无人机辅助MEC系统中基于最优SIC顺序的能耗优化方案

在基于上行非正交多址接入(NOMA)的无人机(UAV)辅助移动边缘计算(MEC)系统中,NOMA的连续干扰消除(SIC)顺序已成为限制上行任务卸载链路传输性能的瓶颈,为降低系统能耗,对SIC顺序进行了讨论,提出了联合信道增益与任务时延约束的最优SIC顺序。在满足设备给定任务时延、设备最大发射功率约束以及UAV轨迹的约束下,基于最优SIC顺序提出了最小化系统能耗的问题。由于该问题是个复杂的非凸问题,采取交替优化的方法求解该优化问题,以实现功率分配和UAV轨迹的优化;利用匹配理论,提出了低复杂度算法来得到不同时隙的最优设备分组。仿真结果表明,与其他SIC顺序相比,最优SIC顺序能够在相同的任务时延约束下实现更小的系统能耗;所提的低复杂度设备分组算法能够得到最优设备分组。

无人机辅助MEC系统中的联合计算卸载和轨迹设计

文中提出了一种无人机辅助移动边缘计算(MEC)系统,其中一架配备计算资源的无人机作为飞行基站(BS)处理从用户迁移来的应用任务,以节省用户设备的能耗.考虑了一种通用的瑞森衰落信道模型,通过联合优化无人机轨迹、用户发射功率、用户调度和比特分配,以最小化所有用户设备的平均能耗.设计了一种基于迭代分块连续上界最小化算法,并引入二次惩罚项进行交替求解.结果表明:文中所提出的联合优化方案优于其他基准方案,能显著降低用户的能量消耗.

5G+MEC承载车联网业务传输性能测试与验证

车联网产业正在快速发展,车路协同应用会在交通安全、效率和便利性等方面对日常交通出行产生积极的作用。5G作为LTE-V2X的重要补充,用于连续覆盖补盲、业务融合使能、兼容多种车载终端,在未来较长时间内,5G与LTEV2X将共同承载车联网业务。鉴于此,文中进行了5G承载车联网业务的性能测试与验证,在测试中模拟车联网应用的业务模式,通过5G网络传输并在MEC进行结果统计。重点关注单向时延、抖动、丢包率等网络指标,探索5G承载车联网业务的最佳模式。

Edge Cloud Selection in Mobile Edge Computing(MEC)-Aided Applications for Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)Services

In many IIoT architectures,various devices connect to the edge cloud via gateway systems.For data processing,numerous data are delivered to the edge cloud.Delivering data to an appropriate edge cloud is critical to improve IIoT service efficiency.There are two types of costs for this kind of IoT network:a communication cost and a computing cost.For service efficiency,the communication cost of data transmission should be minimized,and the computing cost in the edge cloud should be also minimized.Therefore,in this paper,the communication cost for data transmission is defined as the delay factor,and the computing cost in the edge cloud is defined as the waiting time of the computing intensity.The proposed method selects an edge cloud that minimizes the total cost of the communication and computing costs.That is,a device chooses a routing path to the selected edge cloud based on the costs.The proposed method controls the data flows in a mesh-structured network and appropriately distributes the data processing load.The performance of the proposed method is validated through extensive computer simulation.When the transition probability from good to bad is 0.3 and the transition probability from bad to good is 0.7 in wireless and edge cloud states,the proposed method reduced both the average delay and the service pause counts to about 25%of the existing method.

Task offloading mechanism based on federated reinforcement learning in mobile edge computing

With the arrival of 5G,latency-sensitive applications are becoming increasingly diverse.Mobile Edge Computing(MEC)technology has the characteristics of high bandwidth,low latency and low energy consumption,and has attracted much attention among researchers.To improve the Quality of Service(QoS),this study focuses on computation offloading in MEC.We consider the QoS from the perspective of computational cost,dimensional disaster,user privacy and catastrophic forgetting of new users.The QoS model is established based on the delay and energy consumption and is based on DDQN and a Federated Learning(FL)adaptive task offloading algorithm in MEC.The proposed algorithm combines the QoS model and deep reinforcement learning algorithm to obtain an optimal offloading policy according to the local link and node state information in the channel coherence time to address the problem of time-varying transmission channels and reduce the computing energy consumption and task processing delay.To solve the problems of privacy and catastrophic forgetting,we use FL to make distributed use of multiple users’data to obtain the decision model,protect data privacy and improve the model universality.In the process of FL iteration,the communication delay of individual devices is too large,which affects the overall delay cost.Therefore,we adopt a communication delay optimization algorithm based on the unary outlier detection mechanism to reduce the communication delay of FL.The simulation results indicate that compared with existing schemes,the proposed method significantly reduces the computation cost on a device and improves the QoS when handling complex tasks.

