Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice-Duck and Rice-Fish Complex Ecosystems and the Evaluation of Their Economic Significance

Rice-duck （RD） and rice-fish （RF） ecological systems are major complex planting and breeding models of rice paddy fields in southern China. Studying the methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions and their economic value from these two ecosystems can provide theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of these classical agricultural techniques. CH4 and N2O emissions from RD and RF ecological systems were measured in situ by using static chambers technique. Using global warming potentials （GWPs）, we assessed the greenhouse effect of CH4 and N2O and their economic value. Results showed that the peaks of CH4 emission fluxes from RD and RF appeared at full tillering stage and at heading stage, and the average emission fluxes were significantly （P〈 0.05） lower than that from CK. N2O fluxes remained low when the field is flooded and high after draining the water. Compared with CK, the total amount of N2O emissions was significantly （P〈0.05） higher and slightly lower than those from RD and RF, respectively. In 2006 and 2007, the total greenhouse effect of CH4 and N20 from RD and RF were 4 728.3 and 4 611 kg CO2 ha^-1, 4 545 and 4 754.3 kg CO2 ha^-1, respectively. The costs of greenhouse effect were 970.89 and 946.81 RMB yuan ha^-1, and 933.25 and 976.23 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, which were significant lower than those from CK （5 997.6 and 5 391.5 RMB yuan ha^-1）. Except for the environment cost of CH4 and N2O, the economic benefits from RD and RF were 2 210.64 and 4 881.92 RMB yuan ha^-1; 3 798.37 and 5 310.64 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, higher than those from CK. Therefore, RD and RF complex ecological planting and breeding models can effectively decrease and control CH4 and N2O emissions, and they are two of the effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from rice paddy fields and contribute in alleviating global warming. Thus, their adoption is important to the environment together with their economy benefits.

Function of Rural Settlement Complex Ecosystem in Mountain Area:A Case Study of Raosi Village of Zuogong County,Tibet

Using energy analysis,the quantifying evaluation and study method on production, living and ecology functions and their sustainability of rural settlement ecosystem in mountain area is established with these energy index such as export of labor and products, export of water resource, internal energy reserve, energy consumption for human living, net energy of ecosystem function and net internal reserve. Taking rural settlement Raosi Village in Hengduan Mountains as a case study, and on the basis of the synthetic research into the ecological process of the complex ecosystem, the study shows that energy costs of production, human living and ecology functions are separately taking 1.36%, 13.59% and 85. 05% of the gross ecosystem functions, and the exertions of production and human living functions are close to a high-point state on the present using level of energy in the settlement. The study also shows that the most important function of a rural settlement in mountain area is its ecological rather productive function.

Economic valuation of gas regulation as a service by rice-duck-fish complex ecosystem

Valuating the fimction of ecosystem services is crucial for accounting green GDP, making a conservation policy of ecological environment and the decision of regional development as well as sustainable development strategy. R ice-duck-fish symbiosis has been promoted in several developing countries as a way of increasing incomes for rice farmers, but investigations of its value have mainly focused on direct economic＇ benefits, such as food and raw material production. Few studies have been conducted on the estimation of indirect services provided by rice-duck-fish complex ecosystem. The gas regulation service and its economic values provided by rice-duck-fish complex ecosystem were studied in Wuhan, China. The major components of gas regulation are O2 emission and greenhouse gases （GHGs, CO2） regulation. The results show that O2 emission from different treatments （including rice-duck （RD）, rice-fish （RF）, rice-duck-fish （RDF） and rice （CK）） ranged from 26,370 kg/ha to 33,910 kg/ha per year. with an economic value of 10,050-12,920 yuan/ha per ）,ear （Chinese currency： 1 euro =10.2475 yuan, August 28, 2007）. The net GHGs exchange varied from 1,200 to 3,320 kg/ha per year; and its economic value ranged from 1,040 yuan/ha to 2,900 yuan/ha per year Consequently, the total economic value of gas regulation provided by symbiosis complex ecosystems ranged from 11,090 yuan/ha to 15,820 yuan/ha per year. and the maximum overall economic value of gas regulation was provided by RDF complex ecosystem. The work will be useful for further understanding of the functions of rice-duck-fish complex ecos.vstem services and supplying the theoretical references to agricultural policy.

