Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Between China and the United States

It is well-known that the United States,a highly developed country whether in high-tech.or higher education,is in a leading position in the world.Based on the comparison and analysis of higher education between China and the U.S.,this article highly affirms the advantages of American higher education,offers an objective comment on China's higher education reform in recent years,and earnestly indicates that China's higher education needs to be improved in order to facilitate greater development.

A Comparative Study for the Development of Coal-to-Liquids Industries in China, South Africa and United States

Many energy consuming countries have carried out research, development, demonstration, planning and deployment of coal-to-liquids (CTL) because of its ability to replace oil imports by converting coal resources into fuel. Among them, China and South Africa successfully had their CTL technology industrialized, while the United States did not. To understand the differences in the industrial development level, a comparative study is necessary. This paper compares the history, driver and policy of CTL industry in China, South Africa and United States, collates and discloses numbers of industry details for the first time. We figure out that the motivation, top level planning and policy consistency are the key indicators of the difference on the industrial development level. Among them, the key to the success of CTL industrialization in China and South Africa is the government’s strong and stable determination to improve energy security, which provides a stable top-level planning and robust policy support. The failure of CTL in United States is caused by the shift of policy attention after its energy security situation improved.

Comparison of water resources management between China and the United States

As the world’s top two economies,the United States(U.S.)and China face a number of similar water resources problems.Yet,few studies have been done to systematically compare policies and approaches on water resources management between China and the U.S.This study compares water resources policies of China and the U.S.in the areas of national authority,water supply,water quality,and ecosystem use of the water to draw lessons learned and shed light on water resources management in China,the U.S.,and the rest of the world.The lessons learned from the comparison include six aspects.1)New paradigms of people-water harmony and a water-saving society are urgently needed to address the pressing water crisis and achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(UN SDGs).2)A comprehensive,consistent,forward-looking national policy is necessary to achieve sustainable use of water resources.3)Empowerment of river basin commissions with comprehensive authority over the integrative management of air,land,water,and biological resources in the river basin could significantly enhance the benefits and effectiveness of economic development and environmental protection.4)Expansion of water exchange through market mechanisms among water users promotes efficient and beneficial water uses.5)Use of water for ecosystem services should be an integral part of water resources management.China has set up a national blueprint for achieving ecological civilization;maintaining appropriate amounts of flow in rivers and lakes for maintenance of wildlife and fisheries and ecosystems should be institutionalized as part of this national strategy as well.6)By sharing their rich experiences and lessons in water resources management,economic development,and ecological protection with other countries,China and the U.S.can help the world to achieve global human-water harmony and the UN SDGs.

Challenges of agriculture and food systems issues in China and the United States

China and the United States are the two most significant nations in the contemporary global food and agricultural network.In addition,they are two of the most important innovators with respect to the development of new crop varieties,agro-technologies,farm products,markets and consumer issues,such as consumer resistance to genetically modified foods,among others.In the face of an ever-complex web of interactions,technologies and products among producers and consumers in both nations,there are far more structural similarities than differences in the food and agriculture sectors of these two nations.This essay,adopting some of the themes of the Sino-American Symposium on Future Issues Affecting Quality of Life,presents a limited but representative comparative assessment of three of the most important shared challenges impacting the agricultural sectors of China and the United States for the period from 2000 to the present including 1)environmental challenges related to agricultural water supply,2)declines in farm labor and rural population,and 3)growing food-related concerns and challenges.For both nations,excessive and unsustainable groundwater consumption has lowered water tables and limited crop production.Rural populations and farm workforces in both nations are also declining,leading to labor challenges in both nations.Finally,concerns regarding food safety are also very similar with major challenges to the farm sector associated with consumer resistance to genetically modified food crops and sanitation issues linked to lengthening supply chains.All of these issues threaten the development of sustainable agricultural production systems.

Racial differences in the anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer:a study of differences between American and Chinese patients

AIM: To compare the racial differences of anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer (CRC) and determine the association of age, gender and time with anatomical distribution between patients from America (white) and China (oriental).METHODS: Data was collected from 690 consecutive patients in Cleveland Clinic Florida, U.S.A. and 870consecutive patients in Nan Fang Hospital affiliated to the First Military Medical University, China over the past 11years from 1990 to 2000. All patients had colorectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed by histology and underwent surgery.RESULTS: The anatomical subsite distribution of tumor,age and gender were significantly different between white and oriental patients. Lesions in the proximal colon (P＜0.001) were found in 36.3 % of white vs 26.0 % of oriental patients and cancers located in the distal colon and rectum in 63.7 % of white and 74 % of oriental patients (P＜0.001). There was a trend towards the redistribution from distal colon and rectum to proximal colon in white males over time, especially in older patients (＞80 years).No significant change of anatomical distribution occurred in white women and Oriental patients. The mean age at diagnosis was 69.0 years in white patients and 48.3 years in Oriental patients (P＜0.001).CONCLUSION: This is the first study comparing the anatomical distribution of colorectal cancers in whites and Chinese patients. White Americans have a higher risk of proximal CRC and this risk increased with time. The proportion of white males with CRC also increased with time.Chinese patients were more likely to have distal CRC and developed the disease at a significantly earlier age than white patients. These findings have enhanced our understanding of the disease process of colorectal cancer in these two races.

