An Index Assessing the Energetic Complementarity in Time between More than Two Energy Resources

Energy complementarity can be a tool for managers to prioritize investments in new power generation ventures. An index for complementarity assessment should allow comparison of complementarities at different sites. This article proposes a new method for the calculation of complementarity index, allowing the comparison two energy resources and also allowing the comparison of more than two energy resources. In addition, the proposed index still allows the use of hourly or daily series and not only maximum or minimum values. Finally, this article also presents a map for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil, indicating the energetic complementarity in time between hydropower, wind energy and PV solar energy.

Some Remarks on Energy Storage and Energetic Complementarity

This letter to the editor presents some notes related to the technological and economic limitations of the means actually available for energy storage and highlights the role that can be played by the notion of energetic complementarity in order to make feasible alternatives for a better use of the energy resources at our disposal. The notion of complementarity may represent a major advance in the design of energy generation projects, but its application depends on a broader conception of the projects and the contexts in which they are included.

Some Concerns Related to the Idea of Energetic Complementarity and Its Application

This letter to the editor presents some notes on energetic complementarity and a growing understanding of its role as a planning tool. This letter looks at the fact that an increasing number of works in recent years on this subject has promoted an increase in its level of importance in the design and operation of energy systems. The main change is the consideration of complementarity no longer as a consequence but as a design parameter. The continental dimension of Brazil, for example, should make it obvious that complementarities should be sought among the various energy resources available.

Editorial Special Issue on “Energetic Complementarity”

This editorial presents the motivations that were the focus of the papers that make up this Special Issue on energetic complementarity. The articles deal with the application of the concept of energetic complementarity in time under certain conditions and with the proposition of new means to evaluate complementarity in time between more than two renewable energy resources. An article further proposes a method for establishing energetic complementarity in space, a concept that is important and necessary for management and planning of energy resources but does not yet have tools that allow it to be quantified and handled appropriately. In addition, two letters to the editor discuss issues that still need to be matured for a better understanding and application of the concept of energetic complementarity, both in time and space.

Complementarity Maps of Wind and Solar Energy Resources for Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

If two or more renewable energy sources are available in the same region, their complementary can be advantageous in a hybrid power system. Three indices are defined in this work for assessing the complementarity of solar and wind resources for energy production. Based on existing data of solar radiation and wind speed, these complementarity indices were calculated and represented in the form of maps for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. The results found suggest that there are some areas of the state where the use of hybrid wind-solar power systems could be more effective than single photovoltaic or wind systems.

Influence of Different Degrees of Complementarity of Solar and Hydro Energy Availability on the Performance of Hybrid Hydro PV Generating Plants

The complementarity of energy resources used in hybrid power generation can result in optimization of power capacity and reservation capabilities. This article is dedicated to the study of hybrid hydro PV systems. The goal is to establish the relationship between system performance and complementarity of energy resources. The study was carried out with computer simulations based on a method that uses ideal functions developed to describe the energy resources and determines a limit of performance. The results confirm expectations that performance, as measured by the total time of failure to meet demand, will be better as energy resources are complementary. Charts relating energy complementarity with failures are presented. The subsequent research work shall proceed to at least two different phases. In the first one, the method exposed in the present work shall be applied to real data and compared to the operation of existing hybrid plants. In the second phase, results shall be confronted with design parameters of hydro PV plants based on complementary resources. A next stage would be the enlargement of the method applied in this work for systems based on other energy resources, such as wind energy and ocean wave energy.

Bases for a Methodology Assessing Time Complementarity in Space

Energetic complementarity has been studied in recent years and can be an important tool for managers to decide on the design and operation of hybrid systems based on renewable energy resources. Complementarity is an ability presented by two or more energy resources to complement each other over time. Complementarity can be verified in one place or at different places. This second case can be termed as spatial complementarity and is more complex than the complementarity in the same place, requiring a specific approach for its quantification This paper discusses concepts related to energetic complementarity and presents the basis for a method to evaluate energetic time-complementarity across space, applying the concepts presented to the northern coast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil.

