The “Transcendental” Interpretation of the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Its Implementation in China

The concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind provides new theoretical support for the special protection of the rights of persons with disabilities. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is innovative in terms of its purposes and principles, logic and technology, and the actual implementation of the contracting parties, which is unique in the field of international human rights law. It is a "transcendental" interpretation of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind and enhances the ethical values of international human rights law. The development of the cause of persons with disabilities in China is positively influenced by the values reflected in the concept of a community of shared Future for mankind and meanwhile highlights them, which provides "Chinese experiences" for the international cause of persons with disabilities.

The nurses’ voice of working in a newly established community based 24-hour support center for people with psychiatric disabilities

This study explores the perceptions of a small group of nurses working at a newly established 24-hour community-based service enter (SC) for users with psychiatric disability using a qualitative approach. Since the mental health reform in Sweden in 1995 where the communities (in Sweden called municipalities) were given the responsibility to establish service and support to people with severe psychiatric disabilities, they have struggled in finding suitable forms of these kinds of areas. In 2010, this led to the creation and development of a new center aiming to provide services and support based on the expressed needs of people with physchiatric disability in a community located in southern Sweden. During 2011, a total of three group interviews were performed to capture the employed nurses’ perceptions of this newly established SC. The interview texts were analyzed by way of qualitative content analysis. A first reading of the interview texts revealed that the nurses’ perceptions of the service center were unwaveringly positive but that their beliefs about who the specific target group were differed. The main finding was summarized by the theme: Making a difference—on an individual, professional, and organizational level. The sub themes were: 24-hour availability, unclear assignment, and preventing mental illness. The findings indicate a need for a community round-the-clock service center in this Swedish community and a more clear definition of the target group.

An Exploratory Study on the Meaning of Using Community Psychiatric Rehabilitation among Persons with Psychiatric Disabilities

This study explores the meaning of the use of community psychiatric rehabilitation(CPR)services to gain knowledge to improve services and shed more light on how to facilitate recovery.The topics explored included:the motivation for participation,perception and expectation towards CPR,the interactions with professionals in the CPR Center,and the feelings towards activities.A qualitative approach was adopted,and 30 consumers were interviewed face-to-face by using semi-structured interview guide.Data were analyzed using the open coding method of grounded theory.The consumer accounts provided information on the eight aspects of CPR services.The findings revealed that the CPR Center created a lifeworld,a friendly place similar to home with structure and activities.Professional relationship was the key change agent for rehabilitation.Most professionals adopted recovery-oriented approach to empower participants by giving opportunities and choices.The essential ingredients of this lifeworld covered rehabilitation goals,physical exercises,psychological impact,social interactions,learning,and economic gains.The services were venues for interpersonal interactions and provided structure for daily life,which helped consumers reach their rehabilitation goals and brought existential meaning to their lives.Yet,the accounts also revealed negative phenomena in the CPR center.Suggestions were made to improve services.

The lived experience of a 24-hour support center for persons with psychiatric disabilities: Making me feel almost like an ordinary person

This study illuminates nine psychiatric disabled persons’ lived experience of a newly established community-based service center open around the clock. This new 24-hour support center (SC) was established in 2011 in a Swedish community to better match and facilitate the disabled persons’ needs. In order to illuminate the disabled person’s experiences individual interview was performed. A phenomenological-hermeneutical method inspired by Paul Ricoeur was used to interpret the texts. After a naive reading, a structural analysis revealed two themes: 1), becoming aware of myself as a person, and 2) having a lifeline and belongingness. The comprehensive understanding was interpreted as meaning “Making me feel almost like an ordinary person”, which incorporated the person’s past with their present together with a direction for the future and hope for a more fulfilling life.

Quality indicators for the care of older adults with disabilities in longterm care facilities based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Purpose:This study aimed to develop quality indicators for the care of older adults with disabilities in long-term care facilities(LTCFs)based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.Methods:The draft of the quality indicators was drawn up based on a literature review and research group discussion.The quality indicators were finalized by two rounds of expert consultation(involving 15 experts)using the Delphi method.The Analytic Hierarchy Process was applied to calculate the indicators’weight.Results:The response rates of the two rounds of consultation were 100%and 93%,and the expert authority coefficients were 0.86 and 0.87.After two rounds of consultation,the expert opinion coordination coefficients of the first-,second-and third-level indicators were 0.42,0.25,and 0.96,respectively(P<0.05),and the variation coefficient was0.25.The final quality indicators for the care of older adults with disabilities in LTCFs included 7 first-level,19 second-level,and 107 third-level indicators.Conclusion:The quality indicators for the care of older adults with disabilities in LTCFs are reliable,scientific,comprehensive,and practical and specify the content of person-centered care needs.This can provide a reference for evaluating and improving care quality in LTCFs.

