Comparison of water resources management between China and the United States

As the world’s top two economies,the United States(U.S.)and China face a number of similar water resources problems.Yet,few studies have been done to systematically compare policies and approaches on water resources management between China and the U.S.This study compares water resources policies of China and the U.S.in the areas of national authority,water supply,water quality,and ecosystem use of the water to draw lessons learned and shed light on water resources management in China,the U.S.,and the rest of the world.The lessons learned from the comparison include six aspects.1)New paradigms of people-water harmony and a water-saving society are urgently needed to address the pressing water crisis and achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(UN SDGs).2)A comprehensive,consistent,forward-looking national policy is necessary to achieve sustainable use of water resources.3)Empowerment of river basin commissions with comprehensive authority over the integrative management of air,land,water,and biological resources in the river basin could significantly enhance the benefits and effectiveness of economic development and environmental protection.4)Expansion of water exchange through market mechanisms among water users promotes efficient and beneficial water uses.5)Use of water for ecosystem services should be an integral part of water resources management.China has set up a national blueprint for achieving ecological civilization;maintaining appropriate amounts of flow in rivers and lakes for maintenance of wildlife and fisheries and ecosystems should be institutionalized as part of this national strategy as well.6)By sharing their rich experiences and lessons in water resources management,economic development,and ecological protection with other countries,China and the U.S.can help the world to achieve global human-water harmony and the UN SDGs.

Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Between China and the United States

It is well-known that the United States,a highly developed country whether in high-tech.or higher education,is in a leading position in the world.Based on the comparison and analysis of higher education between China and the U.S.,this article highly affirms the advantages of American higher education,offers an objective comment on China's higher education reform in recent years,and earnestly indicates that China's higher education needs to be improved in order to facilitate greater development.

Challenges of agriculture and food systems issues in China and the United States

China and the United States are the two most significant nations in the contemporary global food and agricultural network.In addition,they are two of the most important innovators with respect to the development of new crop varieties,agro-technologies,farm products,markets and consumer issues,such as consumer resistance to genetically modified foods,among others.In the face of an ever-complex web of interactions,technologies and products among producers and consumers in both nations,there are far more structural similarities than differences in the food and agriculture sectors of these two nations.This essay,adopting some of the themes of the Sino-American Symposium on Future Issues Affecting Quality of Life,presents a limited but representative comparative assessment of three of the most important shared challenges impacting the agricultural sectors of China and the United States for the period from 2000 to the present including 1)environmental challenges related to agricultural water supply,2)declines in farm labor and rural population,and 3)growing food-related concerns and challenges.For both nations,excessive and unsustainable groundwater consumption has lowered water tables and limited crop production.Rural populations and farm workforces in both nations are also declining,leading to labor challenges in both nations.Finally,concerns regarding food safety are also very similar with major challenges to the farm sector associated with consumer resistance to genetically modified food crops and sanitation issues linked to lengthening supply chains.All of these issues threaten the development of sustainable agricultural production systems.

A Comparative Study for the Development of Coal-to-Liquids Industries in China, South Africa and United States

Many energy consuming countries have carried out research, development, demonstration, planning and deployment of coal-to-liquids (CTL) because of its ability to replace oil imports by converting coal resources into fuel. Among them, China and South Africa successfully had their CTL technology industrialized, while the United States did not. To understand the differences in the industrial development level, a comparative study is necessary. This paper compares the history, driver and policy of CTL industry in China, South Africa and United States, collates and discloses numbers of industry details for the first time. We figure out that the motivation, top level planning and policy consistency are the key indicators of the difference on the industrial development level. Among them, the key to the success of CTL industrialization in China and South Africa is the government’s strong and stable determination to improve energy security, which provides a stable top-level planning and robust policy support. The failure of CTL in United States is caused by the shift of policy attention after its energy security situation improved.