The Citrate Metabolism in Homo-and Heterofermentative LAB:A Selective Means of Becoming Dominant over Other Microorganisms in Complex Ecosystems

The citrate metabolism has been extensively studied in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for its aroma compound production. Among the 4-carbon (C4) by-products obtained from citrate fermentation, diacetyl is one of the better known products for its contribution to the buttery aroma of dairy products. A lot of documents deal with ways to improve diacetyl concentration in food matrices. Apart from these organoleptic advantages, in a microbial ecosystem, the citrate metabolism gives selective advantages to citrate positive microorganisms. Citrate metabolism allows the LAB to use another carbon source for their growth, withstand acidic conditions and generate a “proton motive force” (PMF). Moreover, the citrate/glucid co-metabolism leads to the fast release of organic compounds known for having bacteriostatic effects. Under specific conditions, the C4?pathway liberates diacetyl which is bacteriostatic. In this review we first describe the citrate metabolism and the enzymes involved in the two homo- and heterofermentative LABLc diacetylactisandLeuconostocspp. Moreover, the way to shift the metabolic pathway toward the production of aromatic compounds is discussed for both of these fermentative types of bacteria. Finally, the selective advantages of citrate metabolism for LAB in complex microbial ecosystems are delineated.

生态学研究方法论:需求牵引、假说驱动、多层次综合、研究-过程尺度匹配、定性定量结合、应用验证

生态学是研究生物与环境关系的科学,目的是解决人类面临的生态环境问题。然而,不少生态研究结果不能可靠地解释、预测野外现象,更无助于实际问题的解决,其根本原因是方法论出了问题。与物理系统不同,生态系统是复杂适应系统,由具有独特内在性质的适应主体组成;子系统种类多,非线性相互作用类型多;系统不同层次间相互作用不稳定。根据这些特点,基于科学哲学原理、复杂性科学理论及生态学研究成功案例,文章首次提出生态学研究方法的六个原则,建立了生态学研究范式。原则1:需求牵引。社会需求是科技发展的根本驱动力。生态学本质上是一门应用科学,故更应注重需求牵引,提出与解决实际生态环境问题密切相关的科学问题。原则2:假说驱动。假说-演绎法是现代科学研究的基本范式。这对复杂适应系统的研究显得尤为重要,好的假设可使我们从复杂现象中抓住解决科学问题的突破口,开展直奔主题式的研究设计。原则3:多层次综合分析。由于不同层次间作用动态变化,且各层次成员间普遍存在非线性相互作用,故对此类系统的研究应进行多层次综合分析。至少要考虑三个层次,即现象发生的中心层次及其邻近的高、低两个层次。首先应对中心层次宏观量进行归纳分析,建立经验关系即宏观格局,进而探讨宏观格局与高层次背景及历史演化的关系,然后开展宏观格局的低层次机制研究。原则4:研究尺度与过程尺度相匹配。研究尺度与所研究现象相关过程的尺度不匹配是导致众多生态研究结论不可靠的最重要原因。尺度不匹配有两种类型:实验与现象的时间、空间和组织尺度不匹配;调查数据分析尺度与相关过程尺度不匹配。因此,生态研究尺度必须与过程尺度相匹配。首先必须开展野外观测,开展恰当尺度的分析,然后在近自然系统开展长时间模拟实验,证实野外结论,分析机制;中小宇宙实验应能模拟相关生态过程。原则5:定性机制与定量模型相结合。对于适应系统,精确的定量关系难以建立,其原因是变量异质性、难以运用统计量演绎法。据此特点,适应系统研究应首先阐明定性机制,即建立概念模型。定性机制很重要,不仅自身就有解释、预测能力,而且为定量模型提供坚实的基础;只有基于机制,定量模型才能具有更强的普适性和预测能力。为了减少变量异质性的影响,可在不同区域对定量模型进行率定,以提高预测能力。原则6:应用验证。除实验验证外,应不断进行应用验证,以检验所得规律是否真正有助于解决实际问题,并确定其适用范围。

无人机遥感技术在生态安全监测与评价中的应用研究

近年来,为了维持生态系统服务的可持续性,无人机遥感技术作为一种新兴的监测手段,在生态安全监测与评价领域得到了广泛关注和应用。探讨无人机遥感技术在生态安全监测与评价中的应用,分析其在数据采集、信息处理、监测评估等方面的优势和挑战,有助于行业人员和相关领域研究者更深入地理解该技术的应用潜力和发展方向。

