The Complex Field Theory and Mass Formation—An Alternative Model to Higgs Mechanism

The electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force are the four fundamental forces of nature. The Standard Model (SM) succeeded in combining the first three forces to describe the most basic building blocks of matter and govern the universe. Despite the model’s great success in resolving many issues in particle physics but still has several setbacks and limitations. The model failed to incorporate the fourth force of gravity. It infers that all fermions and bosons are massless contrary to experimental facts. In addition, the model addresses neither the 95% of the universe’s energy of Dark Matter (DM) and Dark Energy (DE) nor the universe’s expansion. The Complex Field Theory (CFT) identifies DM and DE as complex fields of complex masses and charges that encompasses the whole universe, and pervade all matter. This presumption resolves the issue of failing to detect DM and DE for the last five decades. The theory also presents a model for the universe’s expansion and presumes that every material object carries a fraction of this complex field proportional to its mass. These premises clearly explain the physical nature of the gravitational force and its complex field and pave the way for gravity into the SM. On the other hand, to solve the issue of massless bosons and fermions in the SM, Higgs mechanism introduces a pure and abstractive theoretical model of unimaginable four potentials to generate fictitious bosons as mass donors to fermions and W± and Z bosons. The CFT in this paper introduces, for the first time, a physical explanation to the mystery of the mass formation of particles rather than Higgs’ pure mathematical derivations. The analyses lead to uncovering the mystery of electron-positron production near heavy nuclei and never in a vacuum. In addition, it puts a constraint on Einstein’s mass-energy equation that energy can never be converted to mass without the presence of dense dark matter and cannot be true in a vacuum. Furthermore, CFT provides different perspectives and resolves real-world physics concepts such as the nuclear force, Casimir force, Lamb’s shift, and the anomalous magnetic moment to be published elsewhere.

Complex field network-coded cooperation based on multi-user detection in wireless networks

Cooperative communication can achieve spatial diversity gains,and consequently combats signal fading due to multipath propagation in wireless networks powerfully.A novel complex field network-coded cooperation（CFNCC） scheme based on multi-user detection for the multiple unicast transmission is proposed.Theoretic analysis and simulation results demonstrate that,compared with the conventional cooperation（CC） scheme and network-coded cooperation（NCC） scheme,CFNCC would obtain higher network throughput and consumes less time slots.Moreover,a further investigation is made for the symbol error probability（SEP） performance of CFNCC scheme,and SEPs of CFNCC scheme are compared with those of NCC scheme in various scenarios for different signal to noise ratio（SNR） values.

Superpixel-Based Complex Field Modulation Using a Digital Micromirror Device for Focusing Light through Scattering Media

We present a digital micromirror device（DMD） based superpixel method for focusing light through scattering media by modulating the complex field of incident light. Firstly, we numerically and experimentally investigate focusing light through a scattering sample using the superpixel methods with different target complex fields.Then, single-point and multiple-point focusing experiments are performed using this superpixel-based complex modulation method. In our experiment, up to 71.5% relative enhancement is realized. The use of the DMDbased superpixel method for the control of the complex field of incident light opens an avenue to improve the enhancement of focusing light through scattering media.

Optimal power allocation for complex field network coding scheme with the K-th best relay selection

Wireless relay and network coding are two critical techniques to increase the reliability and throughput of wireless cooperative communication systems. In this paper, a complex field network coding （CFNC） scheme with the K-th best relay selection （KBS） is proposed and investigated, wherein the K-th best relay is selected to forward the multiplexed signal to the destination. First, the upper bound of the symbol error probability （SEP）, the diversity order, and the coding gain are derived for the CFNC scheme with KBS. Then, the coding gain is utilized as the optimized cri- terion to determine the optimal power allocation. It is validated through analysis and simulation that the CFNC scheme with KBS can achieve full diversity only when K=I, while the diversity order decreases with increasing parameter K, and the optimal power allocation can significantly improve the performance of the CFNC scheme with KBS.

