Recent Construction Technology Innovations and Practices for Large-Span Arch Bridges in China

Arch bridges provide significant technical and economic benefits under suitable conditions.In particular,concrete-filled steel tubular(CFST)arch bridges and steel-reinforced concrete(SRC)arch bridges are two types of arch bridges that have gained great economic competitiveness and span growth potential due to advancements in construction technology,engineering materials,and construction equipment over the past 30 years.Under the leadership of the author,two record-breaking arch bridges—that is,the Pingnan Third Bridge(a CFST arch bridge),with a span of 560 m,and the Tian’e Longtan Bridge(an SRC arch bridge),with a span of 600 m—have been built in the past five years,embodying great technological breakthroughs in the construction of these two types of arch bridges.This paper takes these two arch bridges as examples to systematically summarize the latest technological innovations and practices in the construction of CFST arch bridges and SRC arch bridges in China.The technological innovations of CFST arch bridges include cable-stayed fastening-hanging cantilevered assembly methods,new in-tube concrete materials,in-tube concrete pouring techniques,a novel thrust abutment foundation for nonrocky terrain,and measures to reduce the quantity of temporary facilities.The technological innovations of SRC arch bridges involve arch skeleton stiffness selection,the development of encasing concrete materials,encasing concrete pouring,arch rib stress mitigation,and longitudinal reinforcement optimization.To conclude,future research focuses and development directions for these two types of arch bridges are proposed.

Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Arch Bridges in China

In the past 20 years, great progress has been achieved in China in the construction of concrete-filled steel tube （CFST） arch bridges and concrete arch bridges with a CFST skeleton. The span of these bridges has been increasing rapidly, which is rare in the history of bridge development. The large-scale construction of expressways and high-speed railways demands the development of long-span arch bridges, and advances in design and construction techniques have made it possible to construct such bridges. In the present study, the current status, development, and major innovative technologies of CFST arch bridges and concrete arch bridges with a CFST skeleton in China are elaborated. This paper covers the key con- struction technologies of CFST arch bridges, such as the design, manufacture, and installation of steel tube arch trusses, the preparation and pouring of in-tube concrete, and the construction of the world＇s longest CFST arch bridge-the First Hejiang Yangtze River Bridge. The main construction technologies of rein- forced concrete arch bridges are also presented, which include cable-stayed fastening-hanging cantilever assembly, adjusting the load by means of stay cables, surrounding the concrete for arch rib pouring, and so forth. In addition, the construction of two CFST skeleton concrete arch bridges-the Guangxi Yongning Yong River Bridge and the Yunnan-Guangxi Railway Nanpan River Bridge--is discussed. CFST arch bridges in China have already gained a world-leading position; with the continuous innovation of key technologies, China will become the new leader in promoting the development of arch bridges.

Approach for analyzing the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel tubular arch bridges with stiffening girder

A convenient approach is proposed for analyzing the ultimate load carrying capacity of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge with stiffening girders. A fiber model beam element is specially used to simulate the stiffening girder and CFST arch rib. The geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity, influence of the construction process and the contribution of prestressing reinforcement are all taken into consideration. The accuracy of this method is validated by comparing its results with experimental results. Finally, the ultimate strength of an abnormal CFST arch bridge with stiffening girders is investigated and the effect of construction method is discussed. It is concluded that the construction process has little effect on the ultimate strength of the bridge.

In-Plane Creep Buckling of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Arches

The creep-induced deformation of the arch rib of concrete-filled steel tubular （CFST） arches under a sustained load can increase the bending moment, which may lead to earlier stability failure called creep buckling. To investigate the influences of concrete creep on the buckling strength of arches, a theoretical analysis for the creep buckling of CFST circular arches under distributed radial load is performed. The simplified Arutyunyan-Maslov （AM） creep law is used to model the creep behavior of concrete core, and the creep integral operator is introduced. The analytical solutions of the time-dependent buckling strength under the sustained load are achieved and compared with the existing formula based on the age-adjusted effective modulus method （AEMM）. Then the solutions are used to determine the influences of the steel ratio and the first loading age on the creep buckling of CFST arches. The results show that the analytical solutions are of good accuracy and applicability. For CFST arches, the steel ratio and the first loading age have significant influences on creep buckling. An approximate log-linear relationship between the decreased degrees of the creep buckling strength and the first loading age is found. For the commonly used parameters, the maximum loss of the buckling strength induced bv concrete creen is close to 40%