Influence of Sino-US Agricultural Trade on China’s Total Agricultural Output Value Based on Cointegration Model

According to the data of the total trade of agricultural products between China and the United States from 2009 to 2018 and the general description of agriculture in China,this paper adopts the method of econometric model to make a detailed analysis of the agricultural trade between China and the United States by using cointegration analysis,Granger causality test and error correction model in order to explore the impact of agricultural trade between China and the United States on China’s agricultural development. The results of empirical analysis show that there is a balanced relationship between the trade of agricultural products between China and the United States and the development of agriculture in China. The total trade of agricultural products between China and the United States affects the development of China’s agriculture.In addition,in the short term,if the short-term fluctuation deviates from the long-term equilibrium,then the error correction term will reverse it with strength of 0. 378,so that the non-equilibrium state will gradually return to the equilibrium state.

化学仿制药中美双报注册策略分析

目的分析中国加入国际人用药品注册技术协调会(ICH)后,国内企业仿制药中美双报注册的现状及其注册要求,以期为国内企业提供参考。方法比较分析中国和美国化学仿制药注册申报路径、通用技术文档(common technical document,CTD)、药学研究和生物等效性研究等方面的具体要求,总结我国企业中美双报的优势和劣势,强调中美双报过程中需要关注的重点。结果2017年以来,国内企业在美国的仿制药申请(abbreviated new drug application,ANDA)获批数量显著增加;中美仿制药注册在CTD申报的要求、药学研究资料、生物等效性试验的设计等方面有差异也有共性,国内企业在注册申报时需对这些差异予以重视,深入理解两国的技术要求。结论从研发立项、质量标准、参比制剂选择、生物等效性试验设计等方面分别提出了建议,以期为我国企业中美双报提供参考,加快药品在两国上市速度,提升国内企业的国际竞争力。

基于政策建模一致性(PMC)指数模型的中美人工智能政策比较研究

对人工智能政策文本,特别是从人工智能专项政策的角度开展相关研究,能够为进一步完善中国人工智能政策体系提供决策支持。为此,以中美两国在顶层设计、职能部门两个层面共74份人工智能政策文本作为研究对象(中国51份、美国23份),通过文本挖掘方法识别出两国人工智能政策的关注重点,用政策建模一致性(PMC)指数模型建立人工智能政策评价指标体系,并结合PMC指数值和PMC曲面图,对两国各6份具有代表性的政策文本进行量化评价和对比分析。研究发现在总体上,中美两国的人工智能政策表现较好,能够较为准确地把握当前人工智能的发展前景,具有一定价值导向性和前瞻性;政策制定设计较为合理、政策协同性较高;在政策制定过程中都注重对智能化、科技创新、成果应用等方面的研究,而对于政策领域和效力级别方面则重视程度较低。同时发现两国在政策对象、政策内容和保障措施等方面的差异化显著:美国的政策扎根于技术研发、人才队伍建设、标准体系构建和基础研究投资等方面,在政策内容、保障措施等方面比中国更完善,但政策对象覆盖程度不够广;中国的政策对象兼顾宏观和微观的视角,涉及国家、产业和企业等层面,但在伦理规范、合作发展、核心技术优势等方面存在缺陷。基于此,进一步从保障措施、政策内容与政策领域3个方面提出完善中国人工智能政策的发展对策,强调中国人工智能政策的整体优化路径应为“保障措施→政策内容→政策领域”。

中美隧道二次衬砌结构设计规范对比研究

隧道设计规范是开展设计工作的依据,将我国隧道相关设计规范与国际先进国家技术标准对标,有助于提高我国工程建设企业的国际化竞争力。通过文献调研和计算分析对比研究了中美隧道二次衬砌结构设计的异同,并且从设计准则、极限状态划分、设计使用年限、材料特性、荷载分类和组合以及结构设计方法等方面展开对比,结合工程实例研究分析,结果表明:《公路隧道设计规范》(JDG 3370.1—2018)的设计参数更加保守、安全,能更好的保证隧道衬砌结构的安全性和耐久性,更有利于隧道二次衬砌的长期安全服役。