A Possible Experimental Test on Five-Dimensional Gravitation Theory of Complex Field

由适当地选择时空的另外的尺寸，介子的集体光谱被获得，并且计算结果同意试验性的数据。

Layered injection technology for chemical flooding of Class-Ⅲ oil reservoirs in the Daqing Oil Fields complex,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

The Class-Ⅲ oil reservoirs of Lasaxing oilfield in the Daqing Oil Fields complex have geological oil reserves of 1.86 billion tonnes,an oil recovery of 39%,with remaining reserves accounting for more than 45%of the total geological reserves of the oilfield.Therefore,they have considerable potential for future oil production.The current layered injection technologies fail to achieve effective control over the low single-layer injection rates since they can only produce low throttle differential pressure under low injection rates(5-20 m^(3)/d).In this study,a symmetrically-structured double-offset-hole injection allocator and a novel throttling component were developed.Their spatial layout was constructed and mechanical parameters were optimized using finite element analysis,which allows for expanding the flow rate range at low injection rates.According to experimental results,the throttle differential pressure increased from 0.2 MPa to 0.8 MPa at an injection rate of 5 m^(3)/d,and the range of the single-layer flow rates expanded from 20-70 m^(3)/d to 5-70 m3/d.The field test results show that the effective production of oil layers with medium and low permeability was achieved and that the ratio of producing oil layer thickness to the total reservoir thickness increased by 9.7%on average.Therefore,this study provides valuable technical support for the effective chemical-flooding-based development of Class-Ⅲ oil reservoirs.

Complex fields in heterogeneous materials under shock:modeling, simulation and analysis

In this mini-review we summarize the progress of modeling, simulation and analysis of shock responses of heterogeneous materials in our group in recent years. The basic methodology is as below. We first decompose the problem into different scales. Construct/Choose a model according to the scale and main mechanisms working at that scale. Perform numerical simulations using the relatively mature schemes. The physical information is transferred between neighboring scales in such a way: The statistical information of results in smaller scale contributes to establishing the constitutive equation in larger one. Except for the microscopic Molecular Dynamics(MD) model, both the mesoscopic and macroscopic models can be further classified into two categories,solidic and fluidic models, respectively. The basic ideas and key techniques of the MD, material point method and discrete Boltzmann method are briefly reviewed. Among various schemes used in analyzing the complex fields and structures, the morphological analysis and the home-built software, GISO, are briefly introduced. New observations are summarized for scales from the larger to the smaller.

Hybrid Methods for Computing the Streamfunction and Velocity Potential for Complex Flow Fields over Mesoscale Domains

Three types of previously used numerical methods are revisited for computing the streamfunctionψand velocity potentialχfrom the horizontal velocity v in limited domains.The first type,called the SOR-based method,uses a classical successive over-relaxation(SOR)scheme to computeψ(orχ)first with an arbitrary boundary condition(BC)and thenχ(orψ)with the BC derived from v.The second type,called the spectral method,uses spectral formulations to construct the inner part of(ψ,χ)-the inversion of(vorticity,divergence)with a homogeneous BC,and then the remaining harmonic part of(ψ,χ)with BCs from v.The third type,called the integral method,uses integral formulas to compute the internally induced(ψ,χ)-the inversion of domain-internal(vorticity,divergence)using the free-space Greenꞌs function without BCs and then the remaining harmonicψ(orχ)with BCs from v minus the internally-induced part.Although these methods have previously been successfully applied to flows in large-scale and synoptic-scale domains,their accuracy is compromised when applied to complex flows over mesoscale domains,as shown in this paper.To resolve this problem,two hybrid approaches,the integral-SOR method and the integral-spectral method,are developed by combining the first step of the integral method with the second step adopted from the SOR-based and spectral methods,respectively.Upon testing these methods on real-case complex flows,the integral-SOR method is significantly more accurate than the integral-spectral method,noting that the latter is still generally more accurate than the three previously-used methods.The integral-SOR method is recommended for future applications and diagnostic studies of complex flows.