不均匀温度场下钢管混凝土拱桥管内混凝土脱空分析

为了解不均匀温度场作用下钢管混凝土拱桥管内混凝土脱空原因,依托高原山区某跨径430 m的钢管混凝土拱桥,进行强辐射、大温差联合作用下拱肋拱顶节段足尺模型试验,分析模型温度场分布,并对该不均匀温度场作用下管内混凝土脱空机理进行研究。结果表明:钢管混凝土拱桥水化阶段和运营阶段径向温度场可简化为多段式折线变化规律。14:00时刻,水化阶段温度沿竖直径向(从向阳侧至背阳侧)先减小后升高再减小,在距向阳侧界面D/8~3D/8处(D为钢管内径)存在一个大温差面,运营阶段温度沿竖直径向(从向阳侧至背阳侧)呈先减小后不变再增加的非对称分布规律,从钢管混凝土界面至距其D/8处温度变化大。混凝土水化阶段和运营阶段管内混凝土脱空机理为:在温度场作用下钢管混凝土界面最大纵向应力差分别高达82.6 MPa和61.95 MPa,最大界面径向拉应力分别为0.8 MPa和2.06 MPa,均超过钢管和混凝土间的粘结强度。

基于零位移与无应力状态控制的斜拉扣挂施工扣索力确定方法

大跨度拱桥常采用斜拉扣挂法开展拱肋施工,但在节段拼装过程中扣索索力和拱肋空间位形之间互相影响,索力优化计算以及扣索状态控制问题复杂。提出改进零位移法结合无应力状态控制法的复合扣索力计算方法:基于改进型零位移法快速得到满足成拱线形要求的扣索力大小,基于成拱索力采用无应力状态法反推各施工阶段扣索索力。该复合方法可避免传统零位移法扣索力不准和反复迭代计算的缺陷,施工中扣索可实现一次张拉,后续节段拼装中无需对扣索进行索力调整。以某跨径430 m大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥缆扣合一施工为工程应用背景,采用的零位移法结合无应力状态法对大跨度非对称式钢结构拱肋进行斜拉扣挂拼装的扣索力求解和施工模拟。分析拼装过程中扣索力变化规律,并对比验证实际线形与目标线形偏差,以及拱肋应力与设计应力之间偏差程度。结果表明,所提出的复合算法理论简单且索力求解计算便捷。所求的扣索力可有效保证拱肋拼装完成及松索后拱肋线形和受力均满足要求。

大跨度双联连续钢管混凝土拱桥结构体系设计研究

为研究大跨度双联连续钢管混凝土拱桥的合理结构体系及中央拱座合理刚度,以主跨2×405 m渝湘复线双堡特大桥为背景,采用MIDAS Civil软件建立全桥有限元模型,分析考虑自重、汽车荷载和基础沉降作用下,拱桥刚接、铰接、半刚性连接约束体系和不同中央拱座刚度对桥梁力学性能的影响。结果表明:自重、汽车荷载和基础沉降作用下各结构体系力学性能均满足规范要求。双刚接方案拱肋变形对称,结构受力良好,且构造简单、施工方便。中央拱座刚度从0.8 EI(EI为原设计方案中央拱座截面刚度)增加至2.0 EI,自重产生的最大变形基本不变,最大拉应力减小了0.33%,最大压应力减小了0.47%,结构力学性能改善效果不明显。双堡特大桥结构体系推荐采用双刚性连接,中央拱座合理刚度取值为0.8 EI,全桥有限元计算结果表明,该结构体系的强度、刚度、稳定性均满足规范要求。

