A Comparative Study for the Development of Coal-to-Liquids Industries in China, South Africa and United States

Many energy consuming countries have carried out research, development, demonstration, planning and deployment of coal-to-liquids (CTL) because of its ability to replace oil imports by converting coal resources into fuel. Among them, China and South Africa successfully had their CTL technology industrialized, while the United States did not. To understand the differences in the industrial development level, a comparative study is necessary. This paper compares the history, driver and policy of CTL industry in China, South Africa and United States, collates and discloses numbers of industry details for the first time. We figure out that the motivation, top level planning and policy consistency are the key indicators of the difference on the industrial development level. Among them, the key to the success of CTL industrialization in China and South Africa is the government’s strong and stable determination to improve energy security, which provides a stable top-level planning and robust policy support. The failure of CTL in United States is caused by the shift of policy attention after its energy security situation improved.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FINANCING SOURCES BETWEEN CHINA AND AMERICA(Summary)

Comparative study is a very useful technique for creation. The comparison of financial management systems between China and the United States favours both the economic restructuring of China and the growth of American economy. There are three benefits for China to make such a comparative analysis: First, we could find where the similarities and differences exist in ease we lose opportunities to do businesses with foreigners only owing to the misunderstanding

A Comparative Study on Table Manners between China and Western Countries

With the rapid development of the international economy, the communication between China and western countries is becoming closer and closer. It is important and necessary for people to know the differences between Chinese and western table tanners, which can help to have a better understanding of the dietary culture in two cultures. Learning and applying table manners correctly can not only help to prevent gaffe, but also develop the ability of cross-culture communication and avoid cultural conflicts.

A comparative study of the main factors controlling geohazards induced by 10 strong earthquakes in Western China since the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008

Determining the main controlling factors of earthquake-triggered geohazards is a prerequisite for studying earthquake geohazards and post-disaster emergency response.By studying these factors,the geomorphic and geological factors controlling the nature,condition,and distribution of earthquake-induced geohazards can be analyzed.Such insights facilitate earthquake disaster prediction and emergency response planning.The authors combined field investigations and spatial data analysis to examine geohazards induced by seismic events,examining ten earthquakes including the Wenchuan,Yushu,Lushan events,to elucidate the main control factors of seismic geohazard.The authors observed that seismic geohazard occurrence is usually affected by many factors,among which active nature of the seismogenic fault,seismic peak ground acceleration(PGA),topographic slope and geomorphic height differences,and distance from the fault zone and river system are the most important.Compared with strike-slip earthquakes,thrust earthquakes induce more high-altitude and high-speed remote landslides,which can cause great harm.Slopes of 0°–40°are prone to secondary seismic geohazards,which are mainly concentrated 0–6 km from the river system.Secondary geohazards are not only related to seismogenic fault but also influenced by the associated faults in the earthquake area.The maximum seismic PGA and secondary seismic geohazard number are positively correlated,and the horizontal and vertical ground motions play leading and promoting roles in secondary geohazard formation,respectively.Through the research,the spatial distribution of seismic geohazards is predicted,providing a basis for the formulation of emergency response plans following disasters.

Comparative Study and Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Regolith and Rock Geochemical Data from Xingmeng-North China

1 Introduction Geochemical mapping at national and continental scales continues to present challenges worldwide due to variations in geologic and geotectonic units.Use of the proper sampling media can provide rich information on

Racial differences in the anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer:a study of differences between American and Chinese patients

AIM: To compare the racial differences of anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer (CRC) and determine the association of age, gender and time with anatomical distribution between patients from America (white) and China (oriental).METHODS: Data was collected from 690 consecutive patients in Cleveland Clinic Florida, U.S.A. and 870consecutive patients in Nan Fang Hospital affiliated to the First Military Medical University, China over the past 11years from 1990 to 2000. All patients had colorectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed by histology and underwent surgery.RESULTS: The anatomical subsite distribution of tumor,age and gender were significantly different between white and oriental patients. Lesions in the proximal colon (P＜0.001) were found in 36.3 % of white vs 26.0 % of oriental patients and cancers located in the distal colon and rectum in 63.7 % of white and 74 % of oriental patients (P＜0.001). There was a trend towards the redistribution from distal colon and rectum to proximal colon in white males over time, especially in older patients (＞80 years).No significant change of anatomical distribution occurred in white women and Oriental patients. The mean age at diagnosis was 69.0 years in white patients and 48.3 years in Oriental patients (P＜0.001).CONCLUSION: This is the first study comparing the anatomical distribution of colorectal cancers in whites and Chinese patients. White Americans have a higher risk of proximal CRC and this risk increased with time. The proportion of white males with CRC also increased with time.Chinese patients were more likely to have distal CRC and developed the disease at a significantly earlier age than white patients. These findings have enhanced our understanding of the disease process of colorectal cancer in these two races.