Complementarity in Time between Hydro, Wind and Solar Energy Resources in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in Southern Brazil

This work studies the complementarity between hydro, wind and solar photovoltaic energy in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil is a country highly dependent on hydro energy;however, the existent plants are not being able to cover the energy demand in recent years. In this context, the state of Rio Grande do Sul becomes important because of its potential for wind and solar photovoltaic energy, having complementarity between water, wind and solar photovoltaic schemes when hydroelectric reservoirs are at their lowest levels. This study aims to survey the complementarity of various parts of Rio Grande do Sul by proposing mathematical dimensionless ratios, focusing on intra-annual period to carry out a mapping of the entire state. It also analyses the ability to provide power supply throughout the year, through the stabilization of the energy supply, which depends on an adequate scale for photovoltaic, wind power and hydroelectric harnessing. According to the results obtained, the regions with the best complementarity indexes for deployment of a hybrid system in relation to water and wind power were the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre and the Southeast region, and the same regions also presented the best results for the complementarity between hydro and solar photovoltaic. Regarding wind and solar photovoltaic energy, the state’s northeast region presented the best results. Finally, the Northeast region of the state also presented the best results for the three energies together.

Surface Energetics Study and Determination of the Combined Negative Hamaker Coefficient for Hepatitis C Virus Infected Human Blood Cells

This study investigated the interactive effects of Hepatitis C virus on human cells using the contact angle approach. The methodology involves the use of sessile drop approach to determine the contact angle formed on the infected and uninfected blood cells in the presences of glycerin as the probe liquid. It was observed that the presence of the virus in the human blood cells depleted the immune system of infected cells giving rise to a decreased CD4 count on the average of 514.5 ± 243.10 when compared with the uninfected cells CD4 count of 1267.2 ± 368.27. The measurement of contact angle also unveils that among the blood components separated in the course of the experiment, the white blood cell is the principal target of the virus with the highest average contact angle of 63.4 ± 3.20 while the uninfected white blood cells have a lower contact angle of 48.5 ± 2.75. The result of the measured contact angle was used for MATLAB computation to determine the surface energy, force of adhesion and the Hamaker coefficient. Response surface methodology was also employed in this study to visualize the viral impact on the blood cells as well as generating model equations for prediction of the interaction between the virus and the blood cells. Infected surfaces on the average have higher values of Hamaker coefficient than uninfected surfaces. It was discovered that an increase in the contact angles causes a significant increase in Hamaker coefficient with a corresponding decrease in the CD4 counts on the infected surfaces. This increase is attributed to the presence of the HCV virus in the infected samples and the highest value was observed in the white blood cell component. Computation of the combined negative Hamaker coefficient revealed that there exists a possibility of separating the virus from the human lymphocyte, hence a negative value of the A132 of the infected sample was seen to be −0.150 × 10−18 mJ/m2 (−0.150 × 10−25 J). This is in agreement with the value reported in literature when an alternative method to contact angle was used (ultraviolent spectrophotometer approach) to investigate HIV infected human cells. The combined negative Hamaker coefficient of −0.281 × 10−25 J was obtained in that study. Both results have unveiled the possibility of applying the concept of combined negative Hamaker coefficient as a means of separating the virus from the lymphocytes. It therefore implies that additives in the form of drug(s) to the serum (as an intervening medium) which could alter the surface energy of the serum to a value of ≥−0.150 × 10−25 J can have the capability of totally isolating the virus from the lymphocytes.

Influence of Time Complementarity on Energy Storage through Batteries in Hydro PV Hybrid Energy System

The notion of energetic complementarity can be a tool for energy resource managers to prioritize energy generation projects based on renewable resources in both interconnected and independent systems. As a tool in decision-making, it is important to know better the influence of energetic complementarity on the performance of hybrid systems especially with regard to energy shortages but also in relation to other parameters. In recent years, hydro PV hybrid systems have become a growing target of researchers and designers for the idea of installing photovoltaic modules on the water surface of reservoirs. Energetic complementarity has three components: time-complementarity, energy-amplitude and amplitude-complementarity. This paper is dedicated to the study of the influence of time-complementarity on the storage of energy through batteries in hydro PV hybrid systems. The method applied is in the literature and suggests the simulation of the system under study with the idealization of energy availabilities, to remove the effects of climatic variations and the characteristic intermittency of renewable resources. Simulations were performed with the well-known software Homer. The results provided the variations of the states of charge of the batteries as a function of different time-complementarities, indicating as expected better performances associated to higher time-complementarities. The results indicated that the cost of energy for a hybrid system with 28 batteries was equal to US$ 0.502 per kWh and that this cost increased as the time complementarity between energy resources moved away from the situation corresponding to full complementarity. The simulations also showed that the maintenance of the zero failure condition supplying the demands of the consumer loads requires that the load be reduced to 52% if the complementarity is reduced from the full complementarity to zero complementarity, with the cost of energy going from US$ 0.502 per kWh to US$ 0.796 per kWh. The results also allow a better understanding of the influence of time complementarity on the performance of hybrid systems.

