Social Security Internationalization During China's Reform and Opening Up from 1978 to 2018——Viewed from the Paradigm of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

China's reform and opening-up policy,launched in 1978,marks the start of the internationalization process of its social security system.This paper takes the notion of "a community with a shared future" as the perspective to analyze the internationalization of social security in the process of China's reform and opening up.Based on China's developments in globalization,it divides the internationalization process of China's social security from 1978 to 2018 into three stages: the stage of reshaping the domestic social security system with reference to the best international practice; the stage of achieving bilateral or multilateral alignment on the premise of equality and mutual benefit,and the stage of injecting Chinese wisdom in social security into the development of global social security.The trajectory of the development of China's social security internationalization shows the incremental evolution within the country,between nations,and in the world community.This paper studies the internationalization process to show China's grand achievements in the four decades of reform and opening-up and to demonstrate Chinese wisdom and confidence.

Community Renewal Strategy for Improving Community Resilience:A Case Study of River Ring Area of Caoyang New Village in Shanghai

In a new round of urban renewal,China’s urban space expansion is shifting from incremental development to inventory mining.Residents’ demands for improvement of community material environment and community cultural identity are increasing.Meantime,affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019,community resilience has become an urgent problem to be solved in urban communities.Based on resilience theory,TOD theory and other planning concepts,the paper analyzes the vulnerability of Shanghai Caoyang river ring area,and puts forward a multi-level community resilience improvement strategy,including increasing diversified public service facilities,building public pedestrian network,and reshaping public open space to improve the stability,adaptability and resilience of the community,in order to build the development path of resilient communities.The study will provide inspiration for future micro-renewal of communities and promote the sustainable development of urban communities.

Comprehensive reform of community health service in east,middle and west regions of China:from patients’perspective

Objectives:To analyze the satisfaction of patients with community health service(CHS)and the changes of the CHS delivered before and after the new health reform in different regions of China,and to put forward relevant policy recommendations for CHS development.Methods:Twelve community health centers were selected by random sampling in each of the eight typical cities in the east,middle and west regions of China.Questionnaire survey was conducted among patients visiting these institutions during daily work hours.Results:The proportions of the participants who stated that the medical environment,service attitude and medical skills of the doctors were improved were higher in the west region than those of the east and middle regions;but the percentage of patients who held that the drug price had lowered was higher in the east region than those of the middle and west region,the differences were of statistical significance(P<0.0125).The patients’satisfaction rates with medical environment,service attitude,and technical skills of the medical staff in the west region were 88.9%,91.5%and 81.6%respectively,which were higher than those in the east and middle regions.In the east region,the satisfaction rate with the reimbursement for this visit was 58.5%,which was highest among the three regions;in the west region,patients’satisfaction rates with drug types and preventive care were 51.5%and 65.9%,respectively,which was significantly higher than those in the east and middle regions(P<0.0125).As recommended by the participants,the top three aspects of health services that need to be improved were drug type and quality(25.3%),drug prices(21.8%)and technical skills(18.2%)in the east region;infrastructure(28.2%),drug prices(21.8%)and drug types and quality(21.2%)in the middle region;infrastructure(30.8%),drug types and quality(28.1%)and reimbursement(27.9%)in the west region.Conclusions:The comprehensive CHS reform should take the opinions of patients into account;essential drug system should be consolidated continually;and the reform of the payment system should be promoted by actively cooperating with the health insurance organizations.

Division of tasks and cooperation between government and the community:an essential condition for the reform and innovation of China's community-building system

There were no communities in the real sense of the term in China in the era of the planned economy. The establishment of a market economy and the dismantling of the danwei （work unit） based society provide the in-depth background for China＇s community building. Current community-building is essentially a part of the government urban administrative system, an outcome of redistribution of administrative power and jurisdiction within the government. It has failed to repair the structural defects of the traditional social system, which did not distinguish between government functions and those of society. In the new era of building a harmonious society, such a system is unable to provide institutions for social development, social democracy, social governance and social services. For the reform and innovation of the community-building system, we must transform the social functions of government, encourage popular social organizations, set up a modern system of public finances, and endeavor to build a system for division of tasks and cooperation between government and society.