Structural Accessibility of Gynecological Nursing Clinics for Users with Motor Disabilities in Basic Health Units

A quantitative descriptive study aimed to evaluate the physical structure accessibility of gynecological nursing clinics and their bathrooms in basic health units for users with motor disabilities. A checklist tool/instrument was applied for analyzing 16 items in the bathroom and four in the nursing clinic. 157 basic health units were evaluated. In the nursing clinic, counters and tables (79.6%) were accessible, but stretchers (93%), seats (93.6%) and doors (87.3%) were inaccessible;moreover, 17.8% of the units examined proved totally inaccessible. In the bathroom, the items with the best evaluation were the height of the toilet flusher (47%) with operation by slight pressure (44.6%) and the wall-mounted sink (42.7%). Bathroom doors and turning area/space for wheelchairs were inaccessible. No bathroom reached full accessibility, and 31.2% were entirely inaccessible. Non-compliance was evident of the standard 9050:2004 of the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards. Raising the awareness of health and engineering professionals is recommended to learn technical accessibility standards and implement them.

我国残疾人社会保障与关爱服务的系统性优化研究——以需要为本的社会政策为视角

我国残疾人社会政策进入优化发展新阶段,将系统思维贯彻至残疾人社会政策优化是现实所需。文章提出残疾人社会政策以需要为本的目标导向,聚焦社会保障制度和关爱服务体系的目标集成、政策集成,推动残疾人兜底型和发展型社会政策的效果集成,进一步提出建立健全残疾人家庭需求的多维识别和综合研判机制、持续追踪和动态预警机制,并围绕残疾人家庭的能力提升、残疾人关爱共同体建设这两个重点,来促进残疾人社会政策的协同。

长期护理保险制度建立后的残疾人照护保障体系研究

经历了多年试点之后,长期护理保险制度将在全国普遍实施,其保障对象应当是包括残疾人在内的全体社会成员,这就要求重新谋划残疾人照护保障体系。事实上,评残标准中的“残疾”与长期护理保险中的“失能”内涵有所区别,面向残疾人的照护服务内容与面向失能人员的护理服务内容也有所不同,而且残疾人及其家庭对照护服务费用的支付能力更弱,因而残疾人比一般社会成员有更多的照护保障需求。据此,需要对全社会的照护保障体系作出整体性安排。残疾人照护保障体系可以由两项制度构成:一是与其他社会成员一起参加长期护理保险,政府财政予以一定的保费补助;二是建立残疾人照护服务补助制度,由财政资金解决长期护理保险制度未能解决的那部分照护服务费用。现阶段的重点:一是将残疾人纳入长期护理保险保障范围;二是适度增加财政对残疾人照护保障的投入;三是创新残疾人照护服务供给机制;四是提高照护保障及相关服务的专业化水平。

长期护理保险对失能人员医疗服务利用及费用的影响——基于中断时间序列分析

目的:研究长期护理保险政策对长期护理保险待遇享受人员医疗服务利用及费用的影响,探讨长期护理保险实施效果并提出建议。方法:采用卡方检验、中断时间序列分析,综合分析待遇享受人员的医疗服务利用及费用在长期护理保险实施前后的变化情况。结果:研究发现,对不同医疗保险类型、失能等级和年龄的失能人员选择不同的照护方式存在显著差异(P<0.05),待遇享受人员医疗服务利用频次及费用均有降低。结论:医疗保险类型、失能等级和年龄是照护方式选择的影响因素,待遇享受人员的医疗服务利用和费用显著降低,长期护理保险可能减少了“社会性住院”行为。政策建议:缩小城乡待遇差异、促进一体化发展,探索居家照护与机构上门结合、促进护理机构综合发展,健全照护服务体系、减轻家庭压力。

残疾人社区服务的增效机制与发展进路

残疾人社区服务是我国基层公共服务的重要组成部分。我国残疾人社区服务尚存在权责定位不清、专业化程度不高和社会化转型困难等突出问题。破解这些问题需要进一步明确残疾人社区服务的基本宗旨,依托质量持续提升理论,构建残疾人社区服务的增效机制,即发展动力机制、战略协同机制、赋权增能机制、监督问责机制等,并由此创新残疾人社区服务的发展进路:确立“需求为本”的服务理念;推进“质量为先”的服务范式;构建“效益导向”的服务体系。

