Research on Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technologies in Power Systems

Power systems are critical to modern society,providing the backbone for all economic,industrial,and residential activities.However,these systems face significant threats from both natural and man-made disasters,such as earthquakes,floods,hurricanes,cyber-attacks,and equipment failures.The vulnerability of power systems to these disasters can result in prolonged outages,economic losses,safety risks,and social consequences.This paper explores various disaster prevention and mitigation technologies employed in power systems to enhance resilience and ensure reliable electricity supply during and after disasters.It discusses early warning systems for natural hazards,resilient infrastructure designs,and cybersecurity measures to defend against man-made threats.Additionally,it examines fault detection,power system restoration,and disaster-resilient control strategies that aid in quick recovery from disruptions.The integration of smart grids,renewable energy sources,and advanced control technologies is emphasized as crucial for improving disaster preparedness and minimizing recovery time.Through the application of these technologies,power systems can better withstand and recover from the growing risks posed by both natural and human-induced disasters.

Overview on Mangrove Forest Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Functions

This paper provides a comprehensive overview on coastal protection and hazard mitigation by mangroves.Previous stud-ies have made great strides to understand the mechanisms and influencing factors of mangroves’protection function,including wave energy dissipation,storm surge damping,tsunami mitigation,adjustment to sea level rise and wind speed reduction,which are sys-tematically summarized in this study.Moreover,the study analyzes the extensive physical models,based on indoor flume experi-ments and numerical models,that consider the interaction between mangroves and hydrodynamics,to help our understanding of mangrove-hydrodynamic interactions.Additionally,quantitative approaches for valuing coastal protection services provided by man-groves,including index-based and process-resolving approaches,are introduced in detail.Finally,we point out the limitations of previous studies,indicating that efforts are still required for obtaining more long-term field observations during extreme weather events,to create more real mangrove models for physical experiments,and to develop numerical models that consider the flexible properties of mangroves to better predict wave propagation in mangroves having complex morphology and structures.

Comprehensive Disaster Risk Prevention of "the Belt and Road Initiative":Important Significance,Catastrophe Risk,International Cooperation and Strategic Countermeasure

"The Belt and Road Initiative"is major decision proposed by the CPC Central Committee with comrade Xi Jinping as the core co-ordinating the domestic and international overall situations,and concerns peaceful rise of China and extension of the strategic opportunity period of modernization construction.It needs multi-faceted safeguards to successfully impel"the Belt and Road Initiative",in which disaster risk identification and its effective prevention and control are indispensable links.By integrating geogeographic and atmospheric environmental factors,countries along"the Belt and Road Initiative"belong to frequent occurrence region of major natural disasters.It restricts not only the economic and social development of relevant countries but also implementation effect of"the Belt and Road Initiative"construction,and is also related to the success or failure of Chinese enterprises going out to a certain extent.It should enhance disaster prevention and mitigation and ensure safety of major infrastructure construction related to interconnection of"the Belt and Road Initiative"by disaster identification and prevention,which is the key of successfully impelling strategy implementation and major need for guaranteeing the people s livelihood of the countries along the line.The work of disaster prevention and mitigation in the countries along the line is generally weak,and it is urgent to raise the level of disaster prevention as a whole by promoting the disaster prevention and mitigation cooperation in the"the Belt and Road Initiative"area;improve the coverage and level of disaster risk insurance;enhance construction in monitoring and early warning capability of natural disaster;strengthen structural adjustment of economy,industry and land use responding to climate change risks;establish a comprehensive disaster reduction forum of"the Belt and Road Initiative",and contain relevant content in"the Belt and Road Initiative"series of high-end forum topics.