Racial differences in the anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer:a study of differences between American and Chinese patients

AIM: To compare the racial differences of anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer (CRC) and determine the association of age, gender and time with anatomical distribution between patients from America (white) and China (oriental).METHODS: Data was collected from 690 consecutive patients in Cleveland Clinic Florida, U.S.A. and 870consecutive patients in Nan Fang Hospital affiliated to the First Military Medical University, China over the past 11years from 1990 to 2000. All patients had colorectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed by histology and underwent surgery.RESULTS: The anatomical subsite distribution of tumor,age and gender were significantly different between white and oriental patients. Lesions in the proximal colon (P＜0.001) were found in 36.3 % of white vs 26.0 % of oriental patients and cancers located in the distal colon and rectum in 63.7 % of white and 74 % of oriental patients (P＜0.001). There was a trend towards the redistribution from distal colon and rectum to proximal colon in white males over time, especially in older patients (＞80 years).No significant change of anatomical distribution occurred in white women and Oriental patients. The mean age at diagnosis was 69.0 years in white patients and 48.3 years in Oriental patients (P＜0.001).CONCLUSION: This is the first study comparing the anatomical distribution of colorectal cancers in whites and Chinese patients. White Americans have a higher risk of proximal CRC and this risk increased with time. The proportion of white males with CRC also increased with time.Chinese patients were more likely to have distal CRC and developed the disease at a significantly earlier age than white patients. These findings have enhanced our understanding of the disease process of colorectal cancer in these two races.

化学仿制药中美双报注册策略分析

目的分析中国加入国际人用药品注册技术协调会(ICH)后,国内企业仿制药中美双报注册的现状及其注册要求,以期为国内企业提供参考。方法比较分析中国和美国化学仿制药注册申报路径、通用技术文档(common technical document,CTD)、药学研究和生物等效性研究等方面的具体要求,总结我国企业中美双报的优势和劣势,强调中美双报过程中需要关注的重点。结果2017年以来,国内企业在美国的仿制药申请(abbreviated new drug application,ANDA)获批数量显著增加;中美仿制药注册在CTD申报的要求、药学研究资料、生物等效性试验的设计等方面有差异也有共性,国内企业在注册申报时需对这些差异予以重视,深入理解两国的技术要求。结论从研发立项、质量标准、参比制剂选择、生物等效性试验设计等方面分别提出了建议,以期为我国企业中美双报提供参考,加快药品在两国上市速度,提升国内企业的国际竞争力。

中美特殊教育教师专业标准比较及对我国的启示

通过内容分析法对中美两国特殊教育教师专业标准进行比较,发现两国的专业标准在结构、内容、功能三方面存在相似之处,但也处处体现出本国特色,是在充分考虑本国国情,结合本国发展需求后制定而成的专业文本。在新时代发展背景下,为有效提升特殊教育教师的专业素养,我国特殊教育教师专业标准应与时俱进、制定分级分类的特殊教育教师专业标准、注重培养特教教师的循证教学能力以及构建职前、在职和职后“三位一体”的特殊教育教师专业标准体系。

江苏省与美国堪萨斯州学前教育学习标准比较及启示

州学前教育学习标准是美国各州在国家核心学习标准框架下制定的学前儿童学习结果清单。《堪萨斯州早期学习标准》与江苏省所执行的国家《3—6岁儿童学习与发展指南》一样,提供学前儿童各发展阶段能够知道、能够做到的对应内容。这两份文件的制定主体、制定目的、面向对象、框架结构和内容体系在比较之下存在差异。江苏省所执行的文件同时面向学前教育从业者及家庭,学习目标与教育建议结合,具有实践参考价值。美国堪萨斯州文件与学科结合,具有学科专业、学业连续和陈述客观的特点,与该国及本州其他儿童文件有衔接关系,对于学前教育从业者具有较高的指导意义。

中美隧道二次衬砌结构设计规范对比研究

隧道设计规范是开展设计工作的依据,将我国隧道相关设计规范与国际先进国家技术标准对标,有助于提高我国工程建设企业的国际化竞争力。通过文献调研和计算分析对比研究了中美隧道二次衬砌结构设计的异同,并且从设计准则、极限状态划分、设计使用年限、材料特性、荷载分类和组合以及结构设计方法等方面展开对比,结合工程实例研究分析,结果表明:《公路隧道设计规范》(JDG 3370.1—2018)的设计参数更加保守、安全,能更好的保证隧道衬砌结构的安全性和耐久性,更有利于隧道二次衬砌的长期安全服役。

