Spectral purification improves monitoring accuracy of the comprehensive growth evaluation index for film-mulched winter wheat

In order to further improve the utility of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)remote-sensing for quickly and accurately monitoring the growth of winter wheat under film mulching, this study examined the treatments of ridge mulching,ridge–furrow full mulching, and flat cropping full mulching in winter wheat.Based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method, four agronomic parameters (leaf area index, above-ground biomass, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll content) were used to calculate the comprehensive growth evaluation index (CGEI) of the winter wheat, and 14 visible and near-infrared spectral indices were calculated using spectral purification technology to process the remote-sensing image data of winter wheat obtained by multispectral UAV.Four machine learning algorithms, partial least squares, support vector machines, random forests, and artificial neural network networks(ANN), were used to build the winter wheat growth monitoring model under film mulching, and accuracy evaluation and mapping of the spatial and temporal distribution of winter wheat growth status were carried out.The results showed that the CGEI of winter wheat under film mulching constructed using the FCE method could objectively and comprehensively evaluate the crop growth status.The accuracy of remote-sensing inversion of the CGEI based on the ANN model was higher than for the individual agronomic parameters, with a coefficient of determination of 0.75,a root mean square error of 8.40, and a mean absolute value error of 6.53.Spectral purification could eliminate the interference of background effects caused by mulching and soil, effectively improving the accuracy of the remotesensing inversion of winter wheat under film mulching, with the best inversion effect achieved on the ridge–furrow full mulching area after spectral purification.The results of this study provide a theoretical reference for the use of UAV remote-sensing to monitor the growth status of winter wheat with film mulching.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Flower Border Application Value of New and Superior Plants in Hefei Area

An analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was employed to assess the applicability of 18 new and superior varieties of flowers in Hefei City flower border applications.A total of 12 indicators were selected from three distinct aspects of adaptability,ornamental characteristics and use traits,in order to establish a comprehensive evaluation model.The results demonstrate that grade I(J≥2.685)exhibits excellent application value,encompassing six species of plants,such asHydrangeamacrophylla‘Endless Summer’;grade II(2.684≤J≤2.420)is also of notable application value,encompassing five species of plants,such asCallistemonrigidus;grade III(2.419≤J≤2.615)is of average application value,including five species of plants,such asCrocosmiacrocosmiflora;grade IV(J≤2.16)is of relatively poor application value.The evaluation results may be utilized as a theoretical reference for the promotion of new and superior varieties in the flower border of Hefei.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Distributed PV Grid-Connected Based on Combined Weighting Weights and TOPSIS-RSR Method

To effectively quantify the impact of distributed photovoltaic(PV)access on the distribution network,this paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method of distributed PV grid connection combining subjective and objective combination of assignment and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)—rank sum ratio(RSR)(TOPSIS-RSR)method.Based on the traditional distribution network evaluation system,a comprehensive evaluation system has been constructed.It fully considers the new development requirements of distributed PV access on the environmental friendliness and absorptive capacity of the distribution grid and comprehensively reflects the impact of distributed PV grid connection.The analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was used to determine the subjective weights of the primary indicators,and the Spearman consistency test was combined to determine the weights of the secondary indicators based on three objective assignment methods.The subjective and objective combination weights of each assessment indicator were calculated through the principle of minimum entropy.Calculate the distance between the indicators to be evaluated and the positive and negative ideal solutions,the relative closeness ranking,and qualitative binning by TOPSIS-RSR method to obtain the comprehensive evaluation results of different scenarios.By setting up different PV grid-connected scenarios and utilizing the IEEE33 node simulation algorithm,the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed subject-object combination assignment and integrated assessment method are verified.

Screening of Long Cowpea[Vigna unguiculata(L.)Walp.ssp.sesquipedialis]Varieties in Autumn in Hunan and Comparison of Various Comprehensive Evaluation Methods

[Objectives]The paper was to screen new varieties of long cowpea that are suitable for autumn cultivation in Hunan,as well as to develop a comprehensive evaluation method to assess their adaptability and performance.[Methods]A total of 48 long cowpea varieties were introduced,and a range of comprehensive evaluation methods was employed to assess these varieties through the collection and analysis of field data.[Results]The square Euclidean distance of 14 allowed for the classification of all varieties into eight distinct groups.Groups II,III,and V belong to the autumn dominant group within this region,while groups I and VIII belong to the intermediate group.Additionally,groups IV,VI,and VII belong to the autumn inferior group in this area.Through a comparative analysis of various comprehensive evaluation methods,it was determined that the common factor comprehensive evaluation,grey correlation method,and fuzzy evaluation method were appropriate for application in the selection of long cowpea varieties.Furthermore,the evaluation outcomes were largely consistent with the cluster pedigree diagram.[Conclusions]Through comprehensive index method,ten varieties demonstrating superior performance in autumn cultivation have been identified,including C20,C42,C29,C40,C3,C14,C18,C25,C15,and C47.The selected varieties exhibit several advantageous traits,such as a reduced growth duration,a lower position of initial flower nodes,a decreased number of branches,predominantly green young pods,elongated pod strips,thicker pod structures,an increased number of pods per plant,and higher overall yields.These characteristics render them particularly valuable for extensive cultivation.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Application Value of Wild Flower Resources in Flower Border in Hefei City