Reflection on China's Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Construction after Rainstorm and Snowstorm

On July 10,2004,Beijing was hit by the rainstorm that has not been seen for many years,which caused water accumulation in many places of the urban area,power supply interruption in many places,and traffic paralysis for nearly 5 h. On July 12,2004,the rainstorm in Shanghai lasted less than 1 h,but it caused 7 deaths,more than 20 injuries,extensive power outages and traffic paralysis. At the end of 2005,the continuous snowfall in Weihai City of Shandong Province for half a month caused direct economic losses of over 200 million yuan,and the continuous heavy snowfall had a serious impact on people’s lives. From July 17 to 23,2021,Henan Province suffered a rare extremely heavy rainstorm in history,with a direct economic loss of 120.6 billion yuan. Faced with such urban meteorological disasters and other types of urban disasters,combined with the current situation of disaster prevention and reduction in China,what will managers,decision-makers,and experts and scholars think about from them.

Study on Risk Assessment of Summer Rainstorm Disaster and Countermeasures for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation in Shaoyang City

Using summer(June-August)precipitation observation data in 10 representative stations of Shaoyang City during 1971-2021 and disaster data caused by summer rainstorm in nine counties(cities)and four districts of Shaoyang during 1981-2021,statistical analysis on summer rainstorm and its caused disaster in Shaoyang was conducted,and spatial and temporal characteristics of summer rainstorm and spatial distribution rule of disaster were found out.The results showed that(1)the rainstorm disaster in Shaoyang City occurs almost every year and is highly seasonal.(2)Rainstorm disaster loss is the first of other meteorological disasters.(3)The summer rainstorm disaster has the characteristics of sudden and destructive.On this basis,the relative grades of rainstorm disaster risk degree and disaster loss degree were divided,and the risk assessment of rainstorm and flood disaster in Shaoyang City was made,and the disaster prevention and mitigation measures and countermeasures were put forward.The research could provide scientific decision basis for party and government departments guiding flood fighting and disaster relief.

Research on the Prevention and Control Methods for Forest Disasters in China's Forestry Ecological Environment Construction

With the development of economy,China has gradually begun to pay attention to the protection of the natural environment.Under the concept of"lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets",importance has been attached to the development of forestry economy.The protection of forest resources and the prevention and control of disasters are important contents and necessary components in the construction of China's forestry ecological environment.Through the analysis and research on the types of forest disasters(forest fires,biological disasters,meteorological disasters,geological disasters,deforestation)and disaster-causing factors,some basic countermeasures were put forward with the aim to enhance the production capacity of forest resources,improve the ecological environment of forest resources and prevent forest resource disasters.

Overview of Earthquake Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation in China1

As an earthquake-prone country, China has made sustained efforts in the study of earthquakes and disaster mitigation during the past several decades, with China Seismological Bureau (CSB) as the backbone of these efforts. Working towards this purpose, a series of key projects were implemented in the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” (1995-2000) to upgrade earthquake monitoring systems and to improve the supporting infrastructure, significant results in earthquake science were achieved. In the new century, we have worked out a blueprint for earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation in the “Tenth Five-Year Plan”, which emphases 3 systems (i.e. Seismic Monitoring & Prediction, Seismic Hazards Prevention, Emergency Response), and 10 key projects in earthquake science and technology.

Localization Applications of 3D-GIS Artificial Weather Modification Operational Command System in Fuxin, China

Based on the command and management requirements of weather modification operations in Fuxin City, China, a new generation of three-dimensional operation command system platform for new artificial weather modification was developed and developed using modern communication network technology. The system uses integrated three-dimensional geographic information system (3D-GIS), global positioning system (GPS) positioning and virtual reality technology to calculate, analyze and process the new basic geographic information and weather modification information vector data, generate real-time weather modification operations and guide products in Fuxin area, and realize the impact on labor. The three-dimensional, comprehensive and effective management of basic weather information, early warning and forecast information, disaster prevention and mitigation information and other decision support information provides technical support for scientifically and effectively managing and directing weather modification operations.

Study on Risk Prevention of Rainstorm Disaster in the Jinji River of Guilin

The research aimed to prevent and reduce rainstorm disaster in the Jinji River of Yongfu County,Guilin City.Distribution of population,cultivated land and GDP in the Jinji River were analyzed,and the influence of historical rainstorm process was studied.Moreover,high risk area of meteorological disasters and the region not suitable for constructing residential areas,development zones and projects were distinguished,and its influence on agriculture and forestry was analyzed.If it was necessary to build residential areas,development zones and projects or the human society has already been in the high-risk area of meteorological disasters and it was difficult to move,what engineering measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence of risks.The research could provide scientific basis for design standard of disaster prevention engineering,to prevent the occurrence of disaster risk.