Application of FLUENT on fine-scale simulation of wind field over complex terrain

The state-of-art Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） codes FLUENT is applied in a fine-scale simulation of the wind field over a complex terrain. Several numerical tests are performed to validate the capability of FLUENT on describing the wind field details over a complex terrain. The results of the numerical tests show that FLUENT can simulate the wind field over extremely complex terrain, which cannot be simulated by mesoscale models. The reason why FLUENT can cope with extremely complex terrain, which can not be coped with by mesoscale models, relies on some particular techniques adopted by FLUENT, such as computer-aided design （CAD） technique, unstructured grid technique and finite volume method. Compared with mesoscale models, FLUENT can describe terrain in much more accurate details and can provide wind simulation results with higher resolution and more accuracy.

Analysis of the stress intensity factor of welded joints under prior corrosion and complex stress fields

Taking cruciform welded joints under different corrosion degrees, together with 45° inclined angle and full penetration load-carrying fillet, as the research object, the stress intensity factor of a quarter-circular comer crack of welded joints is calculated based on FRANC3D with ABAQUS. Effects of different corrosion pit sizes, crack aspect ratios, and crack depths on stress intensity factor are analyzed. The results show that pit depth plays a major role in stress intensity factor, while the effect of pit radius is relatively small. The cracking modes of the surface and the deepest point are mode I, and mixed modes I and II, respectively. Effects of pit depths, crack aspect ratios, and crack depths on the stress intensity factor at the surface point are greater than at the deepest point.

Numerical Simulation of the Protective Effect of Complex Boundaries Toward Shock Waves in a 3D Explosive Field

A numerical method is presented that simulates 3D explosive field problems. A code MMIC3D using this method can be used to simulate the propagation and reflected effects of all kinds of rigid boundaries to shock waves produced by an explosive source. These numerical results indicate that the code MMIC3D has the ability in computing cases such as 3D shock waves produced by air explosion, vortex region of the shock wave, the Mach wave, and reflected waves behind rigid boundaries.

Complex frequencies of a massless scalar field in loop quantum black hole spacetime

Recently, considerable progress has been made in understanding the early universe by loop quantum cosmology. Modesto et al. investigated the loop quantum black hole （LQBH）using improved semiclassical analysis and they found that the LQBH has two horizons, an event horizon and a Cauchy horizon, just like the Reissner-NordstrSm black hole. This paper focuses on the dynamical evolution of a massless scalar wave in the LQBH background. By investigating the relation between the complex frequencies of the massless scalar field and the LQBH parameters using the numerical method, we find that the polymeric parameter P makes the massless scalar field decay more quickly and makes the ground scalar wave oscillate slowly. However, the polymeric parameter P causes the frequency of the high harmonic massless scalar wave to shift according to its value. We also find that the loop quantum gravity area gap parameter a0 causes the massless scalar field to decay more slowly and makes the period of the massless scalar field wave become longer. In the complex ω plane, the frequency curves move counterclockwise when the polymeric parameter P increases and this spiral effect is more obvious for a higher harmonic scalar wave.

走滑断层几何结构复杂区对地震破裂传播影响的研究回顾

活动走滑断裂带上强震频发,对几何结构复杂区及其导致的分段破裂模式开展研究对于评估区域潜在地震的最大震级具有重要意义。文中从野外地质调查和数值模型研究2个方面入手,对走滑断层上地震破裂行为中的几何结构、断层分段和级联破裂等相关研究进行回顾总结。野外地质调查发现,走滑断裂带上广泛存在的断层几何结构复杂区可能会终止地震破裂的传播。前人基于地表破裂带野外调查,给出了走滑断裂带上几何结构复杂区对地震破裂方式的影响,以及这种影响程度的统计分析结果。另一方面,与断层动态破裂过程相关的数值模拟研究,不仅从动力学角度展示了断层几何结构复杂区对断层动态破裂传播的控制作用,还表明初始应力、岩石介质性质等其他因素也影响了断层动态破裂的传播。在研究程度较高的中国地震科学实验场区,基于断层探测、地球物理场密集观测和高性能计算的3D动力学模拟有望进一步深化对区域复杂断层系统中破裂行为的认识,并为判定区域最大潜在震级提供帮助。

