCC 6059 and Staphylococcus aureus:ATCC 6538)as well as Gram negative bacteria(Pseudomonas aeruginosa:ATCC 7221 and Klebsiella pneumoniae)than ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts.Antifungal activity of methanol and aqueous leaf extracts were also carded out against selected fungal strains as Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus.Methanolic as well as aqueous leaf extracts of Ricinus communis were effective in inhibiting the fungal growth.Conclusions:The efficient antibacterial and antifungai activity of Ricinus communis from the present investigation revealed that the methanol leaf extracts of the selected plant have significant potential to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains than ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts.

In vitro control of Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) by Ricinus communis L.

Objective:To evaluate antibacterial activity of hot and cold ethanol and methanol leaf extracts of Ricinus communis L(R.communis)against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)(NCTC 6571)and Escherichia coli(E.coli)(ATCC 25922).Methods:Leaf powder of R.communis L.was extracted with hot(in Soxhlet)and cold ethanol and methanol,separately.The antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by agar well diffusion and macro broth dilution methods.The extracts were also subjected to phytochemical analysis.Results:All the four test extracts showed inhibition on both S.aureus and E.coli.Hot and cold ethanol extracts revealed significantly(P<0.05)higher inhibition on S.aureus than methanol extracts,and the hot ethanol extract had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)values(5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL,respectively).E.coli was highly inhibited by hot extracts of both ethanol and methanol with the MIC and MBC of 40 mg/mL and 80 mg/mL,respectively.Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins,cardiac glycosides,tannins,flavonoids and terpenoids in all test extracts.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that the hot and cold methanol and ethanol extracts are potential sources for control of S.aureus and E.coli.Especially,the hot and cold extracts of ethanol are more inhibitive against 5.aureus even at lower concentration.Further study is needed to identify the specific bioactive compounds,their mode of action and their nontoxic nature in vivo condition.

Antinociceptive activity of Ricinus communis L.leaves

Objective:To evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the methanol extract of Ricinus communis leaves(MRCL).Methods:Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test,formalin induced paw licking and tail immersion method in mice at doses of 100,125 and 130 mg/kg bw.Results:The results indicated that MRCL exhibited considerable antinociceptive activity against three classical models of pain in mice.Preliminary phytochemical analysis suggested the presence of saponin,steroids and alkaloids.Conclusions:It can be concluded that MRCL possesses antinociceptive potential that may be due to saponin,steroids and alkaloids in it.

Transesterified Chinese Spicehush (Lindera communis) seed oil as a biodiesel fuel

Studies were carried out on the transesterification of the Chinese Spicehush （Lindera communis） seed （LCS） oil with methanol for the production of biodiesel. The methyl esters of LCS oil were compared with soybean esters to determine biodiesel fuel performance and properties. The fatty acids content in the seed kernel oil （LKO） and coat oil （LCO） were quantified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method （C-C-MS）. LKO contains 95.1% saturated acids （capric, lauric, myristic and palmitic） and 2.3% unsaturated acids （oleic）. LCO contains 24.6% saturated acids （palmitic and stearic） and 73.6% unsaturated acids （oleic, linoleic and palmitoleic）. The kinematic viscosity, cold filter plugging point, cloud point, flash point and cetane index were determined. The methyl esters of LKO had a higher kinematic viscosity and a lower cold filter plugging point value, so it has better performance in cold weather. The biodiesel of LCS oil has fuel properties within the limits prescribed by American （ASTM D 6751-02） standards, except for a slightly lower flash point of LKO biodiesel than that prescribed by these standards （130℃）. Thus, LKO and LCO biodiesel have great potential to be used on a large scale as fuel for diesel engines.

<i>Wrinkled</i>1 (WRI1) Homologs, AP2-Type Transcription Factors Involving Master Regulation of Seed Storage Oil Synthesis in Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>L.)

Among APETALA2 (AP2)-type plant specific transcription factor family, WRINKLED1 (WRI1), has appeared to be a master gene transcriptionally regulating a set of carbon metabolism- and fatty acid synthesis (FAS)-related genes responsible for seed specific triacylglycerols (TAGs) storage in oil plants. B3 type transcription factors, such as ABI3 and FUS3, are known to be involved in seed development, such as seed storage protein synthesis and maturation. Based on the recent whole genome sequence data of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), putative WRI1 homologs (RcWRI1, RcWRI2) specifically expressed in castor bean seed have been identified by comparing organ specific expression profiles among seed development-related transcription factors, seed storage specific genes (Ricin, RcOleosin) and a set of FAS genes including genes for sucrose synthase (RcSUS2), biotin carboxyl carrier protein (a subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, RcBCCP2) and ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (RcKAS1). Immunoreactive signals with WRI1, FUS3 and ABI5-related polypeptides were also detected in seed specifically, consistent with the expression profiles of seed development-related genes. The WRI1 binding consensus sites, [CnTnG](n)(7)[CG], designated as the AW-box, were found at the promoter region of RcBCCP2 and RcKAS1. Thus, RcWRI1 possibly play a pivotal role in seed specific TAGs storage during seed development by directly activating FAS -related genes.