How far have we come?Review of main public policies to reduce landslide impacts in Brazil

During the rainy season in Brazil,landslides can have catastrophic consequences,including loss of life,damage to urban infrastructure and significant economic impacts.Now,more than eight million people in Brazil live in disaster-prone areas.The objective of this article is to present a chronological review of the principal policies and programmes at the national,state,and municipal levels,with an emphasis on their key actions aimed at mitigating the impact of disasters related to natural hazards,particularly landslides.Our analysis was based on official records of public policies from the national,state,and municipal governments.The results show that several initiatives were initially developed at the local and regional level.However,it was not until the late 1980s that a comprehensive organisation of civil protection at the national level emerged as a response measure.It is possible to highlight three phases(understanding,coexistence,and prevention)of institutional action focused on risk management in the face of disasters.Despite the growing knowledge of risk scenarios,disasters continue to occur in Brazil on an annual basis,revealing several obstacles to reducing their impact,particularly given the social and economic disparities between Brazilian regions and the applicability of public policies that must overcome the limitations of each municipality.

Networking Observation and Applications of Chinese Ocean Satellites

This paper presents the networking observation capabilities of Chinese ocean satellites and their diverse applications in ocean disaster prevention,ecological monitoring,and resource development.Since the inaugural launch in 2002,China has achieved substantial advancements in ocean satellite technology,forming an observation system composed of the HY-1,HY-2,and HY-3 series satellites.These satellites are integral to global ocean environmental monitoring due to their high resolution,extensive coverage,and frequent observations.Looking forward,China aims to further enhance and expand its ocean satellite capabilities through ongoing projects to support global environmental protection and sustainable development.

Preparing Youth for Disasters: The Need for a Contextualised Disaster Risk Reduction Curriculum in Schools

This study draws from detailed qualitative case studies of three schools that practise disaster risk reduction (DRR) education initiatives in their curriculum in Nepal. Using curriculum mapping and discourse analysis, it aims to elaborate the significance of relevant disaster risk reduction (DRR) content in school curriculum to prepare youths for disaster response and recovery. It elaborates the nature of the current DRR content covered in curricula and textbooks and provides suggestions to address the identified disaster-related issues in the school curriculum. It further elaborates that incorporation of local and contextualised DRR content in school curricula contributes to the establishment of the “culture of resilience” in disaster prone context like Nepal. It concludes that more organised and holistic approach is essential to develop disaster and management knowledge, skills and attitudes to youths.

Digital twin approach for enhancing urban resilience:A cycle between virtual space and the real world

Construction of disaster-resilient cities has attracted considerable attention.However,traditional methods of studying urban disaster resilience through experimental approaches are often constrained by various limitations,such as testing sites,costs and ethical considerations.To address these constraints,this paper proposes incor-porating digital twin concepts into urban disaster resilience research.By establishing a connection between the physical realm of the city and its virtual counterpart,this approach utilizes digital simulations to overcome the limitations of experimental methods and enables dynamic deduction and control of the disaster process.This pa-per delves into three key aspects encompassing the acquisition of data from reality to the virtual space,disaster simulation within the virtual space,and translation of virtual insights into effective disaster prevention strate-gies in reality.It provides a comprehensive summary of relevant research endeavors from the authors’research group and showcases the effectiveness and potential of the proposed techniques.These findings serve as refer-ences for pre-disaster planning,real-time emergency assessments,post-disaster rescue operations,and accident investigations for buildings and cities.