千特斯拉级内爆磁压缩装置初始磁场电源系统研制

初始磁场电源系统用于激励千特斯拉级内爆磁压缩装置的初级线圈产生初始磁场,是内爆磁压缩装置的关键设备。在分析千特斯拉级内爆磁压缩装置初始磁场电源需求和技术难点的基础上,系统设计了核心部件选择方案和主脉冲电路及控制系统结构,研制成功一套输出电压1~40 kV可调、主放电电流脉冲上升沿约60μs、总峰值电流达3.2 MA的初始磁场电源系统,已应用于千特斯拉级内爆磁压缩装置动态试验。

致密油多场重构驱渗结合提高采收率技术

建立渗流-地质力学耦合的嵌入式裂缝流动模型,进行致密油多场耦合模拟,揭示致密油长期注水后压力场、渗流场和应力场的变化规律,在此基础上提出了致密油多场重构驱渗结合提高采收率技术。研究表明:致密油长期注水开发后,压力扩散范围小,难以建立有效驱替系统,地应力的变化幅度呈现差异性,水平最小主应力变化幅度大于水平最大主应力,注水井地应力变化幅度大于生产井,注水井周围地应力转向幅度较大。多场重构驱渗结合提高采收率技术通过注水井转采和大规模压裂技术,重构人工体积缝网系统;通过压前补能、压中增能、焖井蓄能、驱渗结合的全生命周期能量补充方法,有效解决了大规模压裂后注入介质易窜流、能量难补充的问题;通过多井联动强化渗吸效应,重构复杂缝网下驱替与渗吸结合体系,由避缝向利用裂缝转变,提高微观波及效率和驱油效率。鄂尔多斯盆地华庆油田元284区块现场应用实践表明,该技术提高采收率12个百分点,可实现致密油规模效益开发。

基于改进YOLOv5的田间大豆花朵生长状态识别方法研究

为判断大豆开花时期落花情况,对田间大豆花朵在花蕾、半开、全开、凋落四类生长状态下进行精准检测。基于YOLOv5检测模型,对主干Bottleneck CSP结构进行修改,减少模块数量来保留更多浅层特征,增强特征表达能力,在骨干网络中引入CA注意机制,以获得位置信息,协助模型更加准确地识别,并修改锚箱尺寸提高小目标花蕾精准识别,在自建的田间大豆花朵不同生长状态数据集上进行改进YOLOv5算法对比试验。结果表明:大豆开花时期花朵不同生长状态识别模型准确率达到93.4%,召回率达到91.4%,对比原模型准确率、召回率分别提高0.8%和2.1%。

豪华邮轮上层建筑开敞区域流场特性分析

[目的]豪华邮轮上层建筑开敞区域具有复杂的空间布置及外观造型,需精确模拟开敞区域的风载荷与流场特征以指导邮轮设计。[方法]采用雷诺时均(RANS)方法中的Realizable k-ε湍流模型和类子结构法模拟思路,对邮轮整船及上层建筑开敞区域的流场特性进行数值模拟,并开展风洞实验进行验证。[结果]研究表明,上层建筑开敞区域的外型及空间布置对邮轮的流场特性具有重要影响,提出的类子结构法模拟思路可以精确模拟局部区域的流场特性。[结论]在设计邮轮时,应使上层建筑整体造型呈流线型,且开敞区域相邻结构之间的高度差和间距不宜过大,所做研究对邮轮设计具有指导作用。

低空复杂风场全天候雷达精细探测技术

低空复杂风场通常指距离地面高度600 m以下,局地风速、风向快速变化的风场.其全天候大范围精细探测是雷达科学、气象学等领域的长期难题.低空复杂风场的全天候雷达精细探测涉及传感器设计、三维风场反演和全天候融合等关键技术.本文从激光雷达探测、微波雷达探测、全天候融合及特征危害提取等方面对风场探测的技术内涵及研究现状进行了梳理,并分析了发展趋势,为低空复杂风场全天候精细探测技术发展与应用提供参考.

复杂静电场问题中电势零点选取的合理性

对一个复杂静电场问题分解为两个甚至多个子问题利用叠加原理进行电势求解时,如何合理地选取各个子问题的电势零点的问题进行了研究和讨论。首先讨论了电势参考点选取的任意性和相对性,然后通过一个实际的静电场问题引出了电势参考点选取的合理性。最后,从做功与能量和唯一性定理两个方面对电势参考点选取的合理性进行了分析与讨论。