Multi-model comparison of CO2 emissions peaking in China:Lessons from CEMF01 study

The paper summarizes results of the China Energy Modeling Forum's(CEMF)first study.Carbon emissions peaking scenarios,consistent with China's Paris commitment,have been simulated with seven national and industry-level energy models and compared.The CO2 emission trends in the considered scenarios peak from 2015 to 2030 at the level of 9e11 Gt.Sector-level analysis suggests that total emissions pathways before 2030 will be determined mainly by dynamics of emissions in the electric power industry and transportation sector.Both sectors will experience significant increase in demand,but have low-carbon alternative options for development.Based on a side-by-side comparison of modeling input and results,conclusions have been drawn regarding the sources of emissions projections differences,which include data,views on economic perspectives,or models'structure and theoretical framework.Some suggestions have been made regarding energy models'development priorities for further research.

A comparative study on serologic profiles of virus hepatitis B

INTRODUCTIONHepatitis B viral infection, one of the most-prevalent liver disorders in China and Korea, is aserious infectious disease as it has the potential ofprogressing into liver cirrhosis and primary hepaticcarcinoma. China and Korea both belong to high-risk endemic regions of viral hepatitis[1]. TheHBsAg positive rates in China ranged from 6.9% -17.9% by age, race and test methods[2-5].

Challenges of agriculture and food systems issues in China and the United States

China and the United States are the two most significant nations in the contemporary global food and agricultural network.In addition,they are two of the most important innovators with respect to the development of new crop varieties,agro-technologies,farm products,markets and consumer issues,such as consumer resistance to genetically modified foods,among others.In the face of an ever-complex web of interactions,technologies and products among producers and consumers in both nations,there are far more structural similarities than differences in the food and agriculture sectors of these two nations.This essay,adopting some of the themes of the Sino-American Symposium on Future Issues Affecting Quality of Life,presents a limited but representative comparative assessment of three of the most important shared challenges impacting the agricultural sectors of China and the United States for the period from 2000 to the present including 1)environmental challenges related to agricultural water supply,2)declines in farm labor and rural population,and 3)growing food-related concerns and challenges.For both nations,excessive and unsustainable groundwater consumption has lowered water tables and limited crop production.Rural populations and farm workforces in both nations are also declining,leading to labor challenges in both nations.Finally,concerns regarding food safety are also very similar with major challenges to the farm sector associated with consumer resistance to genetically modified food crops and sanitation issues linked to lengthening supply chains.All of these issues threaten the development of sustainable agricultural production systems.

中日社区教育政策及执行比较

社区教育能够更有效调动区域内民众的个人素质要求、文化知识需求,社区教育政策为社区教育活动提供方向引导,为配备设施、经费、人员提供保障。中日社区教育政策背景、时期、内容不尽相同,以文献研究资料为基础,将日本第二次世界大战后社区教育政策的转折与完善时期,与我国80年代开始社区教育政策逐步系统化时期进行比较,细化中日社区教育政策政府与民众的着眼点、政策推行制度与力度、民众政策执行意识等通过比较的方式,明晰社区教育管理目标、组织形式、管理体制,为我国社区教育发展提供可借鉴、可推广的政策模式。

