Impacts of Vegetation on the Intraseasonal Oscillation Simulated by the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3)

The influences of vegetation on intraseasonal oscillation （ISO） were examined using the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 （CAM3）. Two 15-year numerical experiments were completed： the first was performed with a realistic vegetation distribution （VEG run）, and the second was identical to the VEG run except without land vegetation （NOVEG run）. Generally speak- ing, CAM3 was able to reproduce the spatial distribution of the ISO, but the ISO intensity in the simulation was much weaker than that observed in nature： the 1SO has a relatively much stronger signal. A comparison of the VEG run with the NOVEG run revealed that the presence of vegetation usually produces a weak ISO. The vegetation effects on ISO intensity were significant over West Africa and South Asia, especially in the summer half-year. Vegetation also plays an important role in modulating ISO propagation. The eastward propagation of the ISO in the VEG run was clearer than that in the NOVEG run over the West African and Maritime Continent regions. The northward propagation of the ISO in the VEG run was more consistent with observation than that in the NOVEG run.

基于WACCM+DART的临近空间SABER和MLS臭氧观测同化试验研究

本研究在WACCM+DART(Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model,Data Assimilation Research TestBed)临近空间资料同化预报系统中加入SABER(Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry)和MLS(Microwave Limb Sounder)臭氧观测同化接口,并以2016年2月一次平流层爆发性增温(SSW)过程为模拟个例进行了SABER和MLS臭氧观测同化试验,得出以下结论:同化SABER和MLS臭氧体积浓度观测得出的WACCM+DART臭氧分析场能够较真实反映SSW期间北极上空平流层臭氧廓线随时间的演变特征,且与ERA5(Fifth Generation of ECMWF Reanalyses)再分析资料描述的臭氧变化特征具有很好的一致性;基于SABER和MLS臭氧观测的WACCM臭氧6 h预报检验表明同化臭氧观测对臭氧分析和预报误差的改善效果主要体现在南半球高纬平流层和北半球中高纬平流层中上层—中间层底部;基于ERA5再分析资料的WACCM+DART分析场检验表明同化SABER和MLS臭氧体积浓度资料可在提高北半球高纬地区上平流层—中间层底部臭氧场分析质量的同时减小该地区上平流层—中间层底部温度场和中间层底部纬向风场的分析误差;基于MLS臭氧资料的臭氧中期预报检验表明相对控制试验同化SABER和MLS臭氧体积浓度资料能更好改善0~5 d下平流层和中间层底部臭氧的预报效果。

中国东部地区城市范围扩展对东亚春季气候的可能影响

利用耦合了CLM4(Community Land Model)的CAM5.1(Community Atmosphere Model)模式研究了中国东部地区城市范围扩展对东亚春季气候的可能影响.结果表明城市化改变了地面能量平衡,表现为地面净辐射通量和感热通量增加,地面潜热通量减小,造成近地面温度、日最高气温和最低气温升高,气温日较差增大,且近地面增温的幅度与城市比例密切相关,但对城市范围扩展的响应具有一定程度的不确定性.城市范围扩展所引起的近地面热力强迫可以影响到东亚地区低层大气环流,但由于近地面对不同程度城市范围扩展的热力响应具有非线性变化,导致东亚春季低空环流的变化也具有一定的不确定性,但其总体上会减弱长江中下游以南地区的西南气流.因此,中国东部地区的城市范围扩展会使得长江以北地区春季降水量偏少而长江以南地区降水量偏多,造成东亚春季雨带南移.

Role of Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compounds and Nitrogen Oxides as Ozone Precursors in the Wintertime over East Asia

As an exercise in model sensitivity, the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with meteorological fields from the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) was applied to study the response of photochemical oxidants to systematic increases in anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NO x) emissions in January 1997 over East Asia. Three simulations-one base case and two sensitivity simulations were carried out. Two sensitivity simulations were performed by assuming a 35% separate increase in anthropogenic VOC and NO x emissions comparing with the base case. Biogenic VOC emissions were held constant across the sensitivity simulations. To evaluate the model performance, ozone mixing ratios (O 3) from the base case simulation were compared with surface observations at five remote sites in Japan, and it was found that the model reproduces most of the important features in the observations. Monthly average O 3 concentrations in the daytime were examined to gain an understanding of how the increase in anthropogenic emissions affected the overall chemical system for each sensitivity simulation.

Relationships between altitudinal gradient and plant carbon isotope composition of grassland communities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Foliar and root carbon isotope composition(δ13C) of grassland communities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China,was obtained by the biomass weighting method and direct measurement.We investigated the characteristics and altitudinal patterns of foliar and root δ13C and determined which environmental factors influenced foliar δ13 C most.Foliar δ13 C of alpine steppe was significantly higher than that of alpine meadow and temperate steppe.For alpine meadow,root δ13C was significantly higher than of foliar δ13C.Foliar δ13C increased with altitude at an average rate of 0.60‰ km 1 for the whole grassland ecosystem.This rate was lower than that at species level.However,there were no significant relationships between root δ13C and altitude.Atmospheric pressure was a more important factor than temperature and precipitation in its influence on the altitudinal pattern of foliar δ13C at the community level.

The Dynamical and Climate Tests of an Atmospheric General Circulation Model Using the Second-Order Adams-Bashforth Method

The Asselin-Robert time filter used in the leapfrog scheme can degrade the accuracy of calculations.The second-order Adams-Bashforth method with the same accuracy as the leapfrog scheme is not subject to time splitting instability.A new semi-implicit atmospheric general circulation spectral model is developed on the basis of NCAR（National Center for Atmospheric Research）CAM3.0（Community Atmosphere Model 3.0）.In this new model,the second-order Adams-Bashforth method is used as an alternative to the leapfrog scheme,and a Crank-Nicholson scheme is incorporated for the treatment of fast gravity modes.In this paper,the new model is tested by the Held-Suarez test and an idealized baroclinic wave test.Results of the Held-Suarez test show that the second-order Adams-Bashforth model has similar climate states to those of many other global models and it converges with resolutions.Based on the idealized baroclinic wave test,the capability of different time differencing methods for keeping the initial steady-state are compared. This convinces a better ability of the second-order Adams-Bashforth method in maintaining the stability of the initial state.Furthermore,after the baroclinic wave is triggered through overlaying the steady-state initial conditions with the zonal perturbation,the second-order Adams-Bashforth method has an excellent property of convergence,and can represent the process of the baroclinic wave development much better than the original scheme in CAM3.0.A long-term integration of the new model during the period of 1980–1999 is also carried out and compared with that of CAM3.0.It is found that due to the reduction of simulation errors of prognostic variables,the second-order Adams-Bashforth method also has a better simulation ability for the diagnostic variables,such as precipitation.