秦巴山区历史文化街区建筑综合防灾评估研究——以恒口老街区为例

秦巴山区因其独特的地理和气候条件成为防灾减灾救灾的重点区域,而其历史文化街区的建筑是安全隐患的主要承载体。该文综合考虑秦巴山区历史文化街区建筑不安全性因素,从建筑单体和建筑组群两个层面,以及建筑本体、建筑附属和建筑环境三个维度,构建了历史文化街区建筑综合防灾的评估框架,并以陕西省第四批历史文化街区恒口老街区为例开展研究。结果表明:恒口老街区在建筑本体防灾、附属防灾及环境防灾在6大组群和1219栋单体建筑内存在显著差异,防灾能力较强区域均呈面状分散于街巷两侧;而防灾薄弱点则多为可达性较低的组群内部。该结果为减轻街区建筑灾害风险危险性、降低建筑承灾体易损性、增强建筑自适性以及提高建筑的可恢复性,提供了研判技术依据和改进方向。

政府培训对洪灾风险区农户防灾减灾意愿与行为影响研究

面对洪灾威胁,采取有效的防灾减灾行为能够保障农户的生命财产安全,政府培训是促进农户主动采取防灾减灾行为的重要举措。该研究以四川省洪灾风险区540户农户为调查对象,实证检验了政府培训、培训广度对农户采取防灾减灾行为的影响以及农户防灾减灾意愿的中介效应。结果表明,随着农户参与政府培训以及培训广度的增加,其越有可能采取防灾减灾行为,政府培训及培训广度每增加一个单位,农户采取防灾减灾行为的可能性相应增加10.68%和4.19%。农户拥有谋生技能状况和受灾经历会对其采取防灾减灾行为造成正向显著影响。农户防灾减灾意愿在政府培训、培训广度影响农户采取防灾减灾行为方面发挥了中介效应,中介效应占比分别为15.17%和12.29%。

Analysis on the Influence of Meteorological Disasters on China Tourism Industry

Main meteorological disasters and their destruction on tourism landscape (including natural landscape and human landscape) were analyzed by using the methods of statistical analysis and cited examples, the impact of meteorological disasters on tourism brand, tourism decision, tourism transport, peak tourist season and the threat on tourism industry chain were studied, the main tourism meteorological disasters in North China, East China, Central China, Northeast Region, Southeast Region and Southwest Region were summarized, and some comprehensive measures of meteorological disaster for prevention and mitigation were put forward.

灌溉诱发型滑坡风险下农户对节水农业的采纳意愿研究

灌溉诱发型滑坡在我国黄土高原广布频发,对农村社会经济发展和农户生计造成极大威胁。节水农业作为从根本上治理灌溉诱发型滑坡的有效手段,其减灾效果极大依赖于当地农户的采纳及持续使用。研究拓展了英国国际发展署提出的可持续生计框架,从主客观层面阐释农户在自然灾害风险下的技术采纳影响因素,以此为理论基础探究农户对节水农业(包括滴灌设施和抗旱作物)的动态采纳意愿及其作用机制,以期理解灾害风险下的农户决策并为防灾减灾提供参考。以具有“现代滑坡天然实验室”之称的甘肃永靖黑方台为研究区,利用363份农户问卷数据和二元Logistic模型进行分析。结果表明:①社会资本对不同滑坡经历农户的节水农业采纳意愿均有显著正向影响,而自然资本对未经历滑坡的农户有显著负向影响,心理资本对经历过滑坡的农户有显著正向影响;②自我效能能够加强心理资本对初次采纳意愿的影响;③农户持续使用节水农业的意愿低于初次采纳的意愿,并且人力资本显著负向影响农户持续使用意愿。研究成果有助于明晰农户初次和持续采纳节水农业意愿的动态变化,厘清影响农户采纳节水农业意愿的因素及其作用机制,为灌溉诱发型滑坡区和其他地区节水农业的推广和防灾减灾提供启示。

成达万高铁复杂山区段防灾减灾选线设计

复杂山区地质灾害易发,防灾减灾需求尤为突出,而高速铁路平面曲线半径大,适应地形和绕避不良地质的灵活性较差,故山区选线矛盾较为突出。为研究复杂山区高速铁路防灾减灾选线方法,在借鉴西南山区其他铁路成功选线经验基础上,根据成达万高铁工程特点,梳理区域地质灾害识别思路,对比分析绕避和低风险通过的线路方案,结合防灾减灾选线的案例,总结平行岭谷岩溶区段地质选线原则,并合理利用桥隧等工程措施提升防灾能力。通过调查、案例分析和比较研究等方法,归纳出“一绕、二降、三强化”防灾减灾总体设计原则,总结出“消灾源、控灾频”的全生命周期预防措施。该研究拓展了复杂山区铁路防灾减灾设计思路,为高速铁路防灾减灾选线设计提供经验。

