Analysis and Verification of the Conserved MYB Binding Element in the DFR Promoter in Compositae

Anthocyanins,ubiquitous in the Compositae family,are regulated by MYB(v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog),playing an important role in anthocyanin synthesis.In this study,we analyzed the regulation pathway in which the MYB protein of subgroup 6 promotes dihydroflavonol reductase(DFR)expression in Compositae,and validated this law in Saussurea medusa through yeast one-hybrid experiments.Our results showed that MYB and DFR underwent purification selection,DFR promoter analysis revealed the presence of MYB binding site(GAGTTGAATGG)and bHLH binding site(CANNTG)at the sense strand of 84–116 nucleotide residues from the start codon.These two motifs were separated by 9–10 nucleotide residues,as existed in the DFR promoters of many Compositae plants.Furthermore,the yeast one-hybrid experiment demonstrated that SmMYB1 can activate the promoter of SmDFR.Our results provide a reference for further functional study of DFR in Compositae.

Differences in leaf functional traits between exotic and native Compositae plant species

This study aims to determine the differences in leaf functional traits and phenotypic plasticity of leaf functional traits between exotic and native Compositae plant species. Leaf width of exotic plants was significantly lower than that of native species. Leaf length, specific leaf area(SLA), single-leaf wet and dry weights, leaf moisture, and leaf thickness of exotic plants were also lower than those of native species but not significantly. The leaf shape index of exotic plants was higher than that of native species but not significantly. This implies that the relatively low leaf construction cost for exotic plants may play an important role in the success of their invasions. The higher leaf shape index and lower leaf width of exotic plants can enhance the efficiency of resource capture(especially sunlight capture) via adjustments to leaf shape and size, thereby increasing the survival of exotic plants. The plasticity indices of single-leaf wet weight and leaf thickness of exotic plants were significantly lower than those of native species. The lower phenotypic plasticity of single-leaf wet weight and leaf thickness of exotic plants may be the result of a cost to plasticity. That is, if the plasticity is too high, the fitness of plant species might be reduced sharply under unfavorable environments. Thus, lower plasticity of leaf functional traits may compensate for the negative impact of adverse environments and stabilize leaf construction costs for exotic plants. Moreover, reduced phenotypic plasticity might be one of the key competitive strategies by which exotic plants successfully invade new habitats. Overall, exotic plants did not always exhibit higher values of leaf functional traits or increased phenotypic plasticity of leaf functional traits compared with native species.

A Comparative Study on Pb Tolerance and Enrichment Characteristics among Different Species of Compositae

In order to find landscape plants purifying Pb pollution of soil,a pot experiment was conducted to study Pb resistance and enrichment characteristics of six species of Compositae plants( Aster ageratoides,Rudbeckia hirta,Cosmos sulphureus,Gynura bicolor,Calendula officinalis,Bidens pilosa) in different soil Pb concentrations. The results showed that the dry weight of aboveground part in the six plants decreased with the increase of soil Pb concentration. The tolerance index( TI) of C. sulphureus,G. bicolor and C. officinalis was greater than 0. 5 in all concentrations,and the root tolerance index( RTI) was greater than 0. 9,which were better resistant to Pb stress. The maximum Pb content in aboveground part of R. hirta was 1 783 mg/kg,and the enrichment and transport coefficients were all greater than 1. When the soil Pb concentration was 500 mg/kg,the total Pb accumulation in the aboveground part of R. hirta was 2. 507 mg/plant. Finally based on the integrated observation of the enrichment coefficient,transport factor and repair potential index,it believed that R. hirta can be used to restore Pb contaminated soil at low concentration.