三基发射药热烧蚀特性及变化规律

为了研究三基发射药热烧蚀特性及变化规律,制备了组分含量不同的多种三基发射药,采用半密闭爆发器模拟烧蚀试验方法测定发射药样品的烧蚀性,分析了发射药高能组分含量、增塑剂含量对发射药爆温的影响规律,以及发射药爆温对烧蚀特性的影响规律。结果表明,环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX)、硝基胍(NQ)、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)含量改变会引起发射药爆温的变化,进而影响烧蚀性能。RDX含量增加1%,爆温增加0.59%,发射药烧蚀率增加1.23%;与未加入RDX相比,加入2%RDX的发射药烧蚀率增加23.38%;NQ含量增加1%,爆温降低0.23%,发射药烧蚀率降低0.56%;DOP含量增加1%,爆温降低2.99%,发射药烧蚀率降低7.01%。针对爆温在2600~3100 K的范围内的三基发射药,建立了质量烧蚀率与爆温的指数关系式,并分别给出了RDX、NQ、DOP体系的特征系数,为0.106、0.101、0.163。

含能材料的组装及其性能研究进展

含能材料的形貌及结构对其各项性能具有显著影响,为改善现有含能材料的固有性能,含能材料的组装是一种有效的技术手段。基于国内外学者的相关工作,从单一组分含能材料通过组装直接影响结构从而调控其性能、多组分复合含能材料的组分及复合结构协同调控性能两个角度出发,综述了当前含能材料的组装方法及其对性能的调控效果,阐述了其它功能材料组装对含能材料的启示。当前,单一组分含能材料组装可以带来新的炸药形貌,多组分组装可以弥补现有性能调控的不足,实现能量及安全性能协同提升,但含能材料的组装发展还面临着组装方法单一、过程调控难、组装机制尚不明确、多组分研究不够深入等问题。未来研究可以重点关注含能材料晶体组装理论完善、微介观表征技术发展及新组装技术探索三个角度。

四硝基并哌嗪(TNAD)与推进剂组分相容性的DSC法评估

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC),研究了四硝基并哌嗪(TNAD)与奥克托今(HMX)、黑索今(RDX)、二硝基哌嗪(DNP)、1.25/1-NC/NG混合物、3-硝基-1,2,4-3-己基铅(NTO-Pb)、铝粉(13.8μm)和吉钠(D INA)等含能组分的相容性;同时也研究了TNAD与聚乙二醇(M=10000)、二异氰酸酯(N-100)、2-硝基二苯胺(2-NDPA)、1,3-二甲基-1,3-二苯基脲(C2)、炭黑(C.B.)、三氧化二铝(A l2O3)、2,4-二羟基苯甲酸铜(β-Cu)、己二酸铜(AD-Cu)和邻苯二甲酸铅(φ-Pb)等惰性材料的相容性。研究表明:TNAD与NC+NG、RDX、NTO-Pb和PET相容性较好;与D INA、HMX轻微敏感;而对2-NDPA,φ-Pb,-βCu,AD-Cu和A l2O3等惰性材料敏感,与DNP、PEG,N-100,C2和C.B.等不相容。由此可见,TNAD能与推进剂主要组分相容,可在NC+NG体系的改性双基推进剂中应用。