国内残疾人心理健康服务标准化现状分析

随着我国经济社会的发展,残疾人群体的心理健康问题逐渐得到重视。国家相继出台了一系列政策法规,旨在为残疾人提供更加全面、高效、便捷的心理健康服务。然而,标准在残疾人心理健康服务中的支撑作用没有充分发挥。本文对我国残疾人心理健康服务标准化发展现状进行梳理分析,找到其发展短板,并提出针对性建议,以期为残疾人心理健康服务的提升提供有益参考。

残障青年数字化就业的实践形态与推进路径

数字化就业是残障青年实现高质量就业的新路径。基于“劳动者-就业关系-数字化职业”三重要素,通过四个典型案例考察分析残障青年数字化就业实践,将其划分为“数字化常规岗”“数字化技术岗”“数字平台型零工”“数字技能型灵工”四类形态。归纳来看,残障青年作为特殊的劳动就业主体,在参与数字经济、顺利实现数字化就业的过程中,需具备禀赋素养、人岗匹配、企业配合、数字赋能等基本要件。基于此,以教育就业融合服务增进可行能力、以多元协同促进人岗匹配、以政策引导强化企业责任、以数字治理促进韧性发展,则是推进残障青年高质量可持续数字化就业的必然路径。

“十四五”期间残疾人康复需求发展现状分析

提升残疾人康复服务水平,促进残疾人平等参与社会生活,是维护残疾人的基本权利,加快脱贫攻坚步伐,构建健康中国的关键,也是提升残疾人社会地位、改善生活状况、实现梦想的必由之路。全文主要阐述了当前中国残疾人康复服务的发展状况,发现并总结了“十四五”期间中国残疾人在康复服务中出现的主要问题和缺陷,为推动残疾人康复服务的高质量均衡发展提出相应的建议。

《马拉喀什条约》生效后我国图书馆视障服务策略研究

《马拉喀什条约》对我国生效后,为图书馆面向特殊群体服务带来了新的发展机遇。文章将图书馆如何实施《马拉喀什条约》放到全社会的整体角度加以考察,从更广阔的视野来思考图书馆如何更加有效地落实《马拉喀什条约》,并提出建议:制定或修改图书馆相关法规以便适用《马拉喀什条约》;图书馆行业尽快制定中国版本的《马拉喀什条约入门——图书馆员指南》,为馆员开展无障碍阅读服务提供具体的指引;多渠道采集无障碍格式版馆藏资源,并建立全国图书馆视障服务联盟机制实现资源共建共享;加强用户教育与监督管理、图书馆网站的无障碍建设。

“三重嵌入”:社会组织参与社区残疾人服务的案例研究

在推进国家治理体系与治理能力现代化的新时代背景下,社会组织成为助推社区残疾人服务高质量发展的重要主体。文章以L社会组织为研究对象,基于“嵌入理论”,建构了资源、情感和能力三重嵌入分析框架,回答经由何种具体的运行机制与条件要素能使社会组织参与社区残疾人服务。研究发现,从构建“信任关系”的角度出发,相应的运行机制包括以需求评估与资源链接为特征的资源嵌入机制,以情绪疏导与认知改变为特征的情感嵌入机制,以优势发掘与行为重塑为特征的能力嵌入机制。机制的可持续运行也需要具备合法性、专业性和伦理性条件要素,具体而言,合法性基于符号化人物和组织自身社会声誉而建构,专业性通过技术增能与理念创新两个层面而体现,伦理性主要依托情感管理和残疾人自我价值实现而形成。虽然我国培育和发展残疾人社会组织的政策环境正在不断优化,但也面临着公共性困境、专业性不足、认同度较低等现实挑战,亟待加强相关立法、拓宽筹资渠道、强化技术赋能以及完善协同治理网络,进而激活残疾人社会组织参与活力。

Physical Accessibility for Disabled People: Analysis of Toilet Facilities in Primary Health Care Units