Inhibitive effects of three compositae plants on Microcystis aeruginosa

Based on common phenomena of biochemical interaction between plants and microorganisms,the inhibitive effects of three common terrestrial compositae plants,namely Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC.,Conyza canadensis(L.)Cronq.,and Kalimeris indica(L.)Sch.-Bip.on the blue algae Microcystis aeruginosa was studied.Live compositae plants are co-cultivated with algae in two different inoculation doses for 10 days in 5-pools incubators,in order to exclude the influence of bacteria and nutrients.The results show that Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC has the most inhibitive potential among the three plants as evidenced by the most drastic decrease in optical density(OD680)of the algae.The inhibition rate is 93.3%(with initial inoculation dose of 2.0×10^(6) Cells/mL)and 89.3%(with initial inoculation dose of 4.0×10^(6) Cells/mL)respectively on the 10th day of cultivation.The average inhibition rate during the later half of the experiment is 0.76(with initial inoculation dose of 2.0×10^(6) Cells/mL)and 0.71(with initial inoculation dose of 4.0×10^(6) Cells/mL),respectively.Logistic model analysis shows that compositae plants such as A.lavandulaefolia DC.causes the reduction of the habitat’s carrying capacity of algae.ANOVA analysis is used to determine the similarity and differences between every experimental group and an average inhibitive rate model is used to evaluate the inhibition effects.The results show that A.lavandulaefolia DC.,which grow well in the aquatic environment,may have a great potential in controlling algae bloom in eutrophic water.

Achene Wall Anatomy and Surface Sculpturing of Lactuca L. and Related Genera （Compositae： Lactuceae） with Notes on Their Systematic Significance

The achene wail anatomy and surface sculpturing of 14 species representing Lactuca L. and related genera were Investigated to evaluate inter-and Intrageneric relationships. The achene wall anatomy of the studied species can be divided Into two types： winged and ribbed. The winged type is present in Lactuca L., Pterocypsela Shlh, Clcerblta Wallr., Chaetoserls Shlh and Stenoseris Shlh, and is characterized by protruding wings and costae in transverse section. Winged type achene mesocarps are composed of parenchymatous cells and fiber ceils, and the distinct fibrous strands are confined to the costae or wings of the achenes. The ribbed type is present in Notoseris Shih and Paraprenanthes Chang ex Shih, and Is characterized by only having costae In transverse section. Fiber cells are continuous in the costae and intercostae, in surface sculpturing, the ornamentation and the shape of epidermal cells are different among these genera. The results Indicate that L. altalca and L. serrlola should be conspeclfic, and that L. dollchophylla is probably an Intermediate taxon between Lactuca and Chaetoserls. The results also support the separation of Pterocypseia, Paraprenanthes, Notoseris, Chaetoseris and Stenoserls from Lactuca and Clcerblta as independent entitles. Close affinities between Pterocypsela and Lactuca, Paraprenanthes and Notoserls, and Chaetoserls and Stenoserls are also proposed.

Pollen Morphology of Eight Genera of the Subtribe Mutisiinae Less. sensu Bremer （Compositae） from Asia

The pollen morphology of 28 species and one variety representing eight genera of the subtribe Mutisiinae Less. sensu Bremer （Compositae） was investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and light microscopy. The pollen grains are usually radically symmetrical, isopolar, and tricolporate. The shape varies from spheroidal to subprolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in polar view. Based on exine sculpturing observed under SEM, the pollen grains can be divided into three types： （i） type Ⅰ, with macrogranulate sculpture; （ii） type Ⅱ, with a finely granulate sculpture; and （iii） type Ⅲ with spiny sculpture. The palynological data showed that the Macroclinidium Maxim. was remarkably distinguished from those of the other seven genera. The variation of pollen characteristics within the Mutisiinae in Asia is little at species level, but it proves some useful information for studying the relationships among genera and it has an important significance in further understanding the evolutionary history of Mutisiinae.

京山县绿林镇菊科植物区系及资源调查分析

对湖北省京山县绿林镇菊科(Compositae)植物区系资源进行了调查,结果表明该区共有菊科植物55属80种,具我国种子植物属15个地理分布区类型中的12个。从起源来看,绿林镇地区菊科植物以温带起源为主,温带属占63.6%(35属),热带属占21.8%(12属),世界分布属占12.7%(7属),有1个中国特有属,说明该地区菊科植物区系有以温带成分为主多类成分共存的特点。该地区菊科资源植物十分丰富,按其性质和用途可分为野生蔬菜类、蜜源植物类、观赏植物类、药用植物类、香料植物类、杀虫植物类等,具有较大开发利用价值。

Two New Lanostane-type Triterpenoids from Mulgedium tataricum

Two new triterpenoids, lanost-9（11）, 23Z（24）-dicnc-3β, 25-diol （1） and lanost-9（11）, 25- diene-3β, 24-diol （2） were isolated from Mulgedium tataricum L. Their structures wcrc elucidated by spectral methods.