几何初始缺陷与初应力对钢管混凝土拱桥的影响研究

为探讨拱圈拱轴线的几何初始缺陷和钢管初应力对拱桥结构内力与应力的影响,基于实际工程案例,建立了4个有限元模型,分为2组,一组包括2个模型,考虑了拱轴线的几何初始缺陷影响;另一组也包括2个模型,首先考虑拱轴线几何初始缺陷,然后在此基础上考虑初应力影响,进行拱桥内力和应力分析对比。结果表明:几何初始缺陷对拱圈轴力影响较小,增幅<1%,但对拱圈的弯矩和应力分布影响较明显,特别是在拱顶部分,在拱顶处弯矩减小高达91.31%,而拱脚处增加17.03%,拱脚和拱顶上缘的混凝土应力增加23.19%,下缘的混凝土应力减小51.95%;考虑初应力影响后,拱桥内力分布发生显著变化。拱脚处轴力增加65.5%,拱圈弯矩最大减小68.21%,拱圈截面上缘应力增加幅度高达113.7%。因此,实际施工阶段,必须充分考虑拱圈拱轴线几何初始缺陷影响,并根据实际施工顺序准确模拟初应力。

陡峭山区大跨度钢管拱桥悬臂拼装抗风性能及稳定性分析

山区隘口风速大,对桥梁施工安全构成重大风险。文中结合某陡峭山区大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥施工项目,研究不同风速条件下静风荷载三分量对结构的影响程度和设置浪风索对提高结构稳定性的效果。针对浪风索初始拉应力较小、垂度大导致的浪风索刚度弱的问题,运用几何非线性数值分析方法,通过修正浪风索弹性模量,探讨不同风速条件下施工阶段钢管拱桥悬臂拼装受力性能和抗风稳定性。分析表明,初始索力较小的浪风索在较高风速下能有效提高结构抗风能力。

德清门户型人行景观桥梁设计

德清门户型人行景观桥梁为三跨等高变宽刚构钢箱梁桥,平面呈多段圆曲线布置,桥南侧设置一倾角为10°的钢管桁架拱门,拱门辅以吊索与梁体相接。介绍了该桥的设计要点,包括桥跨布置、结构形式、附属设施、景观设计、施工步骤示意及结构分析要点,可为类似景观桥梁的设计提供借鉴。

钢管混凝土拱桥吊杆张拉顺序对结构受力的影响

吊杆张拉是钢管混凝土拱桥施工中的重要环节,吊杆的张拉顺序不同会对结构内力分布及变形产生不同的影响。为了研究吊杆张拉顺序对钢管混凝土拱桥结构受力的影响,以新建轻纺城大桥主桥为工程背景,借助有限元软件建立桥梁三维仿真模型,对比分析了三种吊杆张拉顺序下的结构变形和内力变化规律。计算结果表明,从跨中对称向两端张拉是吊杆张拉施工的最优方案。

Simplified Algorithm for Out-of-Plane Critical Loads of CFST Solid-Rib Arch

The simplified algorithm for out-of-plane ultimate loadcarrying capacity of concrete-filled steel tubular( CFST) solid-rib arches under uniform vertical load was studied. The experimentally validated finite element model was developed. The out-of-plane equivalent length coefficients of solid-rib arches were obtained using out-of-plane elastic eigenvalue buckling analysis. Then the out-ofplane elastic stability coefficient was plotted against the normalized slenderness ratio,and the out-of-plane eigenvalue buckling load or elastic buckling capability of arches was calculated. Lastly effects of different parameters on the out-of-plane ultimate load-carrying capacity of CFST solid-rib arches were determined using geometric and material nonlinear finite element analysis, and a simplified algorithm was established by fitting the out-of-plane elastic-plastic stability coefficient and normalized slenderness ratio using PerryRobertson formula. Ratio of the elastic stability coefficient to the elastic-plastic counterpart was plotted against the out-of-plane normalized slenderness ratio,from which the out-of-plane elasticplastic ultimate load-carrying capacity was determined according to the corresponding elastic buckling load. Results show that the proposed simplified algorithm can accurately predict the out-of-plane eigenvalue buckling load and the elastic-plastic ultimate loadcarrying capacity of the CFST solid-rib arches.