东北三省人口流失的结构性与流向特征——基于长时序人口普查数据的区域比较分析

利用1990—2020年历次全国人口普查和1%人口抽样调查数据,本文从结构和比较的视角考察了东北三省人口流失规模、来源和目的地选择的典型特征及动态变化。结果表明,东北三省人口流失是始于1990年的长期现象,但人口流失的规模和比例远低于中西部主要人口流出区;持续性的人口减少是人口流入率低、户籍迁出率高、城乡人口同步流出等多种原因造成的,也是东北人口流失的典型地域特征。经济因素是东北和其他省份外流人口目的地选择的共性主导因素;东北外流人口更加重视流入地的医疗卫生服务,近20 a的流出人口年轻化导致该地区对教育资源的偏好性大幅提升,且持续受到区位因素的较大制约,但始终没有明显的气候偏好性。区域吸引力不足的长期性和全面性意味着东北三省在尽力延缓人口流失趋势的同时,还应积极探索人口流失区高质量发展的新路径。

中俄铁路线路主要技术标准对比研究

为适应“一带一路”倡议要求,满足中国铁路“走出去”需要,以对比分析的方法研究我国与俄罗斯铁路在平面曲线半径、缓和曲线长度、夹直线长度、线间距、限制坡度、坡段长度、竖曲线设置等线路主要技术标准的差异,得出以下结论:(1)俄铁路标准以“铁路等级”为核心,灵活性较高,有利于降低工程投资提高经济效益;(2)我国铁路标准从“路段速度”出发,突出了设计“服务运输”的根本理念,提高安全性和舒适度,提升了运输服务质量;(3)本研究成果对中俄铁路项目线路标准选择和设计规范修编具有指导和借鉴意义;可为我国与俄罗斯等1 520 mm轨距国家铁路互联互通政策制定提供参考。

中日两国保健食品管理和评价策略比较研究

保健食品是一类可声称功效且具有食用级安全性的特殊食品。由于我国经济发展和人口老龄化使得保健食品需求大幅增加,但管理制度尚不完善,存在夸大功效、虚假宣传、违规销售等问题。日本作为全球保健食品行业先行者,其保健食品评价、审批和管理机制多有与我国不同之处。该研究系统论述和对比了中日两国保健食品的定义、分类、审批流程、功能评价、标签管理和安全监管的差异和优势。研究结果发现,保健食品分类方面,日本分类更详细,功能及适用范围更丰富;审批流程方面,两国保健食品评价机构、结果认证、审批部门及审批模式等均存在差异,各有优势环节;功能评价方面,日本要求研究者将功效和安全性评价结果发表于高影响力期刊,有助于保障评价的科学性;安全监管方面,日本有更为完善的安全追溯系统。上述对比结果为我国保健食品管理模式改革提供了可借鉴的优势策略。

中韩5~6岁幼儿基本动作技能掌握程度对比研究

为了解中韩两国幼儿基本运动技能掌握程度,分析存在的差异及原因,互通有无、优势互补,为两国幼儿基本动作技能提升提供借鉴。随机抽取了中国山东省125名和韩国京畿道170名健康状况良好的5~6岁幼儿作为实验对象,通过制定适合两国共同使用且信度较好的测评工具对基本动作技能进行测评。采用交叉分析法对测试数据进行分析,组间差异进行χ^(2)检验。结果显示,韩国能够掌握双脚连续跳、单脚跳、躲避网球的幼儿占比均大于中国幼儿,而能够掌握单脚站立、接排球、网球掷准的幼儿占比小于中国幼儿。除单脚站立测试两国之间无显著性差异(p>0.05)外,其他均具有显著性差异(p<0.05)。所以得出结论,韩国幼儿移动技能和稳定技能掌握程度较好,而中国幼儿操作技能掌握程度较好。

基于设计事理学的中印窗制窗景比较研究——以退思园和风之宫的女性之窗为例

为比较探究设计事理学视角下中印窗制窗景设计的异同,从窗制窗景的背景概念出发,以中国苏州同里古镇和印度斋普尔风之宫的女性之窗为例展开可比性研究。文章采用设计事理学方法,对窗制窗景的形态进行研究,并将其纳入相应的建筑、空间和社会历史环境中,以便比较外部因素和内部因素。通过对设计事理逻辑的分析,讨论了造成中印窗制窗景设计异同的三个层面,从设计主体(人)、设计对象(事)、设计成果(物)等角度进行剖析,探讨了导致中印窗制窗景设计异同的原因,旨在加深对设计文化本质和规律的理解。

