The proposed cyclic universes model based on the split division algebras accounts for the inflation, the Big Bang, gravity, dark energy, dark matter, the standard model, and the masses of all elementary particles. The...The proposed cyclic universes model based on the split division algebras accounts for the inflation, the Big Bang, gravity, dark energy, dark matter, the standard model, and the masses of all elementary particles. The split algebras (complex quaternion and complex octonion) as the Furey model generate the fixed spacetime dimension number for the observable universe with the fixed 4-dimensional spacetime (4D) standard model particles and the oscillating spacetime dimension number for the oscillating universes (hidden or dark energy) with the oscillation between 11D and 11D through 10D and between 10D and 10D through 4D. 11D has the lowest rest mass, the highest speed of light, and the highest vacuum energy, while 4D has the highest rest mass, the lowest (observed) speed of light, and zero vacuum energy. In the cyclic universes model, the universes start with the positive-energy and the negative-energy 11D membrane-antimembrane dual universes from the zero-energy inter-universal void, and are followed by the transformation of the 11D membrane-antimembrane dual universes into the 10D string-antistring dual universes and the external dual gravities as in the Randall-Sundrum model, resulting in the four equal and separate universes consisting of the positive-energy 10D universe, the positive-energy external gravity, the negative-energy 10D universe, and the negative-energy external gravity. Under the fixed spacetime dimension number, the positive-energy 10D universe is transformed into 4D standard model particles through the inflation and the Big Bang. Dark matter is the right-handed neutrino, exactly five times of baryonic matter in total mass in the universe. Under the oscillating spacetime dimension number, the other three universes oscillate between 10D and 10D through 4D, resulting in the hidden universes when D > 4 and dark energy (the maximum dark energy = 3/4 = 75%) when D = 4. Eventually, all four universes return to the 10D universes.展开更多
In this paper, for rings R, we introduce complex rings C（R）, quaternion rings H（R）, and octonion rings O（R）, which are extension rings of R; R C（R） H（R） O（R）. Our main purpose of this paper is to sho...In this paper, for rings R, we introduce complex rings C（R）, quaternion rings H（R）, and octonion rings O（R）, which are extension rings of R; R C（R） H（R） O（R）. Our main purpose of this paper is to show that if R is a Frobenius algebra, then these extension rings are Frobenius Mgebras and if R is a quasi-Frobenius ring, then C（R） and H（R） are quasi-Frobenius rings and, when Char（R）=2, O（R） is also a quasi-Frobenius ring.展开更多
文摘The proposed cyclic universes model based on the split division algebras accounts for the inflation, the Big Bang, gravity, dark energy, dark matter, the standard model, and the masses of all elementary particles. The split algebras (complex quaternion and complex octonion) as the Furey model generate the fixed spacetime dimension number for the observable universe with the fixed 4-dimensional spacetime (4D) standard model particles and the oscillating spacetime dimension number for the oscillating universes (hidden or dark energy) with the oscillation between 11D and 11D through 10D and between 10D and 10D through 4D. 11D has the lowest rest mass, the highest speed of light, and the highest vacuum energy, while 4D has the highest rest mass, the lowest (observed) speed of light, and zero vacuum energy. In the cyclic universes model, the universes start with the positive-energy and the negative-energy 11D membrane-antimembrane dual universes from the zero-energy inter-universal void, and are followed by the transformation of the 11D membrane-antimembrane dual universes into the 10D string-antistring dual universes and the external dual gravities as in the Randall-Sundrum model, resulting in the four equal and separate universes consisting of the positive-energy 10D universe, the positive-energy external gravity, the negative-energy 10D universe, and the negative-energy external gravity. Under the fixed spacetime dimension number, the positive-energy 10D universe is transformed into 4D standard model particles through the inflation and the Big Bang. Dark matter is the right-handed neutrino, exactly five times of baryonic matter in total mass in the universe. Under the oscillating spacetime dimension number, the other three universes oscillate between 10D and 10D through 4D, resulting in the hidden universes when D > 4 and dark energy (the maximum dark energy = 3/4 = 75%) when D = 4. Eventually, all four universes return to the 10D universes.
文摘In this paper, for rings R, we introduce complex rings C（R）, quaternion rings H（R）, and octonion rings O（R）, which are extension rings of R; R C（R） H（R） O（R）. Our main purpose of this paper is to show that if R is a Frobenius algebra, then these extension rings are Frobenius Mgebras and if R is a quasi-Frobenius ring, then C（R） and H（R） are quasi-Frobenius rings and, when Char（R）=2, O（R） is also a quasi-Frobenius ring.