重庆渝湘复线双堡特大桥主桥设计

重庆渝湘复线双堡特大桥主桥为2×405 m连续上承式钢管混凝土变截面桁架拱桥,矢跨比1/4.75,悬链线拱轴线,拱轴系数1.55。主拱圈由两幅拱肋和风撑组成。拱肋采用四肢格构式结构,单幅拱肋宽7.5 m,两幅拱肋横向中心距17.5 m。拱肋弦管采用Q390D钢,直径1400 mm,内灌C70自密实混凝土。风撑采用米字撑。拱上立柱采用双肢排架式空心矩形截面钢箱结构,桥面系采用连续钢-混组合梁,单跨27 m。中央拱座基础采用“浅挖拱座+桩基础”的构造形式,以适应岩溶发育区地质条件及降低连拱效应。拱肋采用900 m超长缆索吊装配合自平衡斜拉扣挂系统大节段吊装,桥面系采用地面组拼并张拉预应力、整体吊装的装配式施工方案。

钢管拱切线拼装坐标修正在ANSYS中的实现方法

钢管混凝土拱桥钢管拱肋多采用分段安装,可采用ANSYS的生死单元进行过程分析,受到未激活单元虚位移影响,节段单元在ANSYS程序中并非在切线位置上激活。针对桁式断面的钢管混凝土拱桥,提出用悬臂端节点位移平均值作为拱肋整个截面的位移来修正激活前的单元坐标,使其处在前一节段的切线位置上;给出了坐标修正的计算公式,编制了钢管拱安装计算命令流,用于一座320m跨钢管混凝土拱桥施工中。结果表明:在实现扣索一次张拉的前提下,实测扣索力与理论索力的误差在3%以内,上、下游拱肋高程差控制在5mm内,成拱后的拱肋线形与裸拱自重线形吻合良好。

西安市三环路系统工程灞河大桥关键技术及创新

西安市三环路系统工程灞河大桥全长1.061 km,包括灞河大桥主道桥、灞河大桥辅道桥及广运潭辅道桥三部分,桥梁总面积为43881 m^(2),概算总额2.197亿元,是陕西省最大的市政跨河桥梁工程。桥梁位于西安市大型旅游开发项目--广运潭之上,在“西部第一水城”--西安市浐灞生态园区内横跨灞河,景观要求很高。总体设计利用三环路设置主辅道的特点,创新性地提出了“主道桥和辅道桥相同跨径、不同高程”的设计思路,主道桥主桥采用(2×50+80+2×50)m下承式钢管混凝土拱梁组合体系,辅道桥主桥采用(25+2×50+80+2×50+25)m的连续箱梁,构思巧妙,在满足主辅道交通功能要求的同时达到了良好的景观效果,可为类似项目提供借鉴。

广义李特公式在700 m钢管混凝土拱桥试设计中的应用

大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥常采用变截面拱肋,以满足受力需要。围绕钢管拱肋变截面高度设计,在李特公式基础上推导了广义李特公式,将其应用于一座700 m跨钢管混凝土拱桥试设计中,开展了不同抛物线次数下钢管拱内力、弹性稳定、动力特性及主拱刚度的计算。分析结果表明:主要参数均能满足规范要求;相比于李特公式,采用广义李特公式设计的变截面钢管拱,由于减小了拱脚截面负弯矩,使截面上、下弦管的轴向力分布更趋均匀。