中美英财务报告比较研究

近年来,全球贸易格局加速调整,国际资本市场日渐完善,中国经济与世界经济深度交融,频繁的贸易往来和投资活动需要深入解读会计财报信息。由于中、美、英三国在会计准则、观念、环境、需求上存在差距,三国财务报告在报告目标、主体、信息质量、要素及要素的确认与计量等方面也存在诸多差异。深入分析中、美、英三国财务报告的差异和原因,有利于对我国财务报告制度做出进一步的改进和完善,对加强中国与美、英等国家乃至全球其他国家的会计交流与合作贸易具有重大意义。

美国数字经济核算实践及其与我国的比较

本文详细梳理美国数字经济核算实践的最新动态,包括美国数字经济核算的概念界定、核算范围、核算方法和数据结果等。首先,本文梳理了美国数字经济核算范围变化,同时将我国数字经济分类、美国数字经济分类同时与国际标准产业分类(ISIC)在行业小类层面一一对应,详细对比美国与中国数字经济核算范围,得到美国数字经济核算范围与我国数字经济核心产业基本一致的结论。其次,总结美国数字经济核算方法,从产品角度进行数字经济定义,在供给使用表基础上将产品对应至行业,在行业基础上进行数字经济产出和增加值等测算,同时对比研究我国和美国数字经济核算方法。最后,在此基础上,探讨了美国数字经济核算实践对我国的启示,为我国数字经济增加值统计核算工作提供借鉴。

美国对华竞争背景下的6G“边疆拓展”战略研究

[研究目的]通过分析美国对华战略竞争背景下的6G战略,为我国应对及战略规划提供建议。[研究方法]采用文献梳理研究和类型化分析方法,对美国边疆拓展战略的历史脉络进行梳理,并对美国6G联盟组建的不同策略进行分析。[研究结论]美国政府在国内层面以频谱规定、标准制定和基金支持积极布局6G战略,美国国家战略科技力量开展了技术研发和协同攻关。在对华战略竞争升级背景下,美国与盟国在先进通信领域进行联盟组建。在优势/激烈竞争领域组建排斥性联盟,在劣势领域组建优势性联盟,在探索性研究中采取包容式联盟策略。我国可保持6G战略自主规划,加强国际合作引领标准制定,发挥新型举国体制优势助力我国科技“边疆拓展”。

中美科研诚信治理的重点问题比较及启示

中美科研诚信制度和治理模式各有特点,两者的比较分析有助于发现和改进中国科研诚信治理存在的问题。中美科研诚信治理的逻辑起点相同,但在制度体系以及科研不端行为治理范围、案件查处机制和法律责任等方面存在一定的差异。与美国相比,中国科研诚信治理制度和模式呈现科研不端行为种类多、调查主体类型多和政策制度层次多的特点,对有效调集和充分协调足够行政资源规制各类科研不端行为提出更高要求。中国可适当借鉴美国相关经验做法,从完善科研诚信治理体系、落实科研单位科研诚信建设主体责任、建立健全举报审查和激励机制和解决科研失信行为产生的深层次问题等方面进一步完善科研诚信治理制度和模式。

美国《国家体育标准》与中国《课标》制定、实施和评价状况的研究

经调查发现:美国50个州已全部采纳国家体育标准,并制定了本州体育标准。其中42个(84%)州已为地区学校提供教师培训和体育课程设置材料,并提出了实施措施。90%以上地区和学校已将标准逐步推广并落实于体育教学实践中。16个州(30%)对标准评价做了规划,2个州已对标准实施状况进行了评价。中国大多数省(市、自治区)没有制定相应的当地标准、教师培训及评价措施。