基于文明比较研究的中国民族学

中国民族学的学科建设要以发现基于自身的普遍知识价值为目标,在西方民族学之外提出自己对世界的理解,进而将中国从近代西方民族学与民族主义研究的知识谱系中解脱出来,从比较文明研究入手,重新思考中国“民族”概念的意涵。中国文明是以时空循环制度为基础的,不同于以律法为基础的印欧文明和以信仰为基础的闪米特-阿拉伯文明,中国的民族也因此不同于西方基于日耳曼人的现代性为基础的nation。中国民族学的知识使命即在于以一种普遍知识方案提防走向过度的相对主义、在时空制度的现代转型过程中探寻少数民族的现代化方案、在后革命时代以国家的道德事业为基础来重构中国的整体性。

基于文献计量的国外译者行为相关研究考察——兼与我国译者行为研究对比

译者是翻译活动的中枢,受到国内外翻译学界的广泛关注。本研究借助文献计量法考察了Web of Science核心数据库中涉及译者行为的文献,研究结果显示:①国外学界使用社会学概念、批评话语分析范式和实证—实验法探讨经典文本翻译行为、自译行为、俚语翻译行为、译者搜索和修正行为、译者行为和心理认知;②国外学界尚未形成“译者行为”特定研究领域,往往借译者行为之名,行翻译社会学研究、翻译过程研究、译者能力研究和翻译认知研究之实。国外研究零散发展,附属于其他译学领域,而我国已形成术语完备、理论成形、方向聚焦、课题多元的译者行为研究领域。国外广泛使用的语料库法、民族志法、实验法以及三角互证法等主流研究方法对我国译者行为研究具有借鉴意义。

Comparison study on calculation methods of bending behavior of Chinese reinforced concrete beams from 1912 to 1949

In order to study the calculation methods of bending behavior of Chinese reinforced concrete beams from 1912 to 1949, tests on the mechanical performance of 66 rebars from different modem Chinese concrete buildings, the concrete compressive strength of 12 modem Chinese concrete buildings, and the concrete cover thickness of 9 modem Chinese concrete buildings are carried out; and the actual material properties and structural conformations of modem Chinese concrete buildings are obtained. Then, the comparison on calculation methods of bending behavior including the original Chinese calculation method, the present Chinese calculation method, the present American calculation method and the present European calculation method is studied. The results show that the original Chinese calculation method of bending behavior is based on the allowable stress calculation method, and the design safety factors are 3.55 to 4. 0. In term of the calculation area of longitudinal rebars of reinforced concrete beams, without considering earthquake action, the original Chinese structural calculation method is safer than the present Chinese structural calculation method, the present European structural calculation method, and the present American structural calculation method. The results can provide support for the structural safety assessments of modem Chinese reinforced concrete buildings.

Canonical Correlation Analysis of Agronomic Characters of Brassica juncea in Western China

[Objective] The study aimed at exploring the relationship among the agronomic characters of B. juncea in western China, in order to provide scientific basis for the breeding of B. juncea in western China. [Method] 39 B. juncea materials from western China were used for the canonical correlation analysis, and canonical correlations between each pair of the four ecological character （containing 18 variables） were verified, including yield characters （5 variables）, caulis characters （6 variables）, branch characters （3 variables） and pod characters （3 variables）. [Result] Yield per plant of B. juncea in western China suffered a tremendous influence from effective pod number per plant while was not significantly affected by the total pod number per plant, seed number per pod and 1 000-seed weight; the most important character related with the yield character of B. juncea in western China was caulis character, followed by the branch character and pod character; yield characters, caulis characters, branch characters and pod characters of B. juncea in western China were closely correlated. [Conclusion] In order to improve the yield characters of B. juncea in western China, caulis characters should be focused on, followed by branch characters and pod characters; rapeseed varieties with high performance in total pod number per plant and effective pod number per plant should be chosen through the perspectives of effective branch number, plant height, pod number of main inflorescence, fruit stalk number of main inflorescence and other traits, while rapeseed varieties with high performance in seed number per pod and 1 000-seed weight should be chosen through the perspectives of beak length and other traits.