拱肋高度基于余弦曲线变化的钢管混凝土拱桥设计方法

大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥大多采用等宽变高的截面形式。分析了李特公式中影响变截面高度的设计参数,在此基础上提出了钢管拱变截面高度设计的一种新方法:将拱肋截面高度定义为拱顶高度与拱轴水平倾角余弦值的幂次方之比,幂次方由拱顶高度、拱脚高度和拱轴线方程唯一确定。结合钢管混凝土拱桥常用的矢跨比和拱轴系数,给出了幂次方的取值范围。为验证该方法在大跨度钢管拱设计中的可行性,开展了两座钢管混凝土拱桥的动力特性与弹性稳定分析。结果表明,采用该方法设计的钢管混凝土变截面拱,与设计文件和李特公式的计算结果相比,钢管拱弦杆轴力差异在1.7%~7.0%,动力特性、弹性稳定以及腹杆应力差异在5%内。文中提出的设计方法可以为今后钢管混凝土拱桥设计提供参考。

基于强健性的大跨径钢管混凝土刚架系杆拱桥设计

为提高中、下承式大跨径钢管混凝土刚架系杆拱桥的强健性,提出一套针对该类桥型的基于强健性的设计方法。该方法包括强健性概念设计、强健性结构验算与优化、强健性构造措施三个方面。强健性概念设计可依据现行规范进行;强健性结构验算与优化考虑动力放大系数,对吊杆、系杆破断工况进行受力分析验算,并对结构进行优化;强健性构造措施为在设计使用寿命短于主结构的关键、易损构件时,采取可查可换的构造措施。以六律邕江特大桥为工程实例,采用该方法进行强健性设计,结果表明该桥结构受力满足设计要求;为改善桥面系的强健性,宜设置较强的边纵梁、较弱的次边纵梁和中纵梁;吊杆和系杆采用便于更换的构造,确保桥梁安全。该强健性设计方法可对桥梁关键构件进行强健性定量评价,应用效果良好。

大跨径钢管混凝土拱桥管内混凝土顶升灌注工艺试验

主拱管内混凝土顶升灌注是钢管混凝土拱桥建设的关键工序和技术难点,大跨钢管混凝土拱桥的管内混凝土方量大、强度高、泵送距离远、灌注时间长,容易出现堵管、爆管现象,国内已有多座桥梁发生该类事故。为降低主拱管内混凝土灌注施工风险,开展了大跨径钢管混凝土拱桥管内混凝土顶升灌注工艺试验研究,探讨了管内混凝土顶升灌注施工过程对混凝土坍落度、扩展度、塑性黏度、运动模式和泵送压力的影响规律。结果表明:管内混凝土经历高压泵送过程后,其坍落度、扩展度和塑性黏度有所降低,对抗压强度影响不明显;在高泵压条件下,混凝土含气量增加,在泵送过程结束时,混凝土含气量降低;混凝土在大直径主拱钢管和小直径泵管内的运动模式存在明显差异,前者运动速度极慢,以管内混凝土自身剪切运动为主,后者运动速度较快,以活塞式整体推移运动为主;管内混凝土运动模式差异导致泵送压力计算方法不同,大直径主拱钢管内混凝土泵送压力以克服重力做功为主,小直径泵管内混凝土的泵送压力以克服管壁摩阻力和自身剪切力为主。通过试验提出了小直径泵管和大直径主拱钢管的管内混凝土泵送压力计算方法,并通过工程实例验证了此方法的适用性。

山区大跨度非对称拱桥拱肋架设技术

张吉怀铁路酉水大桥为主跨292 m上承式非对称钢管混凝土提篮式拱桥,地处陡峭山区,拱肋采用缆索吊机+扣挂法悬臂施工。根据实际地形,缆索吊机及扣挂系统采用“单缆塔、无扣塔”结构形式:缆索系统主跨865 m,仅设单侧缆塔;扣挂系统不设扣塔,拱肋节段通过扣索直接锚固于两岸山体上,减少了工程量。拱肋节段吊装时,每个拱肋节段设置4个吊耳,前吊耳采用法兰式结构,通过螺栓与拱肋法兰接头连接,可重复倒用;后吊耳采用常规形式吊耳,与拱肋之间采用焊接连接。拱肋合龙采用利用分配梁加横向限位挡块作为合龙锁定装置的新型快速合龙方式,无需精调装置,即可实现合龙口拱肋节段瞬时调节到位,完成精准合龙。