铯、锶在花岗岩及其成岩矿物上的吸附研究——吸附等温线的测定及能量不均匀吸附等温模型

测定了Cs、Sr在花岗岩及其成岩矿物(钾长石、钠长石、石英、黑云母、角闪石)中的吸附等温线。结果表明,Cs、Sr在花岗岩及钾长石、钠长石、黑云母、角闪石中的吸附可用Freundlich等温方程描述,Cs、Sr在石英中不吸附。在假定各矿物是由各能量不相同的吸附点组成,且某一吸附点上的局部等温式可用Freundlich方程表示,吸附物质各点的能量分布可用γ几率函数描述的基础上,本文推导出了能量不均匀吸附物质的吸附等温模型,并得到了实验结果的验证。

植物残体腐解物能态特征及其与组分的关系

通过对不同肥力条件下、不同腐解时期苜蓿残体腐解物进行组分分离,并分别对腐解物原样及去除各组分后的样品进行差热分析及红外光谱分析,结果表明:据DTA曲线中330℃特征放热峰的变化规律可将腐解过程分为波动起伏—急剧下降—趋于稳定3个阶段。苯-醇溶性物与水溶性物不影响腐解物总的能态变化规律,纤维素、半纤维素及木质素共同决定了腐解物的能态变化特征。

贮氢合金燃烧剂与固体推进剂常用含能组分的相容性研究

贮氢合金是一种能在晶体的空隙中大量贮存氢原子的功能材料,可以制成一种新型燃烧剂以作为固体推进剂的重要组分。利用差示扫描量热(DSC)法研究了贮氢合金燃烧剂与固体推进剂常用含能组分高氯酸铵(AP)、黑索今(RDX)、六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)、1/1-NG/DEGDN、硝化棉(NC)的相容性。结果表明,贮氢合金燃烧剂与这些含能组分均相容。

含能材料部件几何量测量技术应用进展

总结了含能材料部件及其几何量测量的相关定义,并从机械量具测量、固定式三坐标机测量、便携式坐标测量、光学非接触三维测量四方面综述了国内外含能材料部件几何量测量技术的应用进展,分析了各种测量技术的优缺点,提出了光学非接触测量技术在含能材料部件几何量测量方面的应用前景,并指出了未来含能材料部件在不同精度要求、尺寸范围内的几何量测量技术发展方向。

有机残体（苜蓿）腐解过程中腐解物能态的研究

将粉碎的苜蓿样装砂滤管埋入不同施肥处理的长期定位试验地，分期取出腐解物样品，并将其进行组分分离，测定燃烧热值，以探讨苜蓿样腐解过程中的能态变化特点及各组分对腐解过程中腐解物总热值的影响，结果表明：苜蓿样腐解过程中腐解物的能态变化可分为波动起伏（第１～７月）、急剧下降（第８，９月）和趋于平稳（第９月以后）３个阶段；纤维素、半纤维素及木质素类物质是影响腐解物热值的主要因素；腐解前期腐解物的能态与土壤肥力呈反相关。

基于天气分型的风光出力互补性分析方法

基于天气分型的风光出力互补性定量分析方法能够科学指导风光互补发电系统优化调度。针对现有天气分型方法中主成分分析法无法提取非线性特征,分布领域嵌入(t-SNE)算法未考虑样本实际分布等不足,提出了基于核主成分分析(KPCA)和自组织特征映射(SOFM)神经网络的天气分型及风光出力互补性分析方法。首先,基于数值天气预报数据,利用KPCA进行特征向量提取;然后,以特征向量为输入条件,构建基于SOFM神经网络的天气类型划分模型;最后,基于波动互补率和爬坡互补率评估指标,从波动性和爬坡性2个角度定量分析不同天气类型下风光出力互补程度和最佳并网容量比例。结果表明不同天气类型下风光出力波动互补性及最佳并网容量比例差异明显,验证了所提方法的有效性。

近红外技术在含能材料领域的应用研究进展

针对目前含能材料研究领域的薄弱环节——生产过程的质量控制,综述了近红外光谱(NIRS)技术在含能材料成分检测、含量及混合均匀性分析方面的研究现状。指出NIRS技术结合化学计量学方法较传统离线分析手段具有快速准确的优势,有望实现含能材料生产过程质量的在线分析,从而为我国含能材料领域连续化和自动化生产提供技术支撑。