技术鹰派、国家安全与美国对华战略竞争

在新一轮科技革命和地缘政治对抗相互叠加的背景下,技术因素对国家间关系尤其是大国关系的塑造作用越发突出,科技界与国家安全战略之间的联系日益紧密。近年来,美国不断强化对华“科技冷战”,与美国在经济、军事、意识形态、全球治理等方面的对华施压相互关联。美国科技企业、风险投资机构等社会性力量和美国国家安全部门之间的沟通协作日益密切,涵盖商界、政界和学界精英的技术鹰派势力逐步成形。技术鹰派认为,美国须牢固捍卫自身技术领导地位,推进对华技术“脱钩”,甚至设法令中国的技术水平倒退,进而以强大的美国技术实力实现对华“竞而胜之”的目标。美国政府着眼对华战略竞争,加快推动构建国家安全创新网络,国防部、国务院、中央情报局等机构与高科技企业的合作更趋深化,美国创新生态的国家安全导向更为突出。加大对华科技竞争已经成为美国共和党和民主党的共识。考虑到美国科技界精英对特朗普的支持,以及副总统万斯、特朗普家族等与硅谷之间错综复杂的社会关系网络,特朗普第二任期的对华科技施压力度或将增强,技术鹰派对中美关系的影响力将更为突出。

An ecosystem-based understanding and analysis for SENCE toward sustainable development

There is a need to find a comprehensive approach focusing on the conflicts between economical growth and environmental protection. Chinese scholars advocate a comprehensive ecosystem viewpoint named social-economic-natural complex ecosystem(SENCE). The kernel of the concept lies in the hierarchical structure of SENCE, through which methods from ecological network can be useful to the compound system. The author gives a schema depicting its structure, following a made analysis to help understand the reliance of economy on ecosystem. It is obvious that more actions should be done to strive for sustainable development.

Integrated Ecosystem Sustainability Approach: Toward a Holistic System of Thinking of Managing Arid Ecosystems

Ecosystems in arid regions play a pivotal role in providing services to vulnerable environments with considerable challenges including extreme temperatures, low precipitation, variable climate change, and infertile soil. The countries of the arid regions are facing more challenges due to land degradation, biodiversity loss, the scarcity of water and food resources, and protecting their inhabitant’s public health. In many cases, policymakers in these countries are aware of the challenges, but they are seeking through scientific communities to develop clear sustainability and resiliency plans. Due to the complexity associated with arid ecosystem services, the scientist communities are still focusing on the development of integrated ecosystem management approaches. Within this line of commitment to our future generation, the paper in hand presents a framework for an Integrated Ecosystem Sustainability Approach (IESA). The core of this nexus approach is to understand and quantify the interlinkages between the ecosystem components, internal and external stresses, and society needs. The paper also identifies the key gaps to be considered when applying the IESA approach to arid ecosystem management plans.

Exploration and Practice of Rubber Based Agroforestry Complex Systems in China

Agroforestry ecosystems are constructed by simulating natural ecosystems, applying the principles of symbiosis in nature, and organizing multiple plant populations to coexist, while conducting targeted cultivation and structural control scientifically. Rubber agroforestry complex ecosystems aim for sustainable development in terms of industry, ecology, resource utilization, and the livelihoods of producers. Rubber agroforestry complex ecosystems create a complex production structure system that integrates biology, society, and the economy through species combinations. Rubber trees and associated biological components coordinate with each other, mutually promote growth, and yield a variety of products for producers. Cultivation techniques and patterns of rubber agroforestry are essential components of these ecosystems. This study analyzes the production practices of rubber agroforestry complex cultivation, with a focus on the development and characteristics (complexity, systematicity, intensity, and hierarchy) of rubber agroforestry systems using a literature analysis and a survey approach. It explores the types and scales of complex planting, specifications and forms, and major effects of complex cultivation. This study identifies successful rubber agroforestry cultivation patterns and practical techniques, as well as the potential benefits of developing rubber agroforestry cultivation. It also points out the shortcomings in the development of complex planting, including an emphasis on production practices but insufficient theoretical research, a focus on production but inadequate attention to the market, and an emphasis on yield while overlooking the improvement of standards, brands, and added value. There are various complex patterns for young rubber plantations, but relatively fewer for mature plantations. Based on this analysis, this study suggests that future efforts should focus on in-depth research on interspecies and environmental interactions in rubber agroforestry ecosystems, clearly define key roles, accelerate the innovation of development patterns, and strengthen the foundation for development. It recommends promoting and demonstrating successful rubber agroforestry complex patterns and providing technical training, developing product branding for rubber agroforestry patterns, enhancing product value, expanding the application functions of rubber-forest mixed crop products, and establishing a stable and sustainable industry chain. This study provide practical experience and theoretical insights in rubber agroforestry complex systems from China the potential to enrich the knowledge of rubber agroforestry composite systems, provide practical experience to improve the operating income of smallholders, and even promote the sustainable development of rubber plantations.