In order to further understand and better develop and utilize wild flower resources in Hefei City,a comprehensive evaluation model of landscape value of wild flowers in the application of flower border was constructed by field investigation and analytic hierarchy process(AHP).The application value of wild flowers in Hefei was evaluated by selecting evaluation indicators from three aspects of ornamental value,adaptability and resource potential.

Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation Method of Mountain Flood Disaster Prevention and Control in Jiangxi Province Based on Matter-Element Extension Model

Taking the mountain flood disaster prevention and control project in Jiangxi province as the research object, the evaluation period is 2010-2015, and 29 evaluation indexes are selected from 7 aspects. In this paper, game theory is introduced to optimize the subjective and objective weights of the index, and the comprehensive weights are obtained by normalization. The results show that the eigenvalues of the grade variables of benefit evaluation decreased from 3.43 to 2.03, indicating that the project of mountain flood disaster prevention and control in Jiangxi province brings into play the benefits year by year, and the eigenvalues tend to decrease steadily after 2012, it is consistent with the changes of various engineering measures and non-engineering measures in the project.

Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation of SZ Distributed Photovoltaic Power Generation Project Based on AHP-Matter-Element Extension Model

With the introduction of the“dual carbon goals,”there has been a robust development of distributed photovoltaic power generation projects in the promotion of their construction.As part of this initiative,a comprehensive and systematic analysis has been conducted to study the overall benefits of photovoltaic power generation projects.The evaluation process encompasses economic,technical,environmental,and social aspects,providing corresponding analysis methods and data references.Furthermore,targeted countermeasures and suggestions are proposed,signifying the research’s importance for the construction and development of subsequent distributed photovoltaic power generation projects.

Development of an Information-Based Leadership Evaluation Index System for School Management Teams:A Comprehensive Approach

In the context of educational informatization reform,there are many uncertain factors in the process of education development.To optimize the educational environment so that it can be effectively combined with information technology,teachers need to change their teaching ideas,strengthen the school’s own adaptability to informatization,and promote the development of informatization construction in schools.As a branch of information leadership,the management team should establish an evaluation index system for information leadership in order to ensure the construction of school informatization,so as to provide a boost for the integration of school resources and information technology.Based on the overview and connotation of information-based leadership of the management team,this paper explores the construction of an evaluation index system of information-based leadership of the school management team,aiming to provide references for the research of relevant personnel in the future.

Comprehensive applicability evaluation of four precipitation products at multiple spatiotemporal scales in Northwest China

Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relief.Currently,the applicability of multi-source precipitation products for long time series in Northwest China has not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,precipitation data from 183 meteorological stations in Northwest China from 1979 to 2020 were selected to assess the regional applicability of four precipitation products(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate(ERA5),Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC),Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series Version 4.07(CRU TS v4.07,hereafter CRU),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM))based on the following statistical indicators:correlation coefficient,root mean square error(RMSE),relative bias(RB),mean absolute error(MAE),probability of detection(POD),false alarm ratio(FAR),and equitable threat score(ETS).The results showed that precipitation in Northwest China was generally high in the east and low in the west,and exhibited an increasing trend from 1979 to 2020.Compared with the station observations,ERA5 showed a larger spatial distribution difference than the other products.The overall overestimation of multi-year average precipitation was approximately 200.00 mm and the degree of overestimation increased with increasing precipitation intensity.The multi-year average precipitation of GPCC and CRU was relatively close to that of station observations.The trend of annual precipitation of TRMM was overestimated in high-altitude regions and the eastern part of Lanzhou with more precipitation.At the monthly scale,GPCC performed well but underestimated precipitation in the Tarim Basin(RB=-4.11%),while ERA5 and TRMM exhibited poor accuracy in high-altitude regions.ERA5 had a large bias(RB≥120.00%)in winter months and a strong dispersion(RMSE≥35.00 mm)in summer months.TRMM showed a relatively low correlation with station observations in winter months(correlation coefficients≤0.70).The capture performance analysis showed that ERA5,GPCC,and TRMM had lower POD and ETS values and higher FAR values in Northwest China as the precipitation intensity increased.ERA5 showed a high capture performance for small precipitation events and a slower decreasing trend of POD as the precipitation intensity increased.GPCC had the lowest FAR values.TRMM was statistically ineffective for predicting the occurrence of daily precipitation events.The findings provide a reference for data users to select appropriate datasets in Northwest China and for data developers to develop new precipitation products in the future.

Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method Based on Entropy Weight Theory in Evaluation of Salt Tolerance of Cotton

[Objective] The aim was to propose a new entropy weight fuzzy compre- hensive evaluation method for assessing cotton salt tolerance, realizing the objective, accurate and comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of cotton. [Method] A sand culture experiment under salt stress of 150 mmol/L of NaCI was designed. The in- dicator weight was determined with the entropy weight fuzzy comprehensive evalu- ation method, based on the salt injury index of indicators. The salt tolerance of cotton was evaluated comprehensively. [Result] At the germination stage, the entropy and weight of salt injury index of germination energy, vigor index, hypocotyl length and fresh weight were highest, followed by germination rate and germination index, and of root length were lowest. At the seedling stage, the entropy and weight of salt injury index of plasma membrane permeability, root vigor and leaf expansion rate were highest, followed by plant height and net photosynthetic rate, and of shoot dry weight and root dry weight were lowest. The salt tolerance of cotton differed a- mong growth stages and cultivars. Among the 11 cultivars, CCRI-44 and CCRI-75 were steadily salt-tolerant at both germination and seedling stages; CCRI-17, Sumi- an 22, Sumian 15 and Dexiamianl had a stable moderate salt tolerance; while Sumian 12 and Simian 3 were steadily salt-sensitive. [Conclusion] The evaluated result was objective and exact, which indicated that this method could be used in comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of cotton.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Environmental Effects from Land Change in Hotan Oasis,Xinjiang

[Objective] This study aimed to evaluate the environmental effects coming from land changes in Hotan oasis during 1980-2010. [Method] Based on the Driving Force-State-Response model, expert weight method and entropy method were used to determine weight, and then the composite indexes of environmental effects （CIE for short） were calculated. [Result] During the period from 1980 to 2010, CIE had presented a rising trend whether expert weight method or entropy method in the study area, while the CIE presents downtrend basically in lower reaches. [Conclu- sion] It was the arable land expansion in middle reaches that led to serious land degradation in lower reaches, and may endanger ecosystem safety in Hotan River green corridor. Therefore, it is suggested that the agricultural land use should be restructured, such as reducing the sown areas of some crops with large amount of water consumption. Meanwhile, the effective measures should be taken to distribute water resources and utilize them reasonably. In addition, the oasis-desert ecotone, as well as the groundwater resources, should be also protected.

Comprehensive evaluation method for superstructures of prestressed concrete girder bridges

A multi-level evaluation model for the superstructure of a damaged prestressed concrete girder or beam bridge is established, and the evaluation indices of the model as well as the rating standards are defined. A normal relative function about the evaluation indices of each element is developed to calculate the relative degree, and for each element there are no sub-level elements. When evaluating the elements in the sub-item level or the index level of the model, the weights of elements pertain to one adopted element, taking into account their degrees of deterioration. Since the relative degrees and structure evaluation scales on the damage conditions are applied to characterize the superstructure of damaged prestressed concrete girder bridges, this method can evaluate the prestressed structure in detail, and the evaluation results agree with the Code for Maintenance of Highway Bridges and Culvers （JTG Hll--2004 ）. Finally, a bridge in Jilin province is taken as an example, using the method developed to evaluate its damage conditions, which gives an effective way for bridge engineering.

Study and Implementation on the Grey Comprehensive Evaluation Support System of Ecocity

According to basic connotation and design principles of ecocity, a comparatively integrated index system is constructed in the paper. And at the same time using hierarchy grey comprehensive evaluation method, a hierarchy grey comprehensive evaluation model of ecocity is established, then on the basis of the model, a comprehensive evaluation support system is developed, and the theoretical guidance supplied for construction of ecocity is provided.

Selection of Third-party Logistics Provider for Agricultural Products Based on System Comprehensive Evaluation

Through the analysis on the meanings and features as well as the ad- vantages of the third-party logistics for agricultural products, the quantization index system for the selection of third-party logistics providers for agricultural products was constructed based on the system comprehensive evaluation theory. Analytic hierar- chy process （AHP） was used to determine the weight of the index system of each level, and AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used to determine the selection steps for the third-party logistics providers for agricultural products. The method was proved to be scientific and reasonable through calculation examples.

Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method Based on Entropy Weight to Evaluate Pond Water Quality

[Objective] This study was to provide references for the evaluation of water quality in aquaculture ponds by evaluating the pond water quality using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy weight. [Method] The fuzzy compre- hensive evaluation method based on entropy weight was used to evaluate the water quality in the ponds with Ukraine scale carp （Cyprinus carpio） as the main cultivated fish. The average size of the fish was 71.4 g/ind, and totally three groups of pond were set with the population density of 6 000, 9 000, 12 000 ind/hm2. [Result] According to the GB3838-2002 Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water of China, the water quality of 6 000 ind/hm2 group was Grade I, and the water quality of 9 000 and 12 000 ind/hm2 were Grade V. [Conclusion] With the increasing of feeding density, the pond water quality would worsen, however, there is no difference on water quality between 9 000 and 12 000 ind/hm2 groups.

Comprehensive evaluation of water quality parameters in Tianjin Dagu Dainage Canal

In this paper, some indices of sulfide, organic carbon, oil and heavy metals （copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and chromium） in the sediments from Dagu Dainage Canal at the Bohai Bay during four seasons in 2012 - 2013 are selected, and Water Quality Pollution Index （API） is applied to evaluate water quality indices, aiming for the systematic evaluation of the water quality of Dagu Dainage Canal. The results showed that four stations of D3, D6, D7and D9 for S2 had the type Ⅱand Ⅲ of water; others had the type Ⅰ ; the total level of TOC, TPH, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As and Cr were type Ⅰ, Ⅳ, Ⅱ, Ⅴ, Ⅱ, Ⅴ, Ⅲ, Vand Ⅴ. Water Quality Pollution Index （API） was 3.28, which illustrated Dagu Dainage Canal was in the state of contamination and the degree of pollution exceeded the standard functional areas.

Investigation of Dominant Populations of Late-summer Phytoplankton and Comprehensive Nutritional Evaluation of Water Quality in Bailang Lake

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the dominant populations of late-summer phytoplankton and conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of water quality in Bailang Lake. [Method] A series of water quality survey and phytoplankton sampling was conducted in Bailang Lake in September 2011, a total of four sam- pling points were set, to detect and analyze the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and permanganate index in water samples and further conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of the water quality factors using comprehensive nutritional state index method. [Result] Water in Bailang Lake was neutral to slightly alkaline with pH of 8.57. The average water trans- parency was 0.4 m, with relatively high content of dissolved oxygen. The content of total nitrogen was relatively high of 3.043 mg/L averagely. Comprehensive nutritional evaluation showed that the water quality of Bailang Lake belonged to moderate eu- trophication. As can be seen from various comprehensive nutritional state indices TLI, the contribution of transparency, chlorophyll a and total nitrogen to the eutrophi- cation in Bailang Lake was the greatest, followed by the permanganate index and total phosphorus. Statistical analysis showed that the average weight-biomass of phy- toplankton in Bailang Lake was 6.442 mg/L, and the average was 146.46x104 individuals/ml. There were eight dominant species in Bailang Lake, including Scenedesmus, Tetraedron, Merismopedia sinica, Phormidium, Merismopedia, Tribonema, Chroomonas and Synedra. [Conclusion] This study provided data informa- tion for the environmental protection and fisheries production in Bailang Lake.

Construction of Tourist Satisfaction Degree Evaluation Model in Western Tourist Area by Performance Prism and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method——with Lijiang in Yunnan Province as the Study Case

Starting from the utilization and protection of local knowledge, with the performance prism as the framework, the evaluation index system of tourist satisfaction degree was established. The weight was determined by using AHP method. Finally, the investigating result was judged with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, the evaluation model of tourist satisfaction degree in western tourist area was built, and the case study was carried out. With Lijiang in Yunnan Province as example, according to AHP method, five dimensions weight of the performance prism, various KPI weight and consistency were obtained, fuzzy evaluation on tourist satisfaction degree was conducted. The results showed that the overall was satisfactory, but there were still some problems. Aiming at the utilization and protection of local knowledge, some corresponding countermeasures were put forward which will benefit for further development of tourism in Lijiang of Yunnan Province.

Comprehensive Evaluation on Social Benefit of East Street Reconstruction Project

Through analysis on existing problems and rationality of East Street reconstruction project,its social benefit had been analyzed sysmatically and comprehensively from the aspects of social environment,natural environment and traffic safety environment.Furthermore,evaluation indexes of East Street reconstruction project had been established and weighting of each index had been identified by analytic hierarchy process(AHP).Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Model had been founded through fuzzy synthetic evaluation method.Finally,scientific judgment was conducted on social benefit of East Street reconstruction project by applying established evaluation system.It demonstrated that East Street reconstruction project could bring great social benefit,so it should support this project.

Evaluation on New Practical English:A Comprehensive Course

This essay is to evaluate the course book New Practical English from four perspectives, including analysis of the learners, analysis of its aims, analysis of methodology and analysis of its content to prove that it is a comprehensive course suitable for students of vocational colleges.