我国学校体育工作的制度设计及改革路径研究——基于中美学校体育10年相关文件对比分析

我国新时代学校体育迫切需要新工作制度、新路径、新措施实现高质量发展。这意味着要对现有工作制度加以设计与完善,补齐暂时性的工作制度文件断档,推动学校体育迎接新挑战和顺应新形势。运用文献研究法、质性分析法、逻辑分析法等方法分析中美两国在2012—2021年间发布的学校体育相关文件,主要从目的与任务、教学内容、教学实施、考核与评价、管理方面分析发现,我国学校体育工作制度的优势是明显的,对学校体育和青少年体质健康的重视是前所未有的,但是与此同时,学校体育在工作制度建设层面还有一些不足。基于此,提出建议:1)扎实地贯彻“体育与健康课程标准”的新理念,细化“体育与健康课程标准”的新要求;2)教育行政管理部门要进一步加强校内课外体育活动的制度设计与指导,进一步提高校内课外体育活动管理水平;3)深入贯彻实施《深化新时代教育评价改革总体方案》,细化学校体育评价要求;4)激发各级学校建设特色学校的强烈意愿,发挥样板特色学校的示范引领作用;5)完善学校体育活动多主体共治体系,形成促进学校体育高质量发展的新合力与新格局。

中美英财务报告比较研究

近年来,全球贸易格局加速调整,国际资本市场日渐完善,中国经济与世界经济深度交融,频繁的贸易往来和投资活动需要深入解读会计财报信息。由于中、美、英三国在会计准则、观念、环境、需求上存在差距,三国财务报告在报告目标、主体、信息质量、要素及要素的确认与计量等方面也存在诸多差异。深入分析中、美、英三国财务报告的差异和原因,有利于对我国财务报告制度做出进一步的改进和完善,对加强中国与美、英等国家乃至全球其他国家的会计交流与合作贸易具有重大意义。

成人社区获得性肺炎抗感染治疗标准方案的中美诊疗指南对比及解析

社区获得性肺炎(CAP)是临床多发的感染性疾病之一。近年来,广谱抗菌药物大量使用,CAP病原耐药谱趋于复杂,使CAP的诊疗日益困难。2016年中华医学会呼吸学分会感染学组发布《中国成人社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南》(简称中国指南),2019年美国胸科学会(ATS)与美国感染病学会(IDSA)发布《2019 ATS&IDSA临床实践指南:成人社区获得性肺炎的诊断和治疗》(简称ATS&IDSA指南)用于规范临床诊疗。笔者综合中国指南和ATS&IDSA指南,重点探讨CAP抗感染治疗方案,将两者的差别和一致强调的内容进行比较,为临床诊疗提供参考。

中美云计算领域专利技术主题发展态势预测研究

云计算是人工智能时代竞争致胜的关键支撑产业,是中美两国必争之地。科学预测中美两国云计算相关技术主题发展态势,对于我国科学规划云计算发展策略、提高竞争实力具有重要意义。本文以中美云计算领域专利为样本数据,首先运用WI-LDA细粒度挖掘各技术主题,其次利用Prophet对各主题发展态势进行建模预测,最后创建主题趋势度和主题热度指标,绘制技术主题空间分布图,解读两国未来发展态势。分析发现:美国在云计算领域整体起步比较早,在故障检测与修复、云安全、混合存储控制装置、内存管理具有较大优势,中国虽起步较晚,但发展迅速,在数字计算中心、信号传输系统、软件模拟、云资源加密、图像数据识别后来居上,发展前景广阔。美国已在云计算大多技术主题占得先机,我国仍需持续建设良好的云计算发展环境,坚持自主可控的发展方向,培养核心竞争力。

美国数字经济核算实践及其与我国的比较

本文详细梳理美国数字经济核算实践的最新动态,包括美国数字经济核算的概念界定、核算范围、核算方法和数据结果等。首先,本文梳理了美国数字经济核算范围变化,同时将我国数字经济分类、美国数字经济分类同时与国际标准产业分类(ISIC)在行业小类层面一一对应,详细对比美国与中国数字经济核算范围,得到美国数字经济核算范围与我国数字经济核心产业基本一致的结论。其次,总结美国数字经济核算方法,从产品角度进行数字经济定义,在供给使用表基础上将产品对应至行业,在行业基础上进行数字经济产出和增加值等测算,同时对比研究我国和美国数字经济核算方法。最后,在此基础上,探讨了美国数字经济核算实践对我国的启示,为我国数字经济增加值统计核算工作提供借鉴。

中美科研诚信治理的重点问题比较及启示

中美科研诚信制度和治理模式各有特点,两者的比较分析有助于发现和改进中国科研诚信治理存在的问题。中美科研诚信治理的逻辑起点相同,但在制度体系以及科研不端行为治理范围、案件查处机制和法律责任等方面存在一定的差异。与美国相比,中国科研诚信治理制度和模式呈现科研不端行为种类多、调查主体类型多和政策制度层次多的特点,对有效调集和充分协调足够行政资源规制各类科研不端行为提出更高要求。中国可适当借鉴美国相关经验做法,从完善科研诚信治理体系、落实科研单位科研诚信建设主体责任、建立健全举报审查和激励机制和解决科研失信行为产生的深层次问题等方面进一步完善科研诚信治理制度和模式。