中国与美国矿山救护标准的比对分析

近些年来随着国内矿山事故的频繁发生,矿山救护发挥着越来越重要的作用。矿山救护标准是保障矿山救护工作顺利进行的重要技术规范。本文通过分析中国和美国矿山救护标准的现状,从矿山救护的组织机构、队员条件、技术支持、经费来源、技能培训五个方面分别对两国矿山救护标准中的具体技术指标进行比对分析,总结出我国与美国矿山救护标准之间的异同。另外通过对我国矿山救护体系建设现状的分析,指出我国矿山救护体系存在的一些不足。最后在比对分析结果及矿山救护体系建设现状分析的基础之上,为我国矿山救护标准的发展提供参考意见,包括:注重标准的动态性与实用性;加强对应急救援指挥体系引发社会成本的研究;加强队伍建设,增强应急救援综合能力;改革管理体制,理顺管理渠道等。

中美特殊体育教师培养模式比较研究

在探讨中美两国特殊体育教师培养的起源与发展的基础上,对两国特殊体育教师的培养模式进行了比较。研究认为美国特殊体育教师专业化培养较早,其主要特征体现在:培养目标明确化、培养方式多元化、课程体系专业化、培养层次一体化、资格认证制度化、质量保障标准化等方面;我国特殊体育教师培养起步较晚,学科归属仍徘徊在体育教育和特殊教育之间,存在培养目标不定、培养层次不高、资格准入不严等问题。

中美体育博士研究生课程比较研究

运用文献检索法、问卷与访谈法。相对于美国体育学科博士生的课程体系 ,我国体育学科博士生课程体系主要表现为 :课程门数与学分较少 ,学位课程与非学位课程之间的比例太大 ,课程设置单一 ,教学形式较为单调 ,选课主要局限于校内 ,导师与任课教师基本都在本校聘任。上述情况限制了博士生综合素质的提高 ,不利于我国体育学科高层次的人才培养。主要改革对策包括 :适当提高博士生的学分与课时 ;将专业基础课变为学科基础课 ,以体育学为基础开设课程 ,大量设置跨学科和新兴学科课程 ;将必修课与选修课的比例由约 9:1调整为约 2 :1;加强课程内容建设 ;采用讲座、研讨、文献阅读等多种教学形式 ;

中美青少年网络成瘾的比较研究

网络成瘾是一种世界性的心理行为问题,中美比较对于揭示青少年网络成瘾的发生发展机制具有重要价值。比较研究发现,中国青少年网络成瘾的流行率明显高于美国青少年;这一差异部分缘于中美两国研究者所采用的网络成瘾的测量工具以及诊断标准不一致,而更多的可能是中美鲜明而独特的文化差异所致,这些文化差异主要包括个人因素、家庭影响、上网地点以及法律监管等。

中美药师规范化培训体系的比较及启示

目的对中美两国药师规范化培训体系进行比较,为我国的药师规范化培训工作的进一步开展提供借鉴与思路。方法对美国住院药师培训项目与我国北京地区药师规范化培训体系和临床药师培训体系的培训机构及其认证管理、培训对象、招录条件、培训目标、培训周期、培训内容以及考核方式分别进行对比分析。结果两国培训体系存在一定的差异,差异存在的主要原因为两国医院药学工作与药师规范化培训所处的发展阶段和实际情况不同、两国药学专业在校教育内容不同。结论我国可将美国住院药师培训体系作为借鉴,结合自身国情及前期经验,逐步推广并建立完善的医院药师规范化培训体系,以促进药学技术人员更好的为临床、为患者服务。

中美工程管理专业实践教学比较研究

工程企业对工程管理专业学生实践能力的要求普遍较高,但目前工程管理人才培养一直存在重课堂理论、轻工程实践的问题,而美国工程教育界非常注重对学生实践能力的培养。文章采用对比分析法对中美两国工程管理专业实践教学的课程设置、教学组织进行了对比,总结了中美两国工程管理专业实践教学实施效果的差异,并为中国工程管理专业实践教学提出了一些改革建议。