The innovations in China’s primary health care reform: Development and characteristics of the community health services in Hangzhou

Objective:This study focuses on Hangzhou,a Chinese city with a population of nine million urban and rural residents,to examine the successful development and innovation experience of its primary health care service system during the new health reform in China since 2009 and then dis-seminate the findings through international third parties.Methods:Measures such as data analysis,study of documents and regulations,fieldwork,and expert discussions were used to systematically investigate primary health care in Hangzhou.The findings will have a profound practical impact on the health reform for nine million rural and urban residents throughout Hangzhou’s municipal boroughs.Results:Community health services in Hangzhou are characterized as follows:They are gov-ernment led;they are guaranteed with enough financing,personnel,facilities,and regulation;sup-ported by the unified information platform;general practitioners have been assigned the key role of health‘gatekeepers’;they provide primary care combined with basic public health services;there are integrated urban and rural health services and insurance coverage;and there is health care-pen-sion-nursing integration and general practitioner-contracted‘smart’services.Preliminary data collection and analysis indicate that the basic health status of Hangzhou residents is superior to that of residents of China as a whole,and some health indicators in Hangzhou are comparable to those in Western developed countries.Conclusion:It is reasonable to believe that the primary health care level in China,including Hangzhou,will be further developed and promoted with indexed performance evaluations and more effective implementation of additional measures.

Partnership Strategies for a Changing Society： A Comparative Review of the Literature

As the saying goes, ＂Perception is reality＂. To many minorities, the police are prejudiced toward people of color and unconcerned about providing services to their communities. From the police＇s perception minority neighborhoods are ambivalent and non-supportive of police efforts to combat crime in their community. As police community-relations have appeared to decline over the past years and tensions have exacerbated between the two; which perception is more accurate？ Perhaps there is more than one answer with both sides needing to form a partnership and find ways to collaborate on strategies for a changing society. Negative perceptions threaten police and community relations and impact efforts to work together. Understanding both the cultural and ethnic differences of a community as well as the importance of discussing the implementation of crime control strategies are all elements, which can help change these negative perceptions. Police realize they alone cannot control crime and must truly enlist the aid of minority communities in this endeavor. As our society changes one thing is for certain, there are more questions than answers and we have to find a way to work together in order to be able to successfully meet the challenges that lie ahead. This literature review was conducted from two different perspectives-the perception of police and the community and the perceptions of community and the police.

Health professionals’perspective on the impact of community health care reform in different regions of China

Objective:Changes in supplying community health services,degree of satisfaction,and pol-icy suggestions are presented from the perspectives of health professionals in different regions of China with the purpose of further facilitating comprehensive reform of community health services.Methods:Based on geographic location and economic level of development,eight cities were selected and 12 community health service institutions were chosen by random sampling from each city.A questionnaire survey was conducted by the health professionals.Results:With respect to working enthusiasm,reduction in antibiotic drug use,social image and trust of patients,more health professionals in middle and western China showed positive feed-backs than those in eastern China.With respect to preliminary results of the reform,performance and salary,and health care insurance policies,health professionals’satisfaction levels in middle and western China were higher than in eastern China.The health professionals in middle and western China were more concerned about equipment,infrastructure and increasing training op-portunities.The health professionals in both eastern and middle China accentuated improving the variety of essential drugs covered by health insurance,while health professionals in eastern China suggested performance-related payment reform.Conclusions:The performance of health professionals in middle and western China was improved more signifi cantly through comprehensive reform than that of health professionals in eastern China.For health professionals in middle and western China,it is essential to strengthen infrastructure and increase professional training,while health professionals in middle and eastern China would like to see an increase in the variety of essential drugs,and those in eastern China require strengthening performance-related payment reform.

Educational Improvement Science:The Art of the Improving Organization

Purpose:To advocate educational improvement science(EIS)as an emerging transdisciplinary field,I reflect on the three major pathways of educational advancement in human history,discern the misuses and pitfalls of reform,and theorize how education can be improved to better serve its mission.Design/Approach/Methods:Employing a multiperspectival approach,I critically re-examine educational reforms and improvements worldwide and conceptualize the emerging transdisciplinary field through an extensive literature review,etymological analysis,international comparisons,and socio-historical,-cultural and-philosophical reflections.Findings:In this paper,I advance the concept of neo-improvementalism for EIS by elucidating its philosophical assumptions,disciplinary fundamentals,and theoretical frameworks through historical and comparative lenses.I identify and construct disciplinary knowledge of EIS comprising two categories,namely,subject matter knowledge and profound knowledge,adopted from improvement science.I then highlight three methodological approaches of EIS and the building of professional improvement communities empowering individual and institutional improvement capabilities.I propose that EIS is the art of the improving organization for classes,schools,and/or more broadly defined educational agencies.Originality/Value:This study recognizes the significance of EIS and research thereon,especially discipline-building and exploration based on local characteristics in a global vision,and the cultivation of new frontiers of educational research and practices.

Collective Forest Tenure Reform in Nature Reserves in China:Problems and Countermeasures

Collective forest tenure reform is now carried out throughout China with the aim to clarify the property,increase forest farmers' income and motivate the development of forestry.But the collective forest tenure reform in nature reserves comes to a dilemma.The current implemented laws and regulations provide that forests and trees in nature reserves shall be under strict protection,while the forest farmers hope to improve their livelihood in the reform.The paper discussed the problems encountered in the c...