美国智库对华防务开源情报分析理念研究

[研究目的]深入洞悉美国智库对华防务研究过程中从基本资料到特定知识,即从情报素材到情报产品的思维理念,深化对开源情报的认识,丰富开源情报理论研究,为全面提升开源情报研究能力提供“他山之石”。[研究方法]以美国最具代表性的对华防务研究智库2049计划研究所和新美国安全中心为研究对象,选取其典型的对华防务开源情报研究产品为研究样本,运用文献分析法探究美国智库对华防务研究过程中的开源情报分析理念。[研究结论]以2049计划研究所和新美国安全中心为代表的美国智库在对华防务开源情报分析中,强调批判性思维和创造性思维、注重运用语言能力和文化理解力、问题描述研判和提供对策并举、追求分析成果的前瞻性和建设性,在价值观念上坚持符合美国国家利益和价值观,对华意识形态偏见明显。

Measuring National-level Research Production under Fractional Counting:China versus the U.S.

This paper aims to examine the heterogeneity of research production between China and the United States by disaggregating the national research production into its constituent components.Different from previous studies,we introduce the share counting method to determine the number of publications attributed to each country.We analyse bibliographic metadata from over 36 million SCI/SSCI-indexed journal publications published in the period from 2000 to 2021.The research production of China and the United States is decomposed according to the document types,disciplines,and high-impact journals.In the quantitative analysis,the first finding is that China emerged as the world’s largest contributor to SCIindexed publications in 2019 under fractional counting,two years earlier than under whole counting.Surpassing the U.S.in publication count does not indicate a completely surpassing position for China in its scientific production strength,however.When it is divided by document types,China has published a smaller proportion of review-type journal publications than the U.S.;when filtered by disciplines,in the period from 2016 to 2021,China’s research production leads in only 100 of 178 natural science fields and 2of 58 social science fields.The second finding is,when only the number of papers on high-impact journals is considered,China also surpassed the U.S.in 2019;meanwhile,the proportion of high-impact journal papers of China is still lower than that of the U.S.These results reveal that there are different knowledge production patterns in China and the United States.This study contributes to a better understanding of the disparities in research productivity between the top two nations,and suggests several policy implications for China.

页岩气产业发展的影响因素

美国页岩气开发全面进入了产业化发展阶段.作为页岩气资源蕴藏量同样极其丰富的中国,推动开发页岩气有利于改善能源结构、保障能源安全。以美国5个典型页岩气区带解剖为依据,对页岩气产业发展影响因素进行定量分析,提出了影响页岩气产业发展因素的分类方案;采用主成分分析法.分析了影响页岩气产业化各指标的影响程度;通过对比,总结了美国页岩气产业发展历程对中国页岩气产业发展的启示。结果表明:①影响页岩气产业发展的4个主要因素为资源基础、技术支持、产业政策和投入产出.由此构建了页岩气产业发展影响因素指标体系,包含11项具体指标;②对美国页岩气产业发展因素进行分析可知,埋深是最为重要的主控因素;③根据因素的重要程度和对比中美页岩气产业发展状况可知,中国要想页岩气产业化顺利发展,必须跨越地质条件复杂、单井投资高、油气开采公司数量少等3个方面的障碍。

中美特殊体育教师培养模式比较研究

在探讨中美两国特殊体育教师培养的起源与发展的基础上,对两国特殊体育教师的培养模式进行了比较。研究认为美国特殊体育教师专业化培养较早,其主要特征体现在:培养目标明确化、培养方式多元化、课程体系专业化、培养层次一体化、资格认证制度化、质量保障标准化等方面;我国特殊体育教师培养起步较晚,学科归属仍徘徊在体育教育和特殊教育之间,存在培养目标不定、培养层次不高、资格准入不严等问题。

中美体育博士研究生课程比较研究

运用文献检索法、问卷与访谈法。相对于美国体育学科博士生的课程体系 ,我国体育学科博士生课程体系主要表现为 :课程门数与学分较少 ,学位课程与非学位课程之间的比例太大 ,课程设置单一 ,教学形式较为单调 ,选课主要局限于校内 ,导师与任课教师基本都在本校聘任。上述情况限制了博士生综合素质的提高 ,不利于我国体育学科高层次的人才培养。主要改革对策包括 :适当提高博士生的学分与课时 ;将专业基础课变为学科基础课 ,以体育学为基础开设课程 ,大量设置跨学科和新兴学科课程 ;将必修课与选修课的比例由约 9:1调整为约 2 :1;加强课程内容建设 ;采用讲座、研讨、文献阅读等多种教学形式 ;