Effect of methanol extract of Ricinus communis seed on reproduction of male rats

Aim： To investigate the effect of methanol extract of Ricinus communis seed （RCE） on male rats reproductive functions. Methods： Thirty-two male albino rats were divided into four groups. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were gavaged with 0.2 mL of 2.5% tween 80 （RCE vehicle; control） or 20 mg/（kg-d） and 40 mg/（kg-d） of RCE, respectively, for 30 days, and group 4 was also gavaged with 40 mg/（kg.d） of RCE, but was allowed a recovery periold of 30 days. Five untreated female rats were cohabited with male rats in each group from day 25 of RCE treatment for 5 days, except group 4, where cohabitation began on day 25 of the recovery period. All male rats were sacrificed 24 h after the experiments. The female rats were laparatomized on day 19 of pregnancy and the number and weight of litters were recorded. Results： There was a significant decrease （P 〈 0.01） in the weight of the reproductive organs, sperm functions and serum levels of testosterone in RCE treated rats. There was disorganization in the cytoarchitecture of the testes, disruption of the seminiferous tubules and erosion of the germinal epithelium. The number and weight of litters of rats in groups 2 and 4 decreased significantly （P 〈 0.05） but no changes were observed in group 3. RCE caused no changes in liver, kidney, heart or body weights in male rats. Conclusion： RCE has a reversible negative impact on male reproductive functions, which appears to be mediated via gonadal disruption in testosterone secretion. （Asian J Androl 2006 Jan; 8： 115-121）

Genome-wide Identification,Classification and Expression Analysis of Lhc Supergene Family in Castor Bean(Ricinus communis L.)

Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding （LHC） proteins are a group of nuclear-encoded thylakoid proteins that play a key role in plant photosynthesis and are widely involved in light harvesting, energy transfer to the reaction center, maintenance of thylakoid membrane structure, photoprotection and response to en- vironmental conditions, etc. Although/dw supergene family is well characterized in model plants such as Arabidopsis, rice and poplar, little information is available in castor bean （Ricinus communis L. ）. In this study, a genome-wide search was carried out for the first time to identify castor bean L/w genes and analyze the gene structures, biochemical properties, evolutionary relationships and expression characteristics based on the published data of castor bean genome and ESTs. According to the results, a total of 28 Rclhcs genes representing 13 gene families （ l_hca , l_hcb , Elip , Ohpl , Ohp2 , SEP1, SEP2 , SEP3 , SEP4 , SEP5 , PsbS , Rieske and FCII） and 25 subgene families were identified in castor bean genome; to be specific, 25 and 5 genes were found to have corresponding ESTs in NCBI and have al- ternative splicing isoforlns, respectively. These RcLhcs contain 0 to 9 introns and distribute on 26 of the 25 878 released scaffolds. All RcLhcs genes were found to be expressed in all examined tissues, i.e. leaf, flower, II/III stage endosperm, V/VI stage endosperm and seed, with the highest expression level in leaf tissue.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Commelina communis in China based on simple sequence repeat markers

Commelina communis（Asiatic dayflower） is a troublesome weed in China. Genetic variation of 46 C. communis populations from different collection sites in our country was investigated using 12 simple sequence repeat（SSR） primer pairs. Polymorphism analysis results showed high level of genetic diversity among these populations. The alleles（bands） were amplified by these primer pairs. The polymorphic proportion was 18.25%, and the average polymorphism information content was 0.1330. The highest effective number of alleles was 1.9915 at locus YP33, and the lowest value was 1.0000 at both loci YP25 and YP31. C. communis showed major average observed heterozygosity value（0.8655） than that of average expected heterozygosity（0.1330）. C. communis populations were divided into three groups on the basis of unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis（Dice genetic similarity coefficient=0.772） and genetic structure analysis（K=3）, and a principal coordinate analysis. The results of this study further illustrated that C. communis populations contained abundant genetic information, and the 12 SSR markers could detect the microsatellite loci of C. communis genomic DNA. These results might indicate that C. communis maintains high genetic diversity among different populations.

大安牛心套堡湿地芦苇(Phragmites communis)生物量的动态研究

于2006年6-10月在大安牛心套堡湿地芦苇气候环境的调查基础上，分析了大安牛心套堡湿地芦苇的生长季节动态和地上生物量的变化规律。结果表明：芦苇群落的平均株高呈单峰曲线，9月株高最高为200.4cm，6月株高最低为110.3cm；芦苇群落的平均叶片数和茎节数呈一定的规律；芦苇地上生物量整体上出现上涨趋势（干重），鲜重的生物量峰值出现在7月，达2636g／m^2；茎生物量在生长季中不断增加，鲜重在7月最高，达1780g／m^2；叶片生物量在8月出现最大值，为309g／m^2，然后下降，鲜重和干重出现同样的波动；叶鞘生物量随季节推移，不断增加，鲜重在6月时最大。达308g／m^2，然后逐渐减小，8月后又增加，到9月出现次高。然后下降。图6，参15。