Background: Accessibility enables the effective participation of disabled persons in public and private areas and the use of urban equipment and street furniture. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the physical accessibility of toilet facilities in urban and rural primary health care units. Methods: It was a quantitative descriptive study conducted in 157 Primary Health Care Units of 16 municipalities in the Baturité Massif region, Ceará, Brazil. The study took place from August 2014 to May 2015, with a checklist type form, designed from the Technical Standard 9050 of the Brazilian National Standards Organization, specifying the ideal access conditions established by law to allow mobility of persons with physical disabilities. Data were processed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software and organized into tables. Results: Toilets designed for physically disabled people were accessible as the location and signs (59.9%), identified with symbols for males and females (57.3%);however, the doorway width was smaller than needed to accommodate a wheelchair (77.7%). Inside the bathroom, only the forward approach was possible (59.9%). Grab bars positioned on the side and rear walls were inadequate or nonexistent (67.6%);toilet seats (91.1%) and toilet paper dispensers (96.2%) were mostly in inaccessible heights;flush controls in appropriate height (59.2%) and activated by light pressure (58%). Sinks without pedestal (51%), but higher than recommended (80.3%) and without single handle faucets (95.6%). It was verified that the toilets of basic health units located in urban areas had better accessibility conditions compared to those in rural areas. Conclusion: Results showed that the analyzed units presented physical inaccessibility in some toilet facilities, making it difficult or even impossible the accessibility for the disabled. The inclusion of accessibility features in health services for this clientele provides equal opportunities and social inclusion.

融合发展视角下残疾人共同富裕指标体系研究

严格遵循共同富裕“总体概念”的定位,在融合发展视角下,本文认为残疾人共同富裕具有全体人民共同富裕的一般内涵,将其定义为残疾人物质生活和精神生活富裕水平不断提高并且与全体人民平均水平差异不断缩小的过程。在理解和把握残疾人共同富裕内涵、特征和目标的基础上,本文提出了构建残疾人共同富裕指标体系的原则和指标设想。残疾人共同富裕指标体系的构建原则应坚持定量定性相结合、主观客观相结合、可比性和特殊性相结合、科学性和可操作性相结合、长期性和阶段性相结合。基于以上认识和现有研究,本文提出共同富裕的四个一级指标:收入、消费、基本公共服务和幸福感,从富裕水平和共享程度两个维度提出了二级指标,并在2035年和2050年两个节点提出了二级指标的参考目标。最后,为加快残疾人共同富裕监测,提出相关建议。

慈善组织在我国公共服务体系建设中的参与路径——以残疾人社会组织为例

在推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的新时代背景下,社会组织成为深化残疾人公共服务供给侧改革的重要力量。我国残疾人公共服务体系建设在强化政府部门兜底保障基本公共服务供给的同时,也大力支持市场主体和社会组织积极参与,并在普惠性非基本公共服务供给中发挥主体性作用,描绘出了我国残疾人事业逐步迈向整体性治理的生动图景。基于政策检视和行业扫描,本文认为,提供专业服务、开展志愿服务、链接慈善资源、构建行动网络、参与政策倡导是社会组织参与残疾人公共服务体系建设的主要行动策略,并呈现出嵌入式发展、网络化协同、项目制联结、多业态融合、新科技应用的总体特征。虽然我国培育发展残疾人社会组织的政策环境正在逐步优化,但是制约其发展活力的体制机制障碍依然存在,亟待推进社会组织立法、完善整体性治理网络、拓展多元化筹资渠道以及增强科技赋能,进而推动残障公益生态实现更好发育。

无障碍视角下的残障人司法保护研究

残障人基本权利属于基本人权,残障群体获得平等司法保护是残障人权利实现的重要保障。司法无障碍是无障碍理念在司法领域的具体化,是实现残障人司法保护的有效路径和前提条件。公检法司和公共法律服务机构应通力合作,建立切实可行的残障人法律服务合作机制,在残障人权益保护领域深度嵌入无障碍理念。建立“全方面、多主体、高层次”的残障人司法保护体系,在物理、信息和法律服务无障碍环境中,一体三翼、合理便利地全面实现对残障人的平等司法保护。

从脆弱到韧性:残疾人职业康复服务中心服务供给的问题审思

职业康复是帮助残疾人获得适宜发展的重要手段,职业康复服务中心是为残疾人提供康复服务的主要平台。在各类政策推动下,职业康复服务中心建设实现了跨越式发展,但服务理念不清、管理力度不足、服务供需失衡等问题仍较为突出。从社会脆弱性理论视角审视,残疾人职业康复服务中心存在精神文化、组织管理、资源支持三个层面的现实困境。推动职业康复服务中心高质量建设,需明确职业康复理念,增强服务供给内驱力;健全组织系统架构,推动康复服务规范化;构建全面支持体系,赋能职业康复服务发展新格局。