高技能人才培养与产业需求适配模式研究——复杂适应系统视角

快速培养与产业需求相适配的高技能人才,需要构筑产业人才生态圈,并将各利益相关方凝结成命运共同体。命运共同体超越了一般意义上的利益共同体,是具有生命特质的复杂适应系统。由此构建适应性集群模式,为提升高技能人才培养与产业需求的适配性提供模型参照。适应性集群模式的内容包括目标、原则、适用领域、组成要素、运行方式、应用价值等,并给出实践建议。此模式创新之处在于关注到外部环境的重要作用,强调要符合适应性协同和动态集群的客观规律。

我国东部山地针阔混交林碳通量特征分析

以浙江省金华市武义县大毛尖山为研究区域,开展复杂山地森林生态系统碳汇能力的观测研究,并利用涡动相关法在2022年6月~2023年5月进行观测,经过数据质量控制和质量评价分析,得到42%的优质CO_(2)通量数据.结果表明,大毛尖山周边以针阔混交林为主,能量闭合度为0.89,能够很好的代表站点通量情况.CO_(2)通量在日尺度上均表现为U型变化,范围为-1.20~0.89mgCO_(2)/(m^(2)·s).四季碳汇能力强弱依次为,夏季、春季、秋季、冬季;各月份净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)均为负值,整体表现为碳汇.CO_(2)通量与气象因子中的空气温度呈负相关,相对湿度和平均风速正相关,夜间因呼吸作用产生的CO_(2)通量与土壤温度正相关.本研究初步解释了大毛尖山森林生态系统的碳汇特征.

数智治理何以触发基层公共服务合作生产价值共损?——以S市社区新基建为例

以数字技术助推基层治理创新是公共服务改革的重要方向。数智治理为合作生产中的主体间社会互动和资源整合提供了前提条件,但也因其发展尚不成熟,为基层实践带来资源滥用、人居矛盾、价值冲突、交付悖论等诸多风险威胁和价值共损困境。基于服务生态系统视角,以S市社区新基建案例为研究对象,探究数智治理触发基层公共服务合作生产价值共损的过程机理。研究发现:数智治理过程中参与主体特征差异、技术工具缺陷和制度体系失灵是引发基层公共服务合作生产价值共损的关键要素,且三种要素之间彼此纠缠互锁。其中,主体特征差异与技术工具缺陷的交互路径、主体特征差异与制度体系失灵的交互路径,会受到参与者价值损坏情结的嵌入调节。上述多重要素与路径共同导致基层合作生产服务生态系统中的社会互动和资源整合发生失衡,最终触发多元主体价值共损。

海洋经济生态系统构建新方法——以海南为例

文章根据复杂经济思想构建了海南自贸港海洋经济生态系统,即海洋产业、海洋生态及海洋相关产业与政策在自贸港制度集成创新中一体化协同发展的开放型系统。研究结果表明,海南自贸港海洋经济具有典型的复杂经济生态系统特征,海洋产业发展要与海南自贸港产业链、供应链、生态链、价值链融和共生,创造海洋经济新价值;海洋经济发展要与海洋生态环境保护治理协同,在高质量发展海洋产业的同时促进形成以人为本的海洋生态文化;海南自贸港政策优势可进一步转化为海洋经济生态系统的内外部环境优势,应重视战略性新兴海洋产业发展,培育海洋经济新的增长点。