STUDY ON TYPHOON DISASTER LOSS AND RISK PREDICTION AND BENEFIT ASSESSMENT OF DISASTER PREVENTION AND MITIGATION

Based on the meteorological monitoring data of Typhoon Nesat and Haitang in Fujian Province in 2017, the data of the typhoon disaster situation and third-party evaluation of typhoon disaster prevention and mitigation benefit were investigated. By using the mean value anomaly estimation method in the similarity analysis method, it is estimated that typhoon Nesat and Haitang will cause direct economic losses of 0.8 ～ 1.8 billion yuan, and the typhoon disaster risk index evaluation model is used. The disaster risk pre-assessment of Typhoon Nesat and Haitang is carried out. The results of the study and analysis show that the pre-assessment results of Typhoon Nesat and Haitang are basically consistent with the actual disaster situation. The disaster loss was reduced to the minimum. According to the third party evaluation and investigation, it was concluded that the contribution rate of reducing economic benefits was 75% in Fujian Province for preventing and landing double typhoons Nesat and Haitang. Mainly reflected in the ship return to the port to avoid the wind, geological hazards prone to the site construction and cage culture danger removal reinforcement and other links; The contribution rate of reducing casualties is 86, mainly reflected in fishermen disembarkation and personnel transfer to safety emergency shelter and other links. The benefit of this double typhoon disaster prevention and mitigation in Fujian Province is about 0.6 billion yuan to reduce the direct economic loss. According to the investigation, the overall satisfaction of the double typhoon meteorological service is 91.0 points. Typhoon early warning information service convenience satisfaction is 91.4 points, early warning information accuracy satisfaction is 87.2 points, government departments strong anti-Taiwan disaster reduction organization, linkage departments participate in disaster prevention and mitigation high. However, there is a gap between public awareness and participation in typhoon disasters.

Extracting water body data based on SDWI and threshold segmentation:A case study in permafrost area surrounding Salt Lake in Hoh Xil,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

There are a large number of lakes,rivers,and other natural water bodies distributed in the permafrost area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).The changes in water bodies will affect the distribution of water resources in sur-rounding areas and downstream areas,resulting in environmental impact and bringing potential flood disasters,which will induce more serious issues and problems in alpine and high-altitude areas with a fragile habitat(such as the QTP in China).Generally,effective,reasonable,and scientific monitoring of large-scale water bodies can not only document the changes in water bodies intuitively,but also provide important theoretical reference for subsequent environmental impact prediction,and disaster prevention and mitigation in due course of time.The large-scale water extraction technology derived from the optical remote sensing(RS)image is seriously affected by clouds,bringing about large differences among the extracted water result products.Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)RS technology has the unique advantage characteristics of all-weather,all-day,strong penetration,and not being affected by clouds,which is hopeful in extracting water body data,especially for days with cloudy weather.The data extraction of large-scale water bodies based on SAR images can effectively avoid the errors caused by clouds that become prevalent at present.In this paper,the Hoh Xil Salt Lake on the QTP and its surrounding five lakes are taken as the research objects.The 2-scene Sentinel-1 SAR image data covering the whole area on 22 August 2022 was used to verify the feasibility of extracting water body data in permafrost zones.Furthermore,on 22 August 2022,the wealth here was cloudy,which made the optical RS images,e.g.,Sentinel-2 images full of clouds.The results show that:using the Sentinel-1 image and threshold segmentation method to extract water body data is efficient and effective with excellent results in permafrost areas.Concretely,the Sentinel-1 dual-polarized water index(SDWI),calculated by combining dual vertical–vertical(VV)polarized and verti-cal–horizontal(VH)polarized data is a useful index for water extraction and the result is better than each of the VV or VH polarized images.