A New Sesquiterpene Lactone from Scorzonera austriaca

A new guaianolide was isolated from the roots of Scorzonera austriaca. The structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral methods including 2D NMR.

Sesquiterpene Lactones from Elephantopus scaber

A new germacranolide sesquiterpene lactone, isoscabertopin, was isolated from Elephantopus scaber together with the known scabertopin. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods.

Three Novel Eremophilanolides from Ligularia virgaurea spp.oligocephala

From the alcoholic extract of the whole plant of Ligularia virgaurea spp. oligocephala,three novel eremophilane sesquiterpene lactones, 6α, 10α-dihydroxy-1-oxoeremophila- 7(11),8(9)-dien-8, 12-olide, 6β, 10α-dihydroxy-1-oxoeremophila-7 (11), 8 (9)-dien-8, 12-olide and10α-diydroxy-1-oxoeremophila-7(11), 8 (9)-dien-8, 12 olide were isolated. Their structure s wereelucidated by various, spectroscopic methods including intensive 2D NMR techniques (COSY,HMQC, HMBC and ~1H-~1H NOESY) and HR-MS.

A New Glycoside from Erigeron Breviscapus

Erigeside I was isolated from Erigeron breviscapus. The structure elucidation and H-1. C-13 NMR. assignments were achieved by spectroscopic method.

Two New Norsesquiterpenes from Ixeris polycephala

The chemical investigation of Ixeris polycephala afforded two new norsesquiterpenes, named as ixerols A and B （1-2）. Their structures were established based on spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR experiments. The absolute structure of ixerol B was determined by its CD spectrum.

Three New Glyceroglycolipids from Serratula strangulata

Three new glyceroglycolipids, strangulatoside A1, B2 and C3, were isolated from the stems of serratula strangulata (Compositae). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data, especially 2DNMR methods and chemical conversion.

Two new eudesmane sesquiterpenes from Lactuca sativa var.anagustata L

Two new eudesmane sesquiterpene lactones were isolated from the stalk of Lactuca sativa vat anagustata L and their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR （1H-1H COSY, HMBC and NOESY） as 1β-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-4α-hydroxyl-5α, 6β, 11βH-eudesma-12, 6α-olide （1） and 1β-hydroxyl-15-O-（p-methoxyphenylacetyl）-5α, 6β, 11 βH-eudesma-3-en- 12, 6a-olide （2）.

Two New Triterpenoids from Saussurea petrovii

Two new taraxastane-type triterpenes. 3 beta. 21 beta -dihydroxyl-20(30)-en-taraxastane 1 and 3 beta. 30-dihydroxy-20(21)-en-taraxastane 2. were isolated from Saussurea petrovii. Their structures were elucidated by spectral methods (EIMS. IR. 1D and 2DNMR).

A New Ecdysteroid from Rhaponticum uniflorum

A new phytoecdysteroid was isolated from the root of Rhaponticum uniflorum. Its structure has been shown to be 2, 3, 20, 22-diacetonide ajugasterone.

Two New Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes from Leontopodium longifolium

Two new bisabolane sesquiterpenes were isolated from the roots of Leontoptdium longifolium. Their structures were elucidated as 4α, 5α-diacetoxy-lα-angeloyloxybisabol-2, 9, ll-triene and 4α, 5α-diacetoxy-lα-angeloyloxy-ll-hydroxybisabol-2, 9-diene by spectroscopic methods including the 2D NMR techniques.

Two New Eremophilenolides from Ligularia fischeri

Chemical investigation of L. fischeri afforded two new eremophilenolides. which were identified as 6 beta-methoxy-8 beta-hpdroxy-eremophil-7(11)-en-12,8 alpha-olide 1; 6-oxo-8 beta-hydroxy-eremophil-7(11)-en- 12.8 alpha-olide 2.