企业生态机制的内容框架与演化模式——基于质性元分析的发现

当前企业生态系统的研究重点仍在于突破其“隐喻的面纱”,挖掘其独特的运行原理。但现有文献面向不同的商业情境形成了不同的研究倾向,并不能表达出企业生态机制的全貌。同时鉴于当前研究仍以案例研究为主,基于质性元分析法,筛选出31篇生态系统研究的案例论文,通过结构化编码过程,整理出企业生态机制的完整要素构成,从要素间的逻辑关系中发现:(1)案例支持企业生态系统具有价值共创机制、资源竞合机制及惯例协调机制等三种生态机制;(2)三种生态机制具有相同的内容框架,均可从生态场域和生态行为两方面刻画;(3)三种生态机制的演化均具有复杂属性,表现出非线性迭代、自发性涌现及开放性适应的演化模式。研究结论为企业生态系统研究在一个比较完整的理论框架下发展提供了新线索。

基于生态位模型的县域乡村聚落用地适宜性评价

现有县域乡村聚落用地适宜性评价方法的评价精度低,无法为县域乡村聚落用地合理划分与土地资源高效利用提供有利条件,因此引入生态位模型,开展对县域乡村聚落用地适宜性评价。从自然条件、资源条件、社会经济条件等方面选择出地质灾害、农用地质量、道路通达度等指标,完成对县域乡村聚落用地适宜性评价指标体系的构建。在此基础上,对各项适宜性指标量化。最后,结合生态位模型,构建适宜性评价模型,实现对用地适宜性的评价,确定不同适宜性程度用地区域的具体分布。通过对比实验证明,新的评价方法得到的评价结果更符合实际,评价精度更高,评价结果可为实现用地区域划分提供有利条件。

2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性时空演变

海岸带是自然、社会、经济相互作用频繁的地区,然而,过度开发胁迫海岸带生态环境退化。海岸带复合生态系统韧性研究有利于实现精准有效的生态保护。本文综合多源数据从复合生态系统基底状态、社会经济发展与资源环境禀赋的耦合协调关系、复合生态系统的可持续发展潜力、人类活动对环境的影响范围与强度方面构建评价体系,定量评估2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性,分析韧性时空演变特征与空间分异的影响因素。结果表明:(1)2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性呈波动下降趋势,韧性空间异质性显著,具有明显的海陆梯度地带性。(2)林地是维持区域复合生态系统韧性的主体。(3)反映人类活动分布与强度的因素对复合生态系统韧性的影响越来越大。研究为保护、恢复、促进海岸带复合生态系统可持续利用与管理提供了理论支持与实践参考。

可持续生态学视角下生态产品价值实现的思路

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基于复杂适应系统理论的STEAM教育产学政研一体化系统:理据架构困厄路径

构建STEAM教育产学政研一体化系统,发挥主体适应性,对于促进STEAM教育发展具有现实必要性和价值合理性.目前STEAM教育产学政研一体化系统构建格局尚处于探索阶段,还缺乏系统性考量和整体协同性创新推进,存在诸多现实困厄.鉴于此,基于复杂适应系统理论分析了其构建理据、体系架构和现实困厄,提出破解之道在于整合政府、社会机构、企业、学校和科研机构等多方力量,从理念、体制、机制和环境等4重维度上,促进系统各自适应性主体之间的“点线面体”有机结合、融合联动,同心协力推动STEAM教育高质量生态发展,提升人才培养的数量和质量.

珠三角创新生态系统韧性的空间演化及影响因素——基于知识复杂性视角

从维稳性、适应性和转型性3个维度构建区域创新生态系统韧性测度框架,探究2010—2020年珠三角创新生态系统韧性的空间演化及知识复杂性对区域创新生态系统韧性的影响。结果表明:1)知识复杂性通过知识子集类型的多样性、子集间的相互依赖性和知识空间粘性、吸收和竞争效应影响系统韧性;2)2010—2020年珠三角创新生态系统韧性显著提升,逐步形成以深圳、广州为核心,中部高、东西部低的空间格局,中部和东西部韧性差异日益显著;3)不同韧性维度空间呈现中部地区维稳性、适应性较高,东部地区转型性较高,西部地区3个维度的韧性均较低的空间格局,其中,维稳性呈现“中部高、东西部低”的稳定结构,适应性呈现“中北和中东部高、中南和东、西部低”的稳定结构,转型性呈现“中、东部高、西部低”演变为“中东部、东部高、中西部和西部低”的发展态势;4)知识复杂性对珠三角创新生态系统韧性具有显著正效应,对系统维稳性、适应性的影响显著为正,对转型性的影响显著为负,知识复杂性通过促进产业结构升级、技术进步和政策环境优化对珠三角创新生态系统韧性产生显著的正向影响。