无人机辅助MEC系统中面向用户公平性的三维部署和卸载优化

针对无人机辅助移动边缘计算系统存在的用户公平性不足问题,本文提出了一种面向用户公平性的三维部署和卸载优化算法.该算法综合考虑用户匹配、无人机三维部署、计算资源分配、卸载因子对系统总时延及用户公平性的影响,建立了一个最小化系统总时延的多元优化问题,并针对该问题提出了一种两阶段联合优化算法,其中第1阶段使用带有平衡约束的聚类算法解决用户匹配和无人机的水平部署问题,第2阶段使用凸优化算法迭代求解无人机高度部署,资源分配和卸载因子优化问题.实验结果表明,与4种基准算法相比,所提算法在系统总时延和用户公平性两方面具有更好的性能.

Associative Tasks Computing Offloading Scheme in Internet of Medical Things with Deep Reinforcement Learning

The Internet of Medical Things(Io MT) is regarded as a critical technology for intelligent healthcare in the foreseeable 6G era. Nevertheless, due to the limited computing power capability of edge devices and task-related coupling relationships, Io MT faces unprecedented challenges. Considering the associative connections among tasks, this paper proposes a computing offloading policy for multiple-user devices(UDs) considering device-to-device(D2D) communication and a multi-access edge computing(MEC)technique under the scenario of Io MT. Specifically,to minimize the total delay and energy consumption concerning the requirement of Io MT, we first analyze and model the detailed local execution, MEC execution, D2D execution, and associated tasks offloading exchange model. Consequently, the associated tasks’ offloading scheme of multi-UDs is formulated as a mixed-integer nonconvex optimization problem. Considering the advantages of deep reinforcement learning(DRL) in processing tasks related to coupling relationships, a Double DQN based associative tasks computing offloading(DDATO) algorithm is then proposed to obtain the optimal solution, which can make the best offloading decision under the condition that tasks of UDs are associative. Furthermore, to reduce the complexity of the DDATO algorithm, the cacheaided procedure is intentionally introduced before the data training process. This avoids redundant offloading and computing procedures concerning tasks that previously have already been cached by other UDs. In addition, we use a dynamic ε-greedy strategy in the action selection section of the algorithm, thus preventing the algorithm from falling into a locally optimal solution. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with other existing methods for associative task models concerning different structures in the Io MT network, the proposed algorithm can lower the total cost more effectively and efficiently while also providing a tradeoff between delay and energy consumption tolerance.

Energy Efficiency Maximization in Mobile Edge Computing Networks via IRS assisted UAV Communications

In this paper,we investigate the energy efficiency maximization for mobile edge computing(MEC)in intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)assisted unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)communications.In particular,UAVcan collect the computing tasks of the terrestrial users and transmit the results back to them after computing.We jointly optimize the users’transmitted beamforming and uploading ratios,the phase shift matrix of IRS,and the UAV trajectory to improve the energy efficiency.The formulated optimization problem is highly non-convex and difficult to be solved directly.Therefore,we decompose the original problem into three sub-problems.We first propose the successive convex approximation(SCA)based method to design the beamforming of the users and the phase shift matrix of IRS,and apply the Lagrange dual method to obtain a closed-form expression of the uploading ratios.For the trajectory optimization,we propose a block coordinate descent(BCD)based method to obtain a local optimal solution.Finally,we propose the alternating optimization(AO)based overall algorithmand analyzed its complexity to be equivalent or lower than existing algorithms.Simulation results show the superiority of the proposedmethod compared with existing schemes in energy efficiency.

IRS Assisted UAV Communications against Proactive Eavesdropping in Mobile Edge Computing Networks

In this paper,we consider mobile edge computing(MEC)networks against proactive eavesdropping.To maximize the transmission rate,IRS assisted UAV communications are applied.We take the joint design of the trajectory of UAV,the transmitting beamforming of users,and the phase shift matrix of IRS.The original problem is strong non-convex and difficult to solve.We first propose two basic modes of the proactive eavesdropper,and obtain the closed-form solution for the boundary conditions of the two modes.Then we transform the original problem into an equivalent one and propose an alternating optimization(AO)based method to obtain a local optimal solution.The convergence of the algorithm is illustrated by numerical results.Further,we propose a zero forcing(ZF)based method as sub-optimal solution,and the simulation section shows that the proposed two schemes could obtain better performance compared with traditional schemes.

Age of Information Based User Scheduling and Data Assignment in Multi-User Mobile Edge Computing Networks:An Online Algorithm

This paper investigates the age of information(AoI)-based multi-user mobile edge computing(MEC)network with partial offloading mode.The weighted sum AoI(WSA)is first analyzed and derived,and then a WSA minimization problem is formulated by jointly optimizing the user scheduling and data assignment.Due to the non-analytic expression of the WSA w.r.t.the optimization variables and the unknowability of future network information,the problem cannot be solved with known solution methods.Therefore,an online Joint Partial Offloading and User Scheduling Optimization(JPOUSO)algorithm is proposed by transforming the original problem into a single-slot data assignment subproblem and a single-slot user scheduling sub-problem and solving the two sub-problems separately.We analyze the computational complexity of the presented JPO-USO algorithm,which is of O(N),with N being the number of users.Simulation results show that the proposed JPO-USO algorithm is able to achieve better AoI performance compared with various baseline methods.It is shown that both the user’s data assignment and the user’s AoI should be jointly taken into account to decrease the system WSA when scheduling users.

A Dynamic Multi-Attribute Resource Bidding Mechanism with Privacy Protection in Edge Computing

In edge computing,a reasonable edge resource bidding mechanism can enable edge providers and users to obtain benefits in a relatively fair fashion.To maximize such benefits,this paper proposes a dynamic multiattribute resource bidding mechanism(DMRBM).Most of the previous work mainly relies on a third-party agent to exchange information to gain optimal benefits.It isworth noting thatwhen edge providers and users trade with thirdparty agents which are not entirely reliable and trustworthy,their sensitive information is prone to be leaked.Moreover,the privacy protection of edge providers and users must be considered in the dynamic pricing/transaction process,which is also very challenging.Therefore,this paper first adopts a privacy protection algorithm to prevent sensitive information from leakage.On the premise that the sensitive data of both edge providers and users are protected,the prices of providers fluctuate within a certain range.Then,users can choose appropriate edge providers by the price-performance ratio(PPR)standard and the reward of lower price(LPR)standard according to their demands.The two standards can be evolved by two evaluation functions.Furthermore,this paper employs an approximate computing method to get an approximate solution of DMRBM in polynomial time.Specifically,this paper models the bidding process as a non-cooperative game and obtains the approximate optimal solution based on two standards according to the game theory.Through the extensive experiments,this paper demonstrates that the DMRBM satisfies the individual rationality,budget balance,and privacy protection and it can also increase the task offloading rate and the system benefits.

基于混合协作NOMA的安全MEC能耗优化

非正交多址接入(non-orthogonal multiple access,NOMA)技术的广泛应用改变了传统物理层安全对用户传输速率的限制,在降低时延的同时会引起系统能耗增加。针对安全通信与降低能耗问题,提出一种基于混合协作NOMA的安全边缘计算传输方法。该方法对每个用户数据处理过程设计了多时隙混合协作方案,根据不同用户的信道条件分别设置卸载决策,保证用户间公平,并推导出系统保密中断概率的闭合表达式。然后以最小化系统能耗为目标,采用基于块坐标下降的三步迭代优化算法求得最优卸载方案。仿真结果显示,所提出的传输方法能在保证信息安全的条件下有效地减少系统能耗。

Teaching mechanism empowered by virtual simulation: Edge computing–driven approach

With the rapid development of network and communication techniques,the teaching forms have become diversified.To enhance the education experience and improve the teaching environment,an increasing number of educational institutions have adopted virtual simulation technology.A typical teaching mechanism is to exploit Virtual Reality(VR)technology,which affords participants an immersive experience.Unquestionably,such a VRbased mode is highly approved.However,the performance of this technology requires further optimization.On one hand,for VR 360video,the current intraframe decision cannot adapt to rapid response demands.On the other hand,the generated data size is considerably large and fast computation may not be realized,depending on the local VR device.Therefore,this study proposes an improved teaching mechanism empowered by edge computing–driven VR,called VE4T,that involves two parts.First,an intraframe decision algorithm for VR 360videos is devised to realize the rapid responses.Second,an edge computing framework is proposed to offload some tasks to an edge server for computation,where a task scheduling strategy is developed to check whether a task needs to be offloaded.Finally,experiments are performed using a practical teaching scenario with some VR devices.The obtained results demonstrate that VE4T is more efficient than existing mechanisms.

初始pH调控对MEC脱硫性能的影响及其微生物作用机制

采用微生物电解池(MEC)工艺,在阳极电活性微生物的协同作用下实现硫化物的脱除,是沼气脱硫新工艺和研究热点。针对长期运行的脱硫MEC工艺,由于非特异性阳离子竞争使阳极产生的质子向阴极转移受阻,造成MEC脱硫效率低、稳定运行难,本研究采用不同初始pH调控脱硫MEC的质子平衡,通过脱硫性能、电化学性能和微生物动力学解析,阐明pH调控对MEC脱硫性能的影响和微生物作用机制。结果表明,初始pH在7~9时均可形成稳定且具有高效脱硫功能的阳极生物膜,最大电流密度相近,脱硫效率均达95%以上,COD去除率80%以上。与初始pH为8、9相比,初始pH为7时,脱硫过程pH波动最小,MEC运行稳定,S^(2-)去除最高达100%;阳极生物膜的氧化还原峰最显著,质子与电子转移速率加快;优势微生物Thiomonas与Desulfovibrio丰度更高,主要参与硫化物的氧化脱除。可见,通过脱硫MEC阳极室初始pH的调控,可有效提高MEC脱硫工艺性能和运行稳定性,为沼气微生物电化学脱硫的应用提供技术支撑。

多用户MIMO-MEC网络中基于APSO的任务卸载研究

在移动边缘计算(Mobile Edge Computing,MEC)系统中引入多输入多输出(Multiple Input Multiple Output,MIMO)技术与数据压缩技术,能够降低数据冗余度和提高数据传输速率,从而降低任务的执行时延与能耗。针对具备数据压缩功能的多用户MIMO-MEC网络,研究了多用户任务卸载问题。通过联合优化任务卸载比例、数据压缩比例、发送功率、计算频率和信道带宽,来最小化系统总时延。在能耗、功率和带宽等约束条件下,将任务卸载归纳为一个非凸优化问题。由于能耗约束较为复杂,构造罚函数将其归并,得到一个相对简单的等价问题。将所有优化变量视为一个粒子,基于自适应粒子群优化(Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization,APSO)框架提出多用户的任务卸载方法。由于粒子更新时可能违反约束条件,提出的方法对粒子越界的情形进行了特别处理。该方法能自适应地调整惯性权重来提高寻优能力和收敛性,通过不断迭代最终获得最优或者次优解。仿真实验评估了所提卸载方法的性能,分析了用户数、任务计算强度等参数对系统性能的影响。结果表明,提出的方法优于本地计算、传统粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)算法等对比方案,能够有效降低系统的任务执行时延。

基于SOAR的电力5G MEC安全解决方案

5G技术与MEC技术的融合为电力行业的升级转型提供了有力的支撑,但电力5G MEC采用了新型架构和部署,传统的安全防护措施无法有效应对新环境下出现的各类安全威胁和挑战。为此,提出一种基于安全编排自动化与响应技术的电力5G MEC安全解决方案。依据智能电网业务在接入的高开放性、异构终端连接的海量性、业务的低延时性和威胁处理的低干预性四个方面的安全需求特征,针对终端安全威胁、APP安全威胁、接入安全威胁和威胁处置不及时等问题,提出将SOAR组件引入5G MEC,实现威胁情报收集、安全事件响应编排和执行自动化;并设计云边、边边协同的层级MEC部署方案,提供整体联动的安全保障。仿真实验结果表明,所设计的方案可以依据剧本快速灵活部署,反应时间短,可有效抵御常见攻击。

面向车联网的MEC跨域协同技术研究

车联网跨域协同技术是多接入边缘计算(Multi-Access Edge Computing, MEC)和蜂窝车联网(Cellular Vehicle to Everything, C-V2X)融合场景中的重点研究内容,涉及到安全类、效率类、协作类、视频类、信息服务类跨域协同交互场景,每类场景都涉及MEC跨域流程及跨域过程中的上下文规范。目前国际上面向车联网的MEC跨域协同技术处于起步发展阶段,ETSI、5GAA等组织尚未制定比较完善的国际标准。以当前主流车联网边缘计算系统架构为基础,着重开展各类车联网场景应用层基于MEC的跨域需求、交互迁移流程及上下文规范等研究。

IRS辅助供能的多用户MEC系统性能研究

在物联网(IoT)场景中,边缘服务器可有效缓解IoT设备计算能力有限的问题,如何保证IoT设备的能量供应成为研究热点之一.无线能量传输(WPT)与移动边缘计算(MEC)的组合是一种解决方案,但混合接入点(HAP)与IoT设备之间不能保证总是存在直连链路.为了处理这个问题,考虑利用智能反射表面(IRS)辅助无线能量传输与任务卸载.在多用户MEC系统下,当IoT设备采用二进制卸载时,联合能量传输时间优化、卸载决策以及调度顺序以求得最小系统处理时延问题是一个混合整数非凸问题.考虑HAP与IoT设备之间的信道差异,采用一种两层交替迭代的算法,并利用MEC的计算能力最小化系统处理时延.实验结果表明,所用方法收敛快,能有效缩短系统处理时延,在IRS的辅助下能明显提升系统性能.

Task Offloading in Edge Computing Using GNNs and DQN

In a network environment composed of different types of computing centers that can be divided into different layers(clod,edge layer,and others),the interconnection between them offers the possibility of peer-to-peer task offloading.For many resource-constrained devices,the computation of many types of tasks is not feasible because they cannot support such computations as they do not have enough available memory and processing capacity.In this scenario,it is worth considering transferring these tasks to resource-rich platforms,such as Edge Data Centers or remote cloud servers.For different reasons,it is more exciting and appropriate to download various tasks to specific download destinations depending on the properties and state of the environment and the nature of the functions.At the same time,establishing an optimal offloading policy,which ensures that all tasks are executed within the required latency and avoids excessive workload on specific computing centers is not easy.This study presents two alternatives to solve the offloading decision paradigm by introducing two well-known algorithms,Graph Neural Networks(GNN)and Deep Q-Network(DQN).It applies the alternatives on a well-known Edge Computing simulator called PureEdgeSimand compares them with the two defaultmethods,Trade-Off and Round Robin.Experiments showed that variants offer a slight improvement in task success rate and workload distribution.In terms of energy efficiency,they provided similar results.Finally,the success rates of different computing centers are tested,and the lack of capacity of remote cloud servers to respond to applications in real-time is demonstrated.These novel ways of finding a download strategy in a local networking environment are unique as they emulate the state and structure of the environment innovatively,considering the quality of its connections and constant updates.The download score defined in this research is a crucial feature for determining the quality of a download path in the GNN training process and has not previously been proposed.Simultaneously,the suitability of Reinforcement Learning(RL)techniques is demonstrated due to the dynamism of the network environment,considering all the key factors that affect the decision to offload a given task,including the actual state of all devices.

Advances in neuromorphic computing:Expanding horizons for AI development through novel artificial neurons and in-sensor computing

AI development has brought great success to upgrading the information age.At the same time,the large-scale artificial neural network for building AI systems is thirsty for computing power,which is barely satisfied by the conventional computing hardware.In the post-Moore era,the increase in computing power brought about by the size reduction of CMOS in very large-scale integrated circuits(VLSIC)is challenging to meet the growing demand for AI computing power.To address the issue,technical approaches like neuromorphic computing attract great attention because of their feature of breaking Von-Neumann architecture,and dealing with AI algorithms much more parallelly and energy efficiently.Inspired by the human neural network architecture,neuromorphic computing hardware is brought to life based on novel artificial neurons constructed by new materials or devices.Although it is relatively difficult to deploy a training process in the neuromorphic architecture like spiking neural network(SNN),the development in this field has incubated promising technologies like in-sensor computing,which brings new opportunities for multidisciplinary research,including the field of optoelectronic materials and devices,artificial neural networks,and microelectronics integration technology.The vision chips based on the architectures could reduce unnecessary data transfer and realize fast and energy-efficient visual cognitive processing.This paper reviews firstly the architectures and algorithms of SNN,and artificial neuron devices supporting neuromorphic computing,then the recent progress of in-sensor computing vision